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• Finding the way towards the eradication of therapy-related myeloid neoplasms

  Therapy-related neoplasms are directly caused by the drugs used to eradicate a previous cancer. It is well known that a subset of drugs designed to kill cancer cells through DNA-damage-induced apoptosis can intrinsically, as secondary effect, cause DNA-damage in other cells, thus inducing a neoplasm. Those neoplasms have especially bad prognosis. Why are these drugs still in use? Because for many diseases we do not have anything better, at the moment. Approximately 0.5-1% of the kids treated for various types of cancers develop a therapy-related myeloid neoplasm (tMN) as a result of the treatment. Despite having the same origin, their prognostic and molecular features are different from the adult ones, and a complete understanding of the pathogenesis of tMN in children is still missing. A total of 84 paediatrics neoplasms have been profiled by either Whole Genome or Whole Exome sequencing by Jason R. Schwartz and his colleagues, in a collaborative effort guided at the St. Jude Children's hospital, in Memphis. They identified a mean of 28 somatic mutations per patient, a number which is significantly bigger than the number of mutations found in paediatrics primary neoplasms, as depicted in the original paper's figure 1b, shown here. Their sequencing data identified that Ras/MAPK pathway mutations, alterations in RUNX1 or TP53, and KMT2A rearrangements as the most frequent drivers of the disease. Clonal evolution analysis (the comparative study of the behaviour of cells harbouring different mutations) highlighted that, unlike in adults’ tMN, there were not pre-existing leukemic clones, and virtually all mutated cells were found arising as a direct consequence of cytotoxic therapy. This represents yet another important difference between adult and paediatric tMN. This important study have been published in Nature communications in February 2021. The sequencing data have been deposited at EGA under the study number EGAS00001004850. Thanks to this, other researchers around the world could re-use it to uncover more information, integrate and validate their studies. Revealing the molecular features underlying the development of cancers is the only way towards the development of new generation targeted therapies, which will allow us to finally drop the cytotoxic drugs eliciting such unwanted and catastrophic secondary effects as tMN. It is not an overstatement to say that, while improving the treatment of primary tumours, we could entirely eradicate therapy-related neoplasms right from their origin. Looking forward.

  Blog eradication-of-therapy-related-myeloid-neoplasms

• Recurrent intra-tumour heterogeneity is a hallmark of metastatic prostate cancer

  The evolution of cancers from low grade to metastatic disease is a major determinant of cancer mortality. Cancer evolution involves a complex interplay between cell intrinsic genetics and transcriptional alterations and the extrinsic microenvironment. To define the key mechanisms underpinning metastatic development, we focused on the most lethal form of prostate cancer, metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer, and employed single-cell multi-omics and whole-genome sequencing to deeply profile 34 metastatic lesions from 9 patients obtained from rapid autopsy. We found that intra-tumour heterogeneity is an indicator of key evolutionary processes, characterised by recurrent tumour populations acting as critical functional components of the tumour ecosystem, irrespective of clonal and microenvironmental backgrounds. Unexpectedly, microenvironments across metastatic sites played a limited role while clonal evolution primarily promoted transcriptional noise. Intra-patient functional convergence of tumour ecosystems was observed across metastatic sites, pointing towards system-level selection pressures that drive the heterogeneity landscape of mCRPC. Our findings reveal functional evolutionary convergence of metastatic disease into units of intra-tumour heterogeneity identifying critical determinants of metastatic progression for therapeutic targeting. Note: matched WGS for some tumour single-cell experiments, as well as germline WGS for patients CA0027, CA0034, CA0035, CA0043, and CA0076, can be found in EGAS00001006598.

  Study EGAS50000001312

• Emergence of oncofetal plasticity is ubiquitous in early colorectal cancers

  Metastasis formation is classically considered a late-stage event in colorectal cancer (CRC) evolution. Yet, the time and patterning by which metastatic competence is acquired remain poorly understood. Here, we show that metastasis-associated oncofetal cell states already emerge at the earliest stages of CRC, concurrent with invasive front formation. However, while necessary for metastasis, we detect them ubiquitously among early non-metastatic cancers, highlighting additional bottlenecks like immune evasion. To understand how oncofetal cells first emerge, we generated multiregional organoid models that reflect successive tumor progression stages within individual early-stage CRCs. Whole-genome sequencing and growth factor-dependency assays exclude tumor cell-intrinsic acquired traits. In contrast, single-cell spatial atlases of the tumor-microenvironment before and after malignant transformation revealed stereotypic patterning of fibroblast subtypes resembling normal tissue architecture, resulting in distinct regional microenvironments. At the onset of malignant growth into the submucosa, the first cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) to appear strongly resemble submucosal trophocytes and colocalize with oncofetal cell states at invasive fronts. Functionally, fibroblast-organoid co-cultures confirm that these trophocyte-like CAFs induce plastic transitioning to oncofetal states. Thus, interactions between tumor and submucosal fibroblasts directly following malignant transformation dictate the timing and location at which oncofetal plasticity first occurs during CRC progression.

  Study EGAS50000001532

• National Children's Study Vanguard Study Formative Research Study (NCS)

  The National Children's Study (NCS) is a multi-year prospective epidemiological study tasked with identifying a nationally representative sample of 100,000 children and following them from pregnancy through age 21 to study environmental impacts on growth, development, and health. Determination of NCS enrollee ancestry is important for assessing the diversity of study enrollees and for examining the effect of ancestry on various health outcomes. We estimated the genetic ancestry of a convenience sample of 641 parents enrolled at the 7 original NCS Vanguard sites by analyzing 29,972 markers on exome arrays, using the participants of the 1000 Genomes Project (1KG) super populations (e.g. European, East Asian) as reference populations, and compared this to self-reported ethnicity and race. Self-reported ethnicity and race agreed with predicted super population in 98.9% of individuals. NCS individuals identified as Asian by self-report had genetic ancestry of either South Asian or Asian groups, while those reporting as either Hispanic White or Hispanic Other had similar genetic ancestry. Of the 33 individuals who self-reported as Multiracial or Non-Hispanic Other, 11 (33%) matched the South Asian and Asian groups, while these groups were less represented in the other reported categories (27/609, 4.4%). Our data suggest that self-reported ethnicity and race categories have some limitations in accurately capturing this information for Hispanic and South Asian populations. Overall, our data indicate that despite the complexity of the U.S. population, individuals know their ancestral origins and that self-reported ethnicity and race is a reliable indicator of genetic ancestry.

  Study phs000662

• Genetics of Mammographic Density in Ashkenazi Jews

  Mammographic density (MD) is a strong risk factor for breast cancer and is also a highly heritable trait with ~60-70% of the variance due to genetic factors, based on twin studies. MD is also higher in families with a strong history of breast cancer. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS), which focus on common genetic variants, have identified several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with MD. However, these SNPs explain a very small fraction of the variance of MD, suggesting many other genes are involved. Thus, the vast majority of the heritability of mammographic density remains unexplained and may be explained, at least in part, by rare variants. Ashkenazi Jewish women are a founder population; founder populations frequently have alleles affecting phenotypes which may be unique and/or extremely rare in other populations. Prior reports have identified an association between higher mammographic density and Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry. Therefore, we developed a study of mammographic density in AJ women. We combined datasets from several different cohorts including (a) the California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute (b) the Athena Breast Health Cohort and (c) the Marin Women's study. In each study, we identified women who reported AJ ancestry (determined by self-report or by genetic analysis). We identified mammograms by linking the women to the San Francisco Mammography Registry. We retrieved digital mammographic results and used software to infer volumetric density and percent volumetric density for each woman. We then performed genome-wide genotyping of the samples using the Illumina MEGA array.

  Study phs001857

• Genetic Model of MS Severity Predicts Future Accumulation of Disability

  The goal of "Comprehensive Multimodal Analysis of Neuroimmunological Diseases of the CNS" is to define the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the development of disability in immune-mediated disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) and to distinguish these from physiological (and often beneficial) responses of the human immune system to CNS injury. The long-term objective of the trial is to acquire knowledge that would allow us to therapeutically inhibit the pathogenic mechanisms and enhance repair mechanisms in immune-mediated CNS diseases, thereby minimizing the extent of CNS tissue damage and promoting recovery. To date, 460 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS) have been enrolled into the natural history clinical trial. In addition to standardized clinical, functional, neuroimaging and molecular/immunological data, blood samples were also collected for genetic research. However, only 299 study participants with confirmed MS currently have whole genome sequencing data available. In addition to the genome-wide data available for the 299 MS patients, this dbGaP submission provides demographic and phenotypic information for each subject collected at various points throughout the trial. We include race and family history of MS collected at the baseline visit as well as age and measures of disease severity collected at the most recent visit. As these data were randomized into discovery and validation cohorts, we also indicate the assigned group in the phenotypic data. It is hoped that these data may be applied to the development of clinically-useful tools such as diagnostic tests and new, sensitive scales of neurological disability, disease severity and CNS tissue destruction.

  Study phs001833

• Age related Macular Degeneration (AMD)-- Michigan, Mayo, AREDS, Pennsylvania (MMAP) Cohort Study: A Joint Genome Wide Association Study

  Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of incurable blindness in people over the age of 65. AMD is a late-onset multi-factorial neurodegenerative disease and its pathogenesis involves interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Several chromosomal regions have been associated with AMD susceptibility through linkage analysis (Swaroop et al., 2009). More recent studies provide strong evidence that variants within the CFH gene cluster on chromosome 1 and at/near LOC387715/ARMS2 on chromosome 10 are strongly associated with disease. Variants at other genes including C2/BF, C3, CFI and APOE4, also contribute to AMD susceptibility. Our primary goals are to identify genetic variants and haplotypes that are associated with AMD. The underlying hypothesis is that DNA variation(s) in multiple genetic susceptibility loci will predispose individuals to AMD pathogenesis, and comparison of DNA of cases and controls should identify these susceptibility variants. Our studies are focused on the genetic analysis of advanced AMD and should provide novel insights into disease diagnosis, progression and pathology. We have assembled a collaborative group of researchers from the University of Michigan, Mayo Clinic, University of Pennsylvania, and the AREDS group including National Eye Institute intramural investigators, who collected clinical data and DNA from a large number of patients affected with AMD and from unaffected controls. The primary source of funding was National Eye Institute. Through this collaborative effort, we submitted and obtained usable genotyping data on 2184 patients and 1155 controls from the Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR).

  Study phs000182

• A Genome-Wide Association Study of Fuchs' Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy (FECD)

  Fuchs' Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy (FECD) is a common disease that results in loss of vision associated with progressive corneal edema and loss of corneal transparency. In the initial stages of the disease, excrescences on Descemet's membrane with the appearance of an abnormal posterior collagenous layer, result in the clinical and pathologic appearance of guttae. Corneal edema ensues as endothelial function is compromised that may result in stromal edema, epithelial edema, and painful bullous keratopathy. Penetrating or endothelial keratoplasty is the only definitive treatment, with palliative care the only option prior to surgery. The pathophysiology underlying FECD, particularly in the common cases that affect older individuals, remains unknown, with a genetic predisposition being reported as the single best predictor of disease. Three independent groups funded by the National Eye Institute (NEI), with well-established programs in the genetics of FECD, conducted a genome-wide association study of FECD. The collaboration comprised investigators from Case Western University (CWRU), Duke University (DUEC), and Johns Hopkins University (JHU). CWRU and DUEC contributed samples that were genotyped at CIDR for the GWAS. Johns Hopkins University (JHU) provided samples for the replication phase of the study, where their data are not listed in dbGaP. Cohorts of FECD cases and controls were assembled. Synchronization of clinical and coded data was performed to unify the information across centers. The family history, clinical, demographic information, and genome-wide genotype data for samples from CWRU and DUEC were deposited in dbGaP.

  Study phs000421

• The Neonatal Microbiome and Necrotizing Enterocolitis

  The Neonatal Microbiome and Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) study is a multi-centered case control study testing the hypothesis that NEC is a direct or indirect consequence of the enteric biomass, its products, or both. Very low birth weight infants (VLBW; birth weight ≤ 1500 grams) admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit are prospectively followed over the first 5 week or until they reach 36 weeks gestation, whichever occurs later. VLBW infants with a lethal clinical condition are excluded. Over the course of the study period, prospective samples are obtained on all infants, and include all stools, and weekly blood samples, palm and oral swabs. Clinical data is collected over the course of the entire hospitalization. Cases are identified based on Bell's staging for NEC, requiring Bell's stage II (abdominal clinical signs and radiographic evidence of pneumatosis, portal venous gas or pneumoperitoneum). Controls are identified from the pool of prospectively enrolled subjects, matching for gestational age, birth weight, post-natal age and birth date. The microbial components of stool and its products before and at the onset of NEC, are then compared between cases and controls. The Aims of this proposal are to (1) conduct a case cohort study in which we compare clinical data and biological specimens from cases and well-matched controls; (2) determine if the kind and density of intestinal biomass, its gene content, and transcriptional activity are associated with, and potential determinants of, NEC; and (3) determine if host risk alleles for intestinal inflammation play a role in the development of NEC.

  Study phs000247

• Single-Cell and Spatial Multi-Omics Highlight Effects of Anti-Integrin Therapy Across Cellular Compartments in Ulcerative Colitis

  This is a focused, nested case-control study within our larger cohort "Immunoprofiling of the Blood and Intestine and Creation of a Gut Cell Atlas". This sub-study is titled as "Single-cell and spatial multi-omics highlight effects of anti-integrin therapy across cellular compartments in ulcerative colitis”. We examined the impact of Vedolizumab (VDZ), an anti-integrin antibody therapy, on the cellular landscape of ulcerative colitis (UC). While VDZ is primarily recognized for its role in preventing lymphocyte migration to the gut, the extent of its influence on other cellular populations has not been fully characterized. We used single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and cellular indexing of transcriptomes and epitopes by sequencing (CITE-seq) to profile cells from both the blood and colon tissue samples. We pooled single-cell suspensions together before running scRNA-seq and CITE-seq, and subsequently deconvoluted the samples using the freemuxlet and demuxlet algorithms and variant call files (vcf) from bulk RNA-seq. This allowed us to assign cells to individual study subjects. We compared the cellular compositions of healthy individuals to those of UC patients undergoing treatment with VDZ or mesalamine (5-aminosalicylic acid/5-ASA). Our results revealed that VDZ induces significant changes in the variety and dynamics of mononuclear phagocytes within both the bloodstream and intestinal tissue, accompanied by subtle variations in lymphocyte populations. The dbGaP submission will provide raw sequencing data and participant phenotype data regarding disease and treatment status.

  Study phs003502