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• Passive and active DNA methylation and the interplay with genetic variation in gene regulation

  DNA methylation is an essential1 epigenetic mark whose role in gene regulation and its dependency on genomic sequence and environment are not yet fully understood2,3. In this study we provide novel insights into the mechanistic relationships between genetic variation, DNA methylation and transcriptome sequencing data in three different cell-types of the GenCord human population cohort4. We find that the association between DNA methylation and gene expression variation among individuals are likely due to different mechanisms from those establishing methylation-expression patterns during differentiation. Furthermore, cell-type differential DNA methylation may delineate a platform in which more local inter-individual changes may respond to or act in gene regulation. We show that unlike genetic regulatory variation, DNA methylation alone does not significantly drive allele specific expression.. Finally, inferred mechanistic relationships using genetic variation as well as correlations with TF abundance reveal both a passive and active role of DNA methylation to regulatory interactions influencing gene expression.

  Study EGAS00001000446

• The Precision Medicine in Liver Cancer across an Asia-pacific NETwork (PLANET) - Intratumoural immune heterogeneity

  The clinical relevance of immune landscape intratumoural heterogeneity (immune-ITH) and its role in tumour evolution remain largely unexplored. Here, we uncover significant spatial and phenotypic immune–ITH from multiple tumour sectors and decipher its relationship with tumour evolution and disease progression in hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC). Immune–ITH is associated with tumour transcriptomic-ITH, mutational burden, and distinct immune microenvironments. Tumours with low immune–ITH experience higher immunoselective pressure and escape via loss of heterozygosity in human leukocyte antigens and immunoediting. Instead, the tumours with high immune-ITH evolve to a more immunosuppressive/exhausted microenvironment. This gradient of immune pressure along with immune-ITH represents a hallmark of tumour evolution, which is closely linked to the transcriptome-immune networks that contributes to disease progression and immune inactivation. Remarkably, high immune-ITH and its transcriptomic signature are predictive for worse clinical outcome in HCC patients. This in-depth investigation of ITH provides evidence on tumour-immune co-evolution along HCC progression.

  Study EGAS00001003814

• Autosomal recessive CD70 deficiency is associated with combined immunodeficiency and EBV viremia

  We describe four patients from two unrelated families of different ethnicities who had primary immunodeficiency predominantly manifesting as susceptibility to EBV-related diseases. We performed whole exome sequencing (P1 and P2 from family 1) or whole genome sequencing (P4 and both parents from family 2) in those two families and identified homozygous frameshift or in-frame deletions in CD70 in these patients which abolished either CD70 surface expression or binding to its counter structure CD27. Sanger sequencing identified the same homozygous CD70 mutation in P3, which is not included in the dbGaP submission. Autosomal recessive CD70 deficiency is a novel cause of combined immunodeficiency and EBV-associated diseases, reminiscent of CD27 deficiency.

  Study phs001245

• Genetic landscape of non-Down syndrome acute megkaryoblastic leukemia

  To define the mutation spectrum in non-Down syndrome acute megkaryoblastic leukemia (non-DS-AMKL), we performed transcriptome sequencing on diagnostic blasts from 14 pediatric patients and validated our findings in a recurrency/validation cohort consisting of 34 pediatric and 28 adult AMKL leukemia samples. Our analysis identified a cryptic chromosome 16 inversion [inv(16)(p13.3q24.3)] in 27% of pediatric cases, which encodes a CBFA2T3-GLIS2 fusion protein. Expression of CBFA2T3-GLIS2 in Drosophila and murine hematopoietic cells induced bone morphogenic protein (BMP) signaling, and resulted in a marked increase in the self-renewal capacity of hematopoietic progenitors. These data suggest that expression of CBFA2T3-GLIS2 directly contributes to leukemogenesis.

  Study EGAS00001000379

• Mutational anysis of breast cancer stem cells

  Exome sequences of breast cancer have been investigated for many patients. Recently it has been shown that there are intra-heterogeneity in tumor tissues. When the tumor cells were sequenced in bulk condition, only the major populations��� (clones���) mutations will be detected. Based on cancer stem theory, each populations��� cells are derived from each cancer stem cells, which their numbers are not so different among different clones. Here, we separated cancer cells into cancer stem cells and non-cancer stem cells exploiting cancer stem cell specific surface markers. By comping two groups��� mutation, we identified mutations, which were only detected in stem cell population. These mutations could be the mutations in cells of small size populations, and maybe the important mutations to understand the heterogeneity of tumor tissues, progression, and/or prediction for the outcome to therapies.

  Study JGAS000304

• Co-culture experiment (hashed samples)

  The principles governing tissue architecture and the mechanisms underlying its disruption in disease remain poorly understood. Here, we utilized single-cell and spatial mapping to interrogate the mechanisms directing immune cell organization in human lymph nodes and its disruption in architecturally distinct lymphoma entities: indolent follicular lymphoma (FL) and aggressive diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Our data substantiate the central role of lymph node stromal cells in chemokine-driven lymphocyte zonation and reveal an inflammatory feedback loop fueled by tumor-reactive T cells, triggering stromal remodeling, progressive loss of homeostatic chemokine gradients and tissue organization from non-malignant to FL and DLBCL. Loss of homeostatic chemokines was associated with adverse patient survival, identifying the underlying architectural rearrangement as a key event during lymphomagenesis. Collectively, our results highlight the principles of lymph node organization and suggest how lymphoma-induced microenvironmental reprogramming drives loss of tissue organization.

  Study EGAS50000001252

• Exploring the Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis with Respect to Psychoneurological Symptoms for Children with Solid Tumors

  The human body hosts tens of trillions of microbes, a number 10 times greater than the number of human body cells. The collection of these human-associated microbes and their genomes is called the “human microbiome”. More than 90% of these microbes live in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, representing 500 species on average. With the development of high-throughput sequencing technology and bioinformatics tools (e.g., 16S ribosomal RNA or 16S rRNA sequencing and shotgun metagenomics analysis), recent progress has been made to elaborate the critical role that the gut microbiome plays in human health and disease. A significant disruption (dysbiosis) of the composition and function of the gut microbiome is associated with carcinogenesis, chemotherapeutic metabolism, and treatment-related symptom toxicities. The current state of science on the gut microbiome in cancer has only recently started in animal models and adults, and has not been well investigated in children diagnosed and treated for cancer, nor with respect to associations with cancer treatment-related toxicities. This proposed study will explore the hypothesis that dysbiosis of the gut microbiome is associated with cancer treatment-related GI and psychoneurological symptoms. We will collect both stool samples (for the gut microbiome) and patient-reported outcomes across chemotherapy.

  Study phs002960

• Understanding the genetic risk underlying racial disparities in uterine fibroids

  Fibroids affect 77% of women by onset of menopause in the U.S. and account for $2.1 billion in healthcare costs each year. Fibroids negatively impact reproductive health causing heavy and painful menses, pelvic pain and pressure, pregnancy complications, and interventions including myomectomy and hysterectomy. Until recently, tumor tissue and cell culture studies investigating fibroid growth have been the primary sources for understanding fibroid pathophysiology. Genetic analysis can provide a powerful and cost effective tool to identify etiological and causal factors, especially since a genetic predisposition to fibroids has already been documented from twin studies. As much as 69% of risk is explained by genetic factors. Racial disparities also support a role for genetics with fibroid risk. African American women have earlier age of onset, more numerous and larger fibroids with a greater lifetime incidence compared to Caucasians. We propose to identify genetic markers for risk of fibroids through a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of African American and Caucasian participants, leveraging ancestral differences to narrow down genomic regions for targeted follow- up analyses. To accomplish this we will take advantage of a unique Vanderbilt resource, the BioVU DNA databank. BioVU currently has over 122,470 adults linked to electronic medical records. From BioVU we have already identified 2,902 African American and Caucasian subjects who meet our stringent inclusion criteria to conduct a GWAS of fibroids, including pelvic imaging. Available imaging is critical, because many women with fibroids are asymptomatic and without imaging, studies may misclassify as many as 51% of women. We have also defined definitive controls who reached menopause without fibroids. We have a strong group of nationally known fibroid researchers who will provide over 10,000 samples for replication. Our first Specific Aim is to conduct a GWAS for association between common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and fibroid risk. Using a case-control design we will perform a GWAS in 2,902 (1,451 fibroid cases and 1,451 controls) women from BioVU stratified by African American and Caucasian race. Secondary admixture mapping (AM) analyses will also be performed to identify chromosomal regions of interest to prioritize for replication. Our second Aim is to resequence chromosome regions identified from GWAS and AM to discover rare variants. Finally, in Aim 3 we will replicate SNPs selected from Aim 1 and 2 in independent samples of at least 3,230 fibroid cases and 7,097 controls. We propose an efficient and cost-effective approach to identify genetic risk factors for fibroids, by taking advantage of imaging information and DNA available through BioVU. This study represents the largest GWAS of uterine fibroids and the first among African Americans leveraging emerging technologies and new statistical approaches to conduct this study. Our proposed study will fundamentally change knowledge about fibroids and lay the ground work for breakthroughs in understanding mechanisms of fibroid formation and in identifying novel therapeutic approaches.

  Study phs001409

• Low T cell diversity is associated with poor outcome in bladder cancer - Single cell RNAseq and TCRseq data

  T cells are crucial effector cells in the endogenous defense against cancer, yet the clinical impact of their quantity, diversity, and dynamics remains underexplored. In this study we performed single cell RNAseq paired with single cell TCR-seq on tumor and blood samples from 4 patients (n samples = 8). The goal was to investigate T cell subtypes of expanded and non-expanded T cell clones in blood and in tumors.

  Study EGAS50000000938

• Prevalence of transthyretin amyloidosis in patients with heart failure and no left ventricular hypertrophy

  The study prospectively enrolled patients admitted for HF with LV ejection fraction (LVEF) ≥ 50% and LV wall thickness <12 mm. TTR cardiac amyloidosis was diagnosed according to accepted criteria, which include positive cardiac 99-Tc-DPD scintigraphy in the absence of monoclonal protein expansion in blood. In a cohort of patients with HFpEF without LVH, the prevalence of TTR cardiac amyloidosis was 5%. Transthyretin gene sequencing was performed in positive patients.

  Study EGAS00001005398