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• NHLBI TOPMed: Genome-Wide Association Study of Adiposity in Samoans

  The individuals sequenced here represent a small subset of the parent study (described below) and were carefully selected for the purpose of creating a Samoan-specific reference panel for imputation back into the parent study. The INFOSTIP algorithm of Gusev et. al. (2012) (PMID: 22135348) was used to optimally choose the individuals for sequencing. The research goal of the parent study (dbGaP ID phs000914) is to identify genetic variation that increases susceptibility to obesity and cardiometabolic phenotypes among adult Samoans using genome-wide association (GWAS) methods. DNA from peripheral blood and phenotypic information were collected from 3,119 adult Samoans, 23 to 70 years of age. The participants reside throughout the independent nation of Samoa, which is experiencing economic development and the nutrition transition. Genotyping was performed with the Affymetrix Genome-Wide Human SNP 6.0 Array using a panel of approximately 900,000 SNPs. Anthropometric, fasting blood biomarkers and detailed dietary, physical activity, health and socio-demographic variables were collected. We are replicating the GWAS findings in an independent sample of 2,500 Samoans from earlier studies. After replication of genomic regions and informative SNPs in those regions, we will determine sequences of the important genes, and determine the specific genetic variants in the sequenced genes that are associated with adiposity and related cardiometabolic conditions. We will also identify gene by environment interactions, focusing on dietary intake patterns and nutrients.

  Study phs000972

• DLK1 Distinguishes Subsets of NF1-Associated Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors with Divergent Molecular Signatures

  Study Design and Aims We aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the malignant transformation of pre-existing neurofibromas (PNST) to malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST) in individuals with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). Our primary focus was on the role of DLK1 in this transformation process and its potential as a biomarker for diagnosis, risk assessment, and therapeutic stratification. Population InformationThis study consisted of a case set of peripheral nerve sheath tumor specimens, including plexiform neurofibromas, atypical neurofibromas, and MPNSTs, acquired under IRB approval at our institution. The majority of the subjects had neurofibromatosis type 1. Principal Findings DLK1 Overexpression: The study found that DLK1 is significantly increased in MPNST compared to non-malignant neurofibromas.Early Marker: DLK1 overexpression may precede histological changes indicative of malignancy.Serum Levels: Higher serum levels of DLK1 were observed in both mice and humans with MPNST.Molecular Stratification: Divergent levels of DLK1 expression identified distinct MPNST subsets with unique molecular characteristics and potential therapeutic targets.Clinical Implications: Overexpression of DLK1 was associated with the reactivation of embryonic signatures, an immunosuppressive microenvironment, and poorer overall survival in NF1-MPNST patients. Data Availability Whole exome sequencing, bulk RNA sequencing, and single-cell RNA sequencing data from this study will be made available through the database of Genotypes and Phenotypes (dbGaP) to support further research and validation studies.

  Study phs003835

• Collaborative Cohort of Cohorts for COVID-19 Research (C4R): Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study (CARDIA)

  Cohort Description The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study is a study examining the development and determinants of clinical and subclinical cardiovascular disease and their risk factors. It began in 1985-6 with a group of 5115 black and white men and women aged 18-30 years. The participants were selected so that there would be approximately the same number of people in subgroups of race, gender, education (high school or less and more than high school), and age (18-24 and 25-30 years) in each of 4 centers: Birmingham, AL; Chicago, IL; Minneapolis, MN; and Oakland, CA. These same participants were asked to participate in follow-up examinations during 1987-1988 (Year 2), 1990-1991 (Year 5), 1992-1993 (Year 7), 1995-1996 (Year 10), 2000-2001 (Year 15), 2005-2006 (Year 20), 2010-2011 (Year 25), 2015-2016 (Year 30), and 2021-2022 (Year 35). Data Being Submitted Wave 1 questionnaire data includes 397 variables for up to 2434 CARDIA participants in C4RWave 2 questionnaire data includes 448 variables for up to 1901 CARDIA participants in C4RDried Blood Spot/Serosurvey data includes 7 variables for up to 1332 CARDIA participants in C4RDerived data includes 43 variables for up to 2723 CARDIA participants in C4RPhenotype data includes 113 variables for up to 2723 CARDIA participants in C4R

  Study phs003045

• Human Pancreatic Islet RNAseq - Lund

  Most signals detected by genome-wide association studies map to non-coding sequence and their tissue-specific effects influence transcriptional regulation. However, many key tissues and cell-types required for appropriate functional inference are absent from large-scale resources such as ENCODE and GTEx. We explored the relationship between genetic variants influencing predisposition to type 2 diabetes (T2D) and related glycemic traits, and human pancreatic islet transcription using RNA-Seq and genotyping data from 420 islet donors. We find: (a) eQTLs have a variable replication rate across the 44 GTEx tissues (<73%), indicating that our study captured islet-specific cis-eQTL signals; (b) islet eQTL signals show marked overlap with islet epigenome annotation, though eQTL effect size is reduced in the stretch enhancers most strongly implicated in GWAS signal location; (c) selective enrichment of islet eQTL overlap with the subset of T2D variants implicated in islet dysfunction; and (d) colocalization between islet eQTLs and variants influencing T2D or related glycemic traits, delivering candidate effector transcripts at 23 loci, including DGKB and TCF7L2. Our findings illustrate the advantages of performing functional and regulatory studies in tissues of greatest disease-relevance while expanding our mechanistic insights into complex traits association loci activity with an expanded list of putative transcripts implicated in T2D development.

  Study EGAS00001004042

• GWAS data on human pancreatic islets from 191 donors - Lund

  Most signals detected by genome-wide association studies map to non-coding sequence and their tissue-specific effects influence transcriptional regulation. However, many key tissues and cell-types required for appropriate functional inference are absent from large-scale resources such as ENCODE and GTEx. We explored the relationship between genetic variants influencing predisposition to type 2 diabetes (T2D) and related glycemic traits, and human pancreatic islet transcription using RNA-Seq and genotyping data from 420 islet donors. We find: (a) eQTLs have a variable replication rate across the 44 GTEx tissues (<73%), indicating that our study captured islet-specific cis-eQTL signals; (b) islet eQTL signals show marked overlap with islet epigenome annotation, though eQTL effect size is reduced in the stretch enhancers most strongly implicated in GWAS signal location; (c) selective enrichment of islet eQTL overlap with the subset of T2D variants implicated in islet dysfunction; and (d) colocalization between islet eQTLs and variants influencing T2D or related glycemic traits, delivering candidate effector transcripts at 23 loci, including DGKB and TCF7L2. Our findings illustrate the advantages of performing functional and regulatory studies in tissues of greatest disease-relevance while expanding our mechanistic insights into complex traits association loci activity with an expanded list of putative transcripts implicated in T2D development.

  Study EGAS00001004044

• Phenotyping data on human pancreatic islets from 191 donors - Lund

  Most signals detected by genome-wide association studies map to non-coding sequence and their tissue-specific effects influence transcriptional regulation. However, many key tissues and cell-types required for appropriate functional inference are absent from large-scale resources such as ENCODE and GTEx. We explored the relationship between genetic variants influencing predisposition to type 2 diabetes (T2D) and related glycemic traits, and human pancreatic islet transcription using RNA-Seq and genotyping data from 420 islet donors. We find: (a) eQTLs have a variable replication rate across the 44 GTEx tissues (<73%), indicating that our study captured islet-specific cis-eQTL signals; (b) islet eQTL signals show marked overlap with islet epigenome annotation, though eQTL effect size is reduced in the stretch enhancers most strongly implicated in GWAS signal location; (c) selective enrichment of islet eQTL overlap with the subset of T2D variants implicated in islet dysfunction; and (d) colocalization between islet eQTLs and variants influencing T2D or related glycemic traits, delivering candidate effector transcripts at 23 loci, including DGKB and TCF7L2. Our findings illustrate the advantages of performing functional and regulatory studies in tissues of greatest disease-relevance while expanding our mechanistic insights into complex traits association loci activity with an expanded list of putative transcripts implicated in T2D development.

  Study EGAS00001004056

• UK10K NEURO ASD TAMPERE

  In the UK10K project we propose a series of complementary genetic approaches to find new low frequency/rare variants contributing to disease phenotypes. These will be based on obtaining the genome wide sequence of 4000 samples from the TwinsUK and ALSPAC cohorts (at 6x sequence coverage), and the exome sequence (protein coding regions and related conserved sequence) of 6000 samples selected for extreme phenotypes. Our studies will focus primarily on cardiovascular-related quantitative traits, obesity and related metabolic traits, neurodevelopmental disorders and a limited number of extreme clinical phenotypes that will provide proof-of-concept for future familial trait sequencing. We will analyse directly quantitative traits in the cohorts and the selected traits in the extreme samples, and also use imputation down to 0.1% allele frequency to extend the analyses to further sample sets with genome wide genotype data. In each case we will investigate indels and larger structural variants as well as SNPs, and use statistical methods that combine rare variants in a locus or pathway as well as single-variant approaches. The Tampere Autism sample set consists of samples from Finnish subjects with ASD (autism spectrum disorders) with IQs over 70 recruited from a clinical centre for the diagnosis and treatment of children with ASD. For further information on this cohort please contact either Terho Lehtimaki (terho.lehtimaki@uta.fi) or Kaija Puura (kaija.puura@pshp.fi).

  Study EGAS00001000115

• Mutational Landscape of Grey Zone Lymphoma

  The mutational landscape of grey zone lymphoma (GZL) has not yet been established and differences to related entities are mostly unknown. Here, we studied coding sequence mutations of 50 EBV-negative GZL and 20 polymorphic EBV-positive DLBCL NOS (poly-EBV-L) in comparison to classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL), primary mediastinal B cell lymphoma (PMBCL), and diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Paired exomes of 21 GZL and 7 poly-EBV-L cases were analyzed as a discovery cohort followed by targeted sequencing of 217 genes in an extension cohort of 29 GZL and 13 poly-EBV-L cases. GZL cases with thymic niche involvement displayed a mutation profile closely resembling cHL and PMBCL, with SOCS1 (45%), B2M (45%), TNFAIP3 (35%), GNA13 (35%) and NFKBIA (29%) being the most recurrently mutated genes. In contrast, GZL cases without thymic niche involvement (N=18) had a significantly distinct pattern, enriched in mutations related to apoptosis defects (TP53 (39%), BCL2 (28%), BIRC6 (22%)) and depleted in GNA13, XPO1 or NFKB signaling pathway mutations (TNFAIP3, NFKBIE, IKBKB, NFKBIA). Poly-EBV-L cases presented a distinct mutational profile including STAT3, PRKDC mutations and a significantly lower coding-mutation load in comparison to EBV-negative GZL. Our study highlights characteristic mutational patterns in GZL associated with presentation in the thymic niche suggesting a common cell of origin and disease evolution with related anterior mediastinal lymphomas.

  Study EGAS00001004482

• Glioblastoma epigenome profiling identifies SOX10 as a master regulator of molecular tumour subtype

  Glioblastoma in adult patients are classified into four subtypes, IDH, MES, RTK I, and RTK II, based on DNA methylation and RNA expression data. Tumour subtype transitions commonly occur during the treatment of glioblastoma patients, and transitions to the mesenchymal (MES) subtype have been associated with therapy resistance and adverse prognosis. Here, we generate DNA methylome and histone modification data of glioblastoma primary tumours and show that glioblastoma subtypes differ by their enhancer landscapes. Using Core Regulatory Circuitry analysis of H3K27ac data, and independent analysis of RNA-derived gene regulatory networks, we identified 38 subtype master regulators whose cell type-specific activities we mapped in single-cell RNA sequencing data. These analyses identified the chromatin modifier SRY-Box 10 (SOX10) as a master regulator in tumours of the RTK I subtype. In functional studies we demonstrate that SOX10 loss causes a transition of RTK I tumour cells to a mesenchymal cellular state by altering the accessibility of enhancer-rich chromatin regions and their occupancy by Bromodomain Containing 4 (BRD4), a dynamic constituent of super-enhancers. Treatment with the BRD4 inhibitor JQ1 blocked this transition. These data demonstrate the fundamental role of enhancer chromatin remodelling and master regulator activity in the establishment, maintenance and plasticity of glioblastoma cellular states. We also make our data publically browsable at https://dkfz-b060.github.io/gb_browse/

  Study EGAS00001003953

• Spatial concordance of DNA methylation classification in diffuse glioma

  Background: Intratumoral heterogeneity is a hallmark of diffuse gliomas. DNA methylation profiling is an emerging approach in the clinical classification of brain tumors. The goal of this study is to investigate the effects of intratumoral heterogeneity on classification confidence. Methods: We used neuronavigation to acquire 133 image-guided and spatially-separated stereotactic biopsy samples from 16 adult patients with a diffuse glioma (7 IDH-wildtype and 2 IDH-mutant glioblastoma, 6 diffuse astrocytoma, IDH-mutant and 1 oligodendroglioma, IDH-mutant and 1p19q codeleted), which we characterized using DNA methylation arrays. Samples were obtained from regions with and without abnormalities on contrast enhanced T1 weighted and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery MRI. Methylation profiles were analyzed to devise a three-dimensional reconstruction of (epi)genetic heterogeneity. Tumor purity was assessed from clonal methylation sites. Results: Molecular aberrations indicated that tumor was found outside imaging abnormalities, underlining the infiltrative nature of this tumor and the limitations of current routine imaging modalities. We demonstrate that tumor purity is highly variable between samples and explains a substantial part of apparent epigenetic spatial heterogeneity. We observed that DNA methylation subtypes are often, but not always, conserved in space taking tumor purity and prediction accuracy into account. Conclusion: Our results underscore the infiltrative nature of diffuse gliomas and suggest that DNA methylation subtypes are relatively concordant in this tumor type, although some heterogeneity exists.

  Study EGAS00001005434