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• Better Outcomes for Children: GWAS from Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC) - eMERGE Phase II data - (dbGaP Deposit 1)

  This submission includes genotyping data from 6 separate cohorts (named A-E here), each is described in separate paragraphs below. Cohort A) Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects 1.5 million people in the United States, at an estimated lifetime cost of $4 million. It is part of Pervasive Developmental Disorder characterized by impairments in communication, language and reciprocal social interaction, and by unusual patterns of restricted and repetitive interests or behaviors. Autism, or autistic disorder, is the most severe form of the disease which has a wide range of symptom severity encompassed by the more inclusive term, Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The prevalence of Autistic Disorder is currently estimated to be 4 per 1000, affecting 4 times more boys than girls. Susceptibility to autism is clearly attributable to genetic factors but the extensive clinical and genetic heterogeneity within the disorder have hindered efforts at genetic dissection. Identifying the genetic variants that contribute to this highly heritable disease is crucial to advancing research on autism. Reported concordance rates among monozygotic twins range from 60% − 90% and heritability of autism has been estimated to be 90% or greater. Identifying genetic variants that contribute to this highly heritable disease is crucial to advancing research on autism. Cohort B) The long-term objective of this research is to determine the molecular genetic basis of Cardiovascular (CV) disease in the young; this study seeks to identify gene mutations that cause "structural heart defects". Every year in the USA, 32,000 individuals are born with CV malformations; approximately 20% die during the first year of life. Another 30,000 young people develop a disturbance of cardiac rhythm or conduction. In addition, the life expectancy of another 40,000 young people is shortened by other forms of CV disease. It is becoming more apparent that in spite of the success in diagnosis and treatment, very little is known about the causes of CV disease in the young; understanding the causes will permit insight into the pathophysiologic basis of disease and allow definition of disease risk - two critical elements for disease prevention. Disease prevention and/or risk modification promises to be the new frontier in the management of CV disease in the young. Cohort C) Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EE) is one of the manifestations of eosinophilic gastrointestinal inflammation which have profound effects on a patient's health and development. Results of epidemiologic studies performed through our center demonstrate that eosinophil-associated gastrointestinal disease is not an uncommon entity. While the epidemiology of eosinophilic esophagitis has not been thoroughly studied until recently, there appears to be a significant increase in the diagnosis of EE in the last decade. Based on our research, this mainly reflects increased disease recognition, but there is also a bona-fide increase in disease incidence which coincides with the increasing incidence of asthma and allergic diseases in the industrialized world. In addition, many patients with intractable symptoms thought in the past to represent atypical GERD or other disorders are now being recognized as having EE. Diagnosis of EE requires endoscopy and biopsies to document the characteristic histologic findings of esophageal eosinophilia. In general, this study proposed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying eosinophil growth, survival, migration, and function, and to investigate and further characterize the pathophysiology of, clinical manifestations of, and spectrum of disease severity of eosinophilic esophagitis in humans. Cohort D) Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a debilitating complex genetic disorder characterized by inflammation of the joints and other tissues and shares histopathological features with other autoimmune diseases. It is considered a complex genetic disorder. There are more than 50,000 children with JIA in the USA, approximately 1 per 1000 births, which is about the same incidence as juvenile diabetes. It is believed that genes in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) play a role in defining genetic risk, and it can be hypothesized that loci in other chromosomal regions are involved in conferring risk in JIA. These candidate chromosomal regions can be identified using genome wide association analyses. The long-term goal is a comprehensive understanding of the genetic basis of these disabling arthropathies for which the molecular basis is not presently understood. The results of recent GWAS for Caucasian JIA were recently published in Arthritis Rheum. 2012 Feb 21 (Published online, PMID=22354554). Cohort E) Childhood Absence Epilepsy (CAE) is characterized by very frequent (several to many per day) absence seizures in an otherwise normal child with an EEG usually demonstrating 3 Hz bilateral, synchronous, symmetrical spikewaves pattern with normal background activity. CAE occurs in 10% to 15% of all children with epilepsy with an annual incidence of 6.3 to 8/100,000 in children <15 years of age. Females are more affected than males. Epilepsy onset is typically between the ages of 4 to 8 years with a peak incidence of 6 to 7 years. CAE does not start after age 13 years. The primary objective of this study is: To identify the optimal anticonvulsant (i.e. the antiepileptic drug (AED) with highest rate of seizure control and lowest incidence of treatment limiting toxicity) used for the initial treatment of children with Childhood Absence Epilepsy (CAE). The secondary objectives are: To determine the pharmacogenetic and other non-heritable factors underlying the interindividual variation in anticonvulsant response efficacy and toxicity. To define and contrast the effects of ethosuximide, lamotrigine, and valproic acid monotherapy on cognition (attention), behavior and quality of life in children with Childhood Absence Epilepsy. Cohort F) Cincinnati Controls. These are local healthy children selected to be representative of the population of Cincinnati with respect to gender and ancestry. Cohort G) Cytogenetics cases are ascertained by the clinical request to obtain cytogenetic analysis. The platform used included genotyping data which are then available for genome wide association analysis

  Study phs000494

• Next Generation Mendelian Genetics: Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome Type VIII

  The NHGRI Next Generation Mendelian Genetics project uses exome resequencing to identify variants in unsolved Mendelian diseases. Ehlers-Danlos syndrome Type VIII is a dominantly inherited connective tissue disorder that is distinguished from other forms of EDS by significant early-onset periodontal disease. Although the clinical phenotype is well delineated, the underlying molecular basis remains unknown. By studying a large family of affected and unaffected individuals with the EDS VIII by exome sequencing, we hope to identify unique regions of homology to assist in identifying the causative gene.

  Study phs000540

• Coeliac Disease Immunochip dataset

  Illumina Immunochip genotype data for coeliac disease and control samples. Data is in PLINK binary format. Calling algorithm for genotypes is based on GenomeStudio (GenTrain), with manual clustering of selected variants (please see published manuscript). Genotypes called in this way may not be exactly identical to those generated by other algorithms - this is particularly relevant for groups wishing to utilise the control data (e.g. 1958 Birth Cohort). Please contact the investigators if you wish to discuss access to other data formats (e.g. .idat).

  Study EGAS00000000053

• Identification of new molecular targets with profiling of malignant mesothelioma

  Aims: Malignant mesothelioma which is associated with asbestos exposure is highly aggressive and refractory to conventional therapeutic modalities. The aim of this study is identification of new targets for molecular target therapy by next generation sequencing and application of the genomic data to new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for malignant mesothelioma patients. Methods: We extracted genomic DNAs from surgical specimens or established mesothelioma cell lines from Japanese malignant mesothelioma patients. We also extracted control DNAs from peripheral blood of the same patients. We performed whole exome sequencing using these DNAs.

  Study JGAS000062

• Searching for rare/low frequency variants in rheumatoid arthritis by exome sequencing

  Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a multifactorial and systemic autoimmune disease and characterized by synovial inflammation and hyperplasia, autoantibody production, cartilage and bone destruction and systemic features including cardiovascular, pulmonary, psychological and skeletal disorders. Although the causality of RA is not completely understood, genetic factors contribute to the onset. About 60% of the RA risk is genetic. To identify causative- or susceptible- rare/low-frequency variants in RA, exome sequencing of 39 patients with RA was conducted. We also conducted genotyping of pooled healthy men and women exome-sequencing data.

  Study JGAS000035

• scRNA-seq data of BALF and blood cells from COPD and control

  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is ranked the third leading cause of death worldwide and hence constitutes a significant burden, both medically and financially. To date, the cellular mechanism underlying COPD is poorly understood and thus no effective therapy is currently available. To broaden the current knowledge of the immune landscape in the alveolar space, we performed scRNA-Seq of CD45-enriched bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cells and isolated blood leukocytes obtained from COPD patients and healthy controls using both the Seq-Well and the Chromium (10x Genomics) technology.

  Study EGAS00001004369

• Kidney_tumour_DNA_exome

  This is an exome DNA sequencing study of human renal tumours

  Study EGAS00001003616

• Spatial and temporal evolution of distal 10q deletion, a prognostically unfavorable event in diffuse low-grade gliomas

  Background: The disease course of patients with diffuse low-grade glioma is notoriously unpredictable. Temporal and spatially distinct samples may provide insight into the evolution of clinically relevant copy number aberrations (CNAs). The purpose of this study is to identify CNAs that are indicative of aggressive tumor behaviour and can thereby complement the prognostically favorable 1p/19q co-deletion. Results: Genome-wide, 50 base pair single-end, sequencing was performed to detect CNAs in a clinically well-characterized cohort of 98 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded low-grade gliomas. CNAs are correlated with overall survival as an endpoint. Seventy-five additional samples from spatially distinct regions and paired recurrent tumors of the discovery cohort were analysed to interrogate the intratumoral heterogeneity and spatial evolution. Loss of 10q25.2-qter is a frequent subclonal event and significantly correlates with an unfavorable prognosis. A significant correlation is furthermore observed in a validation set of 126 and confirmation set of 184 patients. Loss of 10q25.2-qter arises in a longitudinal manner in paired recurrent tumor specimens, whereas the prognostically favorable 1p/ 19q co-deletion is the only CNA that is stable across spatial regions and recurrent tumors. Conclusions: CNAs in low-grade gliomas display extensive intratumoral heterogeneity. Distal loss of 10q is a late onset event and a marker for reduced overall survival in low-grade glioma patients. Intratumoral heterogeneity and higher frequencies of distal 10q loss in recurrences suggest this event is involved in outgrowth to the recurrent tumor.

  Dataset EGAD00001001000

• Discovering the Genetic Basis of Cleft Palate: CIDR

  Cleft palate (CP) is a common craniofacial structural birth defect caused by the incomplete closure of the palate (the structure separating the oral and nasal cavities), resulting in feeding, speech, and hearing problems. CP accounts for 33% of all orofacial clefts (OFCs) or approximately 1 in 1500 babies born worldwide. Although CP is commonly grouped with other types of orofacial clefts (e.g. cleft lip or cleft with cleft palate), CP is embryologically and epidemiologically distinct, suggesting a unique etiology. The risk of CP recurrence in first degree relatives is over 50-fold higher than the population risk, suggesting a strong genetic component. However, there have been a dearth of genetic studies for CP. Three well-powered genome-wide association studies and meta-analysis have revealed only two associated loci, neither of which account for a large portion of the genetic heritability in any population. The goal of this study is to elucidate the genetic architecture of CP by performing whole genome sequencing of case-parent trios in a well-phenotyped, multi-ethnic cohort. 

  Study phs002220

• Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS) 1000 Exomes Study

  Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the most common pediatric spinal deformity. Although the Bracing in AIS Trial (BrAIST) recently demonstrated the effectiveness of bracing for preventing scoliosis progression in some patients, more than 20,000 children undergo major spinal fusion surgery at an annual cost of $3 billion. Spinal fusion surgery is a major operation with considerable risks and complications. Accurate methods of predicting curve progression are needed to develop personalized prevention strategies for those at high risk and to eliminate screening and treatment of those at low risk of progression. Previously identified risk factors for scoliosis curve progression include sex, age of onset, curve type, and presence of an underlying disorder. However, currently available algorithms for predicting AIS curve progression are inaccurate, possibly because the role of genetic factors has been largely unexplored. Because there is little a priori knowledge of the genetic variants involved in AIS pathology, an unbiased genome-wide approach is likely to provide the best opportunity to comprehensively identify disease-associated genes. This is a multicenter exome sequencing study of extreme cases with severe scoliosis.

  Study phs001677