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• Immune Determinants of Resistance to PD-1 Blockade in Renal Cell Carcinoma

  We performed an integrated bulk and single-cell transcriptomic analysis of tumors from 102 advanced renal cell carcinoma patients enrolled in a phase II clinical trial of frontline nivolumab (NCT03117309) to investigate determinants of response to anti-PD1 monotherapy. The present study includes 112 archival or pre-treatment tumors of clear cell and non-clear cell histologies from 90 patients that underwent bulk RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). For 76 patients, 74 of whom had matched RNA-seq, whole exome sequencing (WES) was also performed on tumor samples as well as matched peripheral blood. Additionally, 19 fresh tumor samples from 17 patients, including pre and post-treatment samples and mixed histologies, were locally cryopreserved and centrally processed for single cell RNA (scRNA-seq) and TCR (scTCR-seq) sequencing. 7 patients had matched scRNA/scTCRseq, RNAseq, and WES.

  Study phs003618

• Next Generation Sequencing to Predict Risk of Events from Coronary Artery Disease

  Coronary artery disease (CAD) and myocardial infarction (MI) remain the leading cause of death worldwide and in the US. In recent years, clinical studies that considered intermediate phenotypes (phenotypic or genomic data isolated between DNA and the main disease phenotype) have greatly enhanced our understanding of complex traits like CAD by enabling inference of biological networks from the combination of genetic and genomic datasets isolated from disease-relevant tissue(s). The NGS-PREDICT study used whole transcriptome sequence data generated from primary macrophages derived in vitro from venous blood that was obtained from CAD cases and non-CAD controls. This study provided a valuable resource for the validation of biomarkers identified in STARNET NGS data from macrophages obtained from patients with and without CAD. It also can be used as a reference dataset for the study of metabolic syndrome as well as other systemic inflammatory diseases.

  Study phs003883

• Prospective Investigation of Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosis (PIOPED-BioLINCC)

  Data Access NOTE: Please refer to the “Authorized Access” section below for information about how access to the data from this accession differs from many other dbGaP accessions. Objectives: To determine the sensitivities and specificities of ventillation/perfusion (V/Q) lung scans for acute pulmonary embolism (PE).Participants: A total of 1487 participants were enrolled.Conclusions: Almost all participants with pulmonary embolism had abnormal scans of high, intermediate, or low probability, but so did most without pulmonary embolism. Only in a minority of participants did the clinical assessment combined with the V/Q scan interpretation improve the overall chance of reaching a correct diagnosis of acute PE. Although a high probability scan usually indicated the presence of PE, only a small number of participants with PE had a high probability scan. Reference: PIOPED Investigators, 1990, PMID: 2332918.

  Study phs004020

• Human papillomavirus integration induces oncogenic host gene fusions in oropharyngeal cancers

  HPV integration disrupts host genomic structure and expression, but whether these alterations promote cancer development remains unclear. Multiple genomic analyses of oropharyngeal cancers identified several host gene fusions, including recurrent FGFR3-TACC3 fusions, expressed from rearranged genomic loci adjacent to HPV integration sites. Evolutionary modeling implicated integration of virus concatemers into the host genome as a common initiating event in fusion formation. Co-expression of HPV16 E6/E7 and FGFR3-TACC3, but neither alone, was sufficient for tumor development in both xenograft and syngeneic mouse models and led to unique transcriptional programs implicated in carcinogenesis. FGFR3-TACC3 expression decreased the ubiquitination and degradation of E6 and E7, thereby increasing oncoprotein abundance. We conclude that expression of HPV16 oncoproteins and host gene fusions generated from HPV integration sites can be sufficient for cancer development.

  Study EGAS50000000892

• Epigenomics of Neurocognitive Function in Breast Cancer

  This study harnessed the data and biospecimens from the Exercise Program in Cancer and Cognition (EPICC) study (parent study) that collected data on cognitive function, demographics, other symptoms and biospecimens at two time points (T1: enrollment, T2: six months later) within the context of a six-month randomized controlled trial of a moderate intensity aerobic exercise intervention. This study collected genome wide DNA methylation data from T1 and T2 and conducted epigenome-wide association-based analyses to find genes and biological pathways explaining variability in cognitive function and explaining how exercise mitigates cognitive decline. Our initial findings identified cg10331779 near CTNND2 (p-value=9.65×10-9) associated with processing speed and cg25906741 in MLIP (p-value=2.01×10-8) associated with subjectively measured cognitive function. Additionally, differentially methylated regions were identified near SLC6A11, PRKG1/CSTF2T, and FAM3B for processing speed and near PI4KB and SGCE/PEG10 for mental flexibility.

  Study phs003959

• Estimating the Efficacy of Pharmacogenomics Over a Lifetime

  The goal was to evaluate the potential impact of pharmacogenomic testing on drug prescribing over a lifetime. To address this goal, 300 random patients enrolled in Marshfield Clinic's PMRP biobank with life-long medical records were whole genome sequenced and evaluated for known clinically actionable pharmacogenomic variants as defined by CPIC and FDA. This genomic data was evaluated in the context of extensive longitudinal prescription record data from patient EHR. Results show nearly all (93%) carry a clinically actionable pharmacogenomic variant and 80% with a variant were prescribed approximately three medications on average that may have been impacted because of their variants, the optimal age for pharmacogenomic testing was prior to age 50, but most patients well past their 50s can still benefit from pharmacogenomic testing. Results available include genotype and drug prescribing data.

  Study phs003454

• Disease-Linked Regulatory DNA Variants and Homeostatic Transcription Factors in Epidermis

  The role of non-coding variants in polygenic skin disease and their connection to homeostatic transcription factors (TFs) in epidermis was investigated. Homeostatic TFs were identified by perturb-seq in differentiating keratinocytes, using either 10x or split-pool approaches to sequencing, with follow-up validation by siRNA and RNA-seq. TF binding events were profiled by population sampling Cleavage Under Targets & Release Using Nuclease (CUT&RUN), in which a random population of neonatal foreskin keratinocytes were assayed by CUT&RUN for homeostatic TFs under progenitor growth and differentiation conditions. Heterozygous alleles were identified from the TF binding data and examined for allele specific binding events (ASBs). ASBs were then compared with non-coding variants linked to skin disease. Variants with potentially pathogenic effects were identified. Promoters and high TF occupancy genomic regions were found to be "buffered" against variants causing ASBs.

  Study phs003977

• Detection of brain cancer using genome-wide cell-free DNA fragmentomes

  Diagnostic delays in patients with brain cancer are common and can impact patient outcome. Development of a blood-based assay for detection of brain cancers could accelerate brain cancer detection. In this study, we analyzed genome-wide cell-free (cfDNA) fragmentomes, including fragmentation profiles and repeat landscapes, from the plasma of individuals with (n=148) and without (n=357) brain cancer. Machine learning analyses of cfDNA fragmentome features detected brain cancer across all grade gliomas (AUC=0.90, 95% CI: 0.87-0.93) and these results were validated in an independent prospectively collected cohort. cfDNA fragmentome changes in patients with gliomas represented a combination of fragmentation profiles from glioma cells and altered white blood cell populations in the circulation. These analyses reveal the properties of cfDNA in patients with brain cancer and open new avenues for noninvasive detection of these individuals.

  Study EGAS50000000986

• Dynamic Evolution of Fibroblasts Revealed by Single Cell RNA Sequencing of Human Pancreatic Cancer

  Understanding the constituents of the pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) microenvironment may illuminate more efficacious targets for treating this aggressive malignancy. However, the compositional changes occurring in untreated and treated PDAC relative to both normal and inflamed pancreas have not been well characterized. To provide a more comprehensive understanding of the PDAC tumor microenvironment relative to the non-cancerous pancreas, we performed single-cell expression profiling (10X Genomics Chromium) on samples of upfront resectable PDAC, FOLFIRINOX-based treated PDAC, chronic pancreatitis, and normal pancreas specimens from 19 patients. Spatial gene expression profiling (10X Genomics Visium) was performed to gain additional insight into cell populations. Our analysis revealed that fibroblasts are central mediators of cell-cell communication in both inflamed and malignant settings and defined unique roles for these cell populations in different disease contexts.

  Study phs003751

• Highly prevalent NF-kappa B signaling pathway-activating somatic mutations in intracranial aneurysms

  Intracranial aneurysms (IAs) are a high-risk factor for life-threatening subarachnoid hemorrhage. Their etiology, however, remains mostly unknown. We conducted screening for somatic mutations in 65 IA tissues and identified 16 genes that were mutated with a high prevalence (92%). In particular, six genes, including PDGFRB, were mutated commonly in fusiform and saccular IAs and are linked to the NF-kappa B signaling pathway. Mutant PDGFRBs constitutively activate NF-kappa B signaling and induce inflammation-related gene expression in vitro. Spatial transcriptomics also detected similar changes in IA tissues. Virus-mediated expression of a mutant PDGFRB induces a fusiform-like dilatation of the basilar artery in mice. This study reveals a high prevalence of somatic mutations in NF-kappa B signaling genes in IAs and opens a new avenue of research toward development of its pharmacological interventions.

  Study JGAS000591