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• Clonality of circulating tumor cells in breast cancer brain metastases patients

  The incidence of brain metastases in breast cancer (BCBM) patients is increasing. These patients have a very poor prognosis and therefore identification of blood-based biomarkers, such as circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and understanding the genomic heterogeneity could help to personalize treatment options. In this study, DNA from individual CTCs as well as corresponding primary tumors and brain metastases were analyzed by next generation sequencing (NGS) in order to evaluate copy number aberrations and single nucleotide variations (SNVs).

  Dataset EGAD00001005020

• Biallelic HMBS Inactivation Defines a Homogenous Clinico-Molecular Subtype of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

  Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP), caused by heterozygous germline mutations of the heme synthesis pathway enzyme HMBS (hydroxymethylbilane synthase), confers high risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. Yet, the role of HMBS in liver tumorigenesis remains unclear. Here we explore HMBS alterations in a large series of 758 HCC. We identify recurrent bi-allelic HMBS inactivation, both in AIP patients acquiring a second somatic HMBS mutation and in sporadic HCC with two somatic hits. HMBS alterations are enriched in truncative mutations, in particular in splice regions, leading to abnormal transcript structures. Bi-allelic HMBS inactivation results in a massive accumulation of its toxic substrate porphobilinogen and synergizes with CTNNB1 activating mutations, leading to the development of well differentiated tumors with a transcriptomic signature of Wnt/ß-catenin pathway activation and a DNA methylation signature related to ageing. HMBS-inactivated HCC mostly affect females, in absence of fibrosis and classical HCC risk factors. These data identify HMBS as a tumor suppressor gene whose bi-allelic inactivation defines a homogenous clinical and molecular HCC subtype.

  Study EGAS00001005986

• Identification of rare variants associated with cardiovascular traits in Cilento isolates

  The aim of this project is to identify rare genetic variants of large effect implicated in complex diseases by focusing on the study of cardiovascular diseases and related quantitative traits in a well characterized isolated population in Cilento area, Italy. The reference panel has been selected carefully in order to maximize the imputation coverage and quality on the all population samples. The selected individuals should meet three criteria: selected individuals should be chip-genotyped and closely related to the maximum number of chip-genotyped individuals so as to maximize imputation coverage; relatedness between selected individuals should be minimal, so as to minimize redundancy in genetic information of the reference panel. We perform exome sequencing on samples from 250 individuals from the Campora and Gioi-Cardile populations.

  Dataset EGAD00001002195

• Inherited chromosomally-integrated human herpesvirus 6A/B (HHV-6A/B) genome sequences in the Japanese population

  The deposited sequences represent inherited chromosomally-integrated human herpesvirus 6 (iciHHV-6) genomes identified from 10 BioBank Japan (BBJ) subjects based on the analysis of the whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data. In brief, we re-aligned unmapped reads from the WGS to HHV-6A genome (Genbank accession number: KJ123690.1) using BWA-MEM algorithm. Ten out of 3,256 subjects were identified with high depth of coverage of HHV-6. We further distinguished subjects with integrated HHV-6A subtypes from those with integrated HHV-6B based on phylogenetic analysis of concatenated sequences of three viral genes (U27/U43/U83, which show high divergence between viral species). We reconstructed the HHV-6 viral genome of 10 subjects. First, reads that mapped to a reference HHV-6A genome (KJ123690.1) were further aligned against the integrated HHV-6A genome derived from a Japanese individual NA18999 (GenBank Accession number: KY316047.1) using BWA-MEM. Based on the alignment, variant calling was performed using freebayes (version: v1.2.0-2-g29c4002) with parameters ploidy = 1 and min-alternate-fraction = 0.8 {Garrison, 2012}. We generated subject-specific iciHHV-6 viral sequences by applying the resulting variants to the KY316047.1 reference genome using the FastaAlternateReferenceMaker function in the Genome Analysis Toolkit (GATK) v3.7. Please note that HHV-6B-specific variants are unlikely to be sensitively reconstructed using this method.

  Study JGAS000240

• APOBEC Mutagenesis, Kataegis, Chromothripsis in EGFR-Mutant Osimertinib-Resistant Lung Adenocarcinomas

  Expanding on studies investigating apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like (APOBEC) mutagenesis in histological transformation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutant lung cancers, it has been hypothesized that mutational signature analysis may help better understand acquired resistance to targeted therapies. Using mutational signature analysis in Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK) driven lung adenocarcinomas, more specifically EGFR mutant lung cancer, APOBEC dominant mutational signatures were noted more frequently in subclonal post Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor (TKI) treatment biospecimen samples and in the presence of large-scale genomic rearrangements. This is hypothesized to be due to the pressure of treatment with TKIs; a fact that should be further explored and can be potentially manipulated in order to overcome drug resistance.

  Study phs003812

• TF ChIP-seq of human acute leukemias

  CEBPA/PU.1/TCF7 ChIP-seq of 6 primary samples derived from human acute leukemias, namely AML, T-ALL and mixed myeloid/lymphoid leukemias with CpG Island Methylator Phenotype (CIMP). Low-coverage whole genome sequencing (ChIP input) of the same samples is also included as a control to be used in peak calling.

  Dataset EGAD00001015358

• Mitochondrial DNA mosaicism in human somatic cells

  Genomic alterations accumulate in the somatic cells throughout an individual’s lifetime. Recent sequencing studies have documented widespread mutations in the nuclear genome and the frequent clonal competition of normal cells carrying mutations. However, the landscape of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) heteroplasmy in normal human tissues is poorly understood. This study investigated the whole genome sequences (WGSs) of 2,096 clones established from non-neoplastic healthy single cells obtained from 31 donors. In addition, we analyzed 31 WGSs of neoplastic cells, including 12 clones established from adenomatous polyps from one individual with MUTYH-associated polyposis and 19 matched colorectal carcinomas from individuals who donated normal colorectal clones.

  Dataset EGAD50000000373

• Somatic mutation and selection at epidemiological scale - TwinsUK_TargetedNanoSeq_Buccal

  Targeted NanoSeq in buccal epithelium obtained longitudinally from a number of donors. A custom-designed panel of ~200 genes will be used to achieve high depth coverage (aiming for ~1000X at panel sites).As we age, many tissues become colonised by microscopic clones carrying somatic driver mutations. Some of these clones represent a first step towards cancer whereas others may contribute to ageing and other diseases. However, our understanding of the clonal landscapes of human tissues, and their impact on cancer risk, ageing and disease, remains limited due to the challenge of detecting somatic mutations present in small numbers of cells. Here, we introduce a new version of nanorate sequencing (NanoSeq), a duplex sequencing method with error rates of less than 55 per billion base pairs, which is compatible with whole-exome and targeted gene sequencing. Deep sequencing of polyclonal samples with single-molecule sensitivity enables the simultaneous detection of mutations in large numbers of clones, yielding accurate somatic mutation rates, mutational signatures and driver mutation frequencies in any tissue. Applying targeted NanoSeq to 1,042 non-invasive samples of oral epithelium and 371 samples of blood from a twin cohort, we found an unprecedentedly rich landscape of selection, with 46 genes under positive selection driving clonal expansions in the oral epithelium, over 62,000 driver mutations, and evidence of negative selection in some genes. The high number of positively selected mutations in multiple genes provides high-resolution maps of selection across coding and non-coding sites, a form of in vivo saturation mutagenesis. Multivariate regression models enable mutational epidemiology studies on how carcinogenic exposures and cancer risk factors, such as age, tobacco or alcohol, alter the acquisition and selection of somatic mutations. Accurate single-molecule sequencing has the potential to unveil the polyclonal landscape of any tissue, providing a powerful tool to study early carcinogenesis, cancer prevention and the role of somatic mutations in ageing and disease.

  Dataset EGAD00001015618

• Multipolar zygotic divisions are characterized by parental genome segregation errors

  Study EGAS00001005543

• Intervention with Micronutrients and Long-Term Impact in Brazil-RECODISA

  Intervention with Micronutrients and Long-Term Impact in Brazil, a partnership between the Federal University of Ceará, Brazil and the University of Virginia, USA, enrolled infants in the age group of 2-36 months to investigate trends in gastrointestinal infections and their effects on growth and development and to identify genetic factors contributing to these diseases.A total of 1044 children from six urban communities in Brazil's semiarid region, were enrolled during active surveillance; those with diarrhea (three or more liquid stools in the last 24 hours at enrollment) were defined as a cases and matched with controls having no diarrhea during the past two weeks (at enrollment) to evaluate their growth and development. A subset of 664 children with their genetic and associated phenotypic data is included in this submission. More information on this project and its related projects can be found here: Studies of diarrheal susceptibility, growth, and development, in pediatric populations in Northeastern Brazil

  Study phs003174