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• Type 2 Diabetes Genetic Exploration by Next-Generation Sequencing in Multi-Ethnic Samples (T2D-GENES) Project 1: Ashkenazi

  T2D-GENES (Type 2 Diabetes Genetic Exploration by Next-Generation Sequencing in Multi-Ethnic Samples) is a NIDDK-funded international research consortium which seeks to identify genetic variants for type 2 diabetes (T2D) through multiethnic sequencing studies. T2D-GENES Project 1 is a multi-ethnic sequencing study designed to assess whether less common variants play a role in T2D risk and to assess similarities and differences in the distribution of T2D risk variants across ancestry groups. The individuals were obtained from 14 cohorts that are listed in Table 1. The strategy was to perform deep exome sequencing of 12,940 individuals, 6,504 with T2D and 6,436 controls, divided among five ancestry groups: Europeans, East Asians, South Asians, American Hispanics, and African Americans. Sequencing was performed at the Broad Institute using the Agilent v2 capture reagent on Illumina HiSeq machines. Please note that while we summarize the full sample list in publications and below, the Kooperative Gesundheitsforschung in der Region Augsburg (KORA) study does not have a sub study, as it is not consented to be deposited in dbGAP. Table 1. T2D-GENES Whole Exome Sequencing Studies Ancestry Study Countries of Origin # Cases # Controls African American Jackson Heart Study US 502 527 African American Wake Forest School of Medicine Study US 518 532 East Asian Korea Association Research Project Korea 526 561 East Asian Singapore Diabetes Cohort Study; Singapore Prospective Study Program Singapore (Chinese) 486 592 European Ashkenazi US, Israel 506 352 European Metabolic Syndrome in Men Study (METSIM) Finland 484 498 European Finland-United States Investigation of NIDDM Genetics (FUSION) Study Finland 472 476 European Kooperative Gesundheitsforschung in der Region Augsburg (KORA) Germany 97 90 European UK Type 2 Diabetes Genetics Consortium (UKT2D) UK 322 320 European Malmö-Botnia Study Finland, Sweden 478 443 Hispanic San Antonio Family Heart Study, San Antonio Family Diabetes/ Gallbladder Study, Veterans Administration Genetic Epidemiology Study, and the Investigation of Nephropathy and Diabetes Study Family Component US 272 219 Hispanic Starr County, Texas US 749 704 South Asian London Life Sciences Population Study (LOLIPOP) UK (Indian Asian) 530 538 South Asian Singapore Indian Eye Study Singapore (Indian Asian) 563 585 The Ashkenazi study contributed 506 cases and 352 controls to T2D-GENES Project 1.

  Study phs001095

• Genetic Discovery and Application in a Clinical Setting: Continuing a Partnership (eMERGE Phase II)

  The electronic Medical Records and Genomics (eMERGE) Network is a consortium of ten participating sites funded by the NHGRI to investigate the use of electronic medical record systems for genomic research. The goal of eMERGE is to conduct genome-wide association studies in approximately 19,000 individuals using EMR-derived phenotypes and DNA from linked Biorepositories. The eMERGE Network brings together researchers with a wide range of expertise in genomics, statistics, ethics, informatics, and clinical medicine from leading medical research institutions across the country. Each center participating in the consortium is uniquely situated to provide critical resources to this highly collaborative and productive network. Each site combines a biobank or study cohort with extensive genomic data and access to clinical data derived from electronic medical records. Sites are geographically dispersed and have diverse patient populations, including two sites focusing specifically on pediatrics. The eMERGE Network is comprised of 9 sites and one coordinating center. Each site maintains its own biorepository where DNA specimens are linked to phenotypic data contained within EMRs. Children's Hospital of Pennsylvania, PI: Hakon Hakonarson, MD, PhD Cincinnati Children's Medical Center with Boston Children's Hospital, PI: John Harley, MD, PhD - CCHMC and Ingrid Holm, MD, MPH - BCH Geisinger Health System, PI: David Carey, PhD and Marc Williams, MD Group Health Cooperative with University of Washington, PI: Eric Larson, MD, MPH - GHC and Gail Jarvik, MD, PhD - UW Marshfield Clinic with Essentia Institute of Rural Health, PI: Catherine McCarty, PhD, MPH - Essentia and Murray Brilliant, PhD - Marshfield Mayo Clinic, PI: Christopher Chute, MD, DrPH and Iftikhar Kullo, MD Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, PI: Erwin Bottinger, MD Northwestern University, PI: Rex Chisholm, PhD and Maureen Smith, MS Vanderbilt University, PI: Dan Roden, MD eMERGE Coordinating Center - Vanderbilt University, PI: Paul Harris, PhD Using electronic phenotyping methods, the consortium used DNA samples from all participating sites to explore the genetic determinants of red cell indices, white blood count (WBC) differential, diabetic retinopathy, height, serum lipid levels, specifically total cholesterol, HDL (high density lipoprotein), LDL (low density lipoprotein), and triglycerides, and autoimmune hypothyroidism as well as using the phenome-wide association study (PheWAS) paradigm to replicate and discover relationships between targeted genotypes with multiple phenotypes.

  Study phs000948

• Type 2 Diabetes Genetic Exploration by Next-Generation Sequencing in Multi-Ethnic Samples (T2D-GENES) Project 1: Singapore

  T2D-GENES (Type 2 Diabetes Genetic Exploration by Next-Generation Sequencing in Multi-Ethnic Samples) is a NIDDK-funded international research consortium which seeks to identify genetic variants for type 2 diabetes (T2D) through multiethnic sequencing studies. T2D-GENES Project 1 is a multi-ethnic sequencing study designed to assess whether less common variants play a role in T2D risk and to assess similarities and differences in the distribution of T2D risk variants across ancestry groups. The individuals were obtained from 14 cohorts that are listed in Table 1. The strategy was to perform deep exome sequencing of 12,940 individuals, 6,504 with T2D and 6,436 controls, divided among five ancestry groups: Europeans, East Asians, South Asians, American Hispanics, and African Americans. Sequencing was performed at the Broad Institute using the Agilent v2 capture reagent on Illumina HiSeq machines. Please note that while we summarize the full sample list in publications and below, the Kooperative Gesundheitsforschung in der Region Augsburg (KORA) study does not have a sub study, as it is not consented to be deposited in dbGAP. Table 1. T2D-GENES Whole Exome Sequencing Studies Ancestry Study Countries of Origin # Cases # Controls African American Jackson Heart Study US 502 527 African American Wake Forest School of Medicine Study US 518 532 East Asian Korea Association Research Project Korea 526 561 East Asian Singapore Diabetes Cohort Study; Singapore Prospective Study Program Singapore (Chinese) 486 592 European Ashkenazi US, Israel 506 352 European Metabolic Syndrome in Men Study (METSIM) Finland 484 498 European Finland-United States Investigation of NIDDM Genetics (FUSION) Study Finland 472 476 European Kooperative Gesundheitsforschung in der Region Augsburg (KORA) Germany 97 90 European UK Type 2 Diabetes Genetics Consortium (UKT2D) UK 322 320 European Malmö-Botnia Study Finland, Sweden 478 443 Hispanic San Antonio Family Heart Study, San Antonio Family Diabetes/ Gallbladder Study, Veterans Administration Genetic Epidemiology Study, and the Investigation of Nephropathy and Diabetes Study Family Component US 272 219 Hispanic Starr County, Texas US 749 704 South Asian London Life Sciences Population Study (LOLIPOP) UK (Indian Asian) 530 538 South Asian Singapore Indian Eye Study Singapore (Indian Asian) 563 585 The Singapore studies contributed 1049 cases and 1177 controls to T2D-GENES Project 1.

  Study phs001097

• Type 2 Diabetes Genetic Exploration by Next-generation Sequencing in Multi-Ethnic Samples (T2D-GENES) Project 1: London Life Sciences Population Study (LOLIPOP) UK South Asian

  T2D-GENES (Type 2 Diabetes Genetic Exploration by Next-Generation Sequencing in Multi-Ethnic Samples) is a NIDDK-funded international research consortium which seeks to identify genetic variants for type 2 diabetes (T2D) through multiethnic sequencing studies. T2D-GENES Project 1 is a multi-ethnic sequencing study designed to assess whether less common variants play a role in T2D risk and to assess similarities and differences in the distribution of T2D risk variants across ancestry groups. The individuals were obtained from 14 cohorts that are listed in Table 1. The strategy was to perform deep exome sequencing of 12,940 individuals, 6,504 with T2D and 6,436 controls, divided among five ancestry groups: Europeans, East Asians, South Asians, American Hispanics, and African Americans. Sequencing was performed at the Broad Institute using the Agilent v2 capture reagent on Illumina HiSeq machines. Please note that while we summarize the full sample list in publications and below, the Kooperative Gesundheitsforschung in der Region Augsburg (KORA) study does not have a sub study, as it is not consented to be deposited in dbGAP. Table 1. T2D-GENES Whole Exome Sequencing Studies Ancestry Study Countries of Origin # Cases # Controls African American Jackson Heart Study US 502 527 African American Wake Forest School of Medicine Study US 518 532 East Asian Korea Association Research Project Korea 526 561 East Asian Singapore Diabetes Cohort Study; Singapore Prospective Study Program Singapore (Chinese) 486 592 European Ashkenazi US, Israel 506 352 European Metabolic Syndrome in Men Study (METSIM) Finland 484 498 European Finland-United States Investigation of NIDDM Genetics (FUSION) Study Finland 472 476 European Kooperative Gesundheitsforschung in der Region Augsburg (KORA) Germany 97 90 European UK Type 2 Diabetes Genetics Consortium (UKT2D) UK 322 320 European Malmö-Botnia Study Finland, Sweden 478 443 Hispanic San Antonio Family Heart Study, San Antonio Family Diabetes/ Gallbladder Study, Veterans Administration Genetic Epidemiology Study, and the Investigation of Nephropathy and Diabetes Study Family Component US 272 219 Hispanic Starr County, Texas US 749 704 South Asian London Life Sciences Population Study (LOLIPOP) UK (Indian Asian) 530 538 South Asian Singapore Indian Eye Study Singapore (Indian Asian) 563 585 The London Life Sciences Population Study (LOLIPOP) contributed 530 cases and 538 controls to T2D-GENES Project 1.

  Study phs001093

• The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study

  The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study, sponsored by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), is a prospective epidemiologic study conducted in four U.S. communities. The four communities are Forsyth County, NC; Jackson, MS; the northwest suburbs of Minneapolis, MN; and Washington County, MD. ARIC is designed to investigate the etiology and natural history of atherosclerosis, the etiology of clinical atherosclerotic diseases, and variation in cardiovascular risk factors, medical care and disease by race, gender, location, and date. ARIC includes two parts: the Cohort Component and the Community Surveillance Component. The Cohort Component began in 1987, and each ARIC field center randomly selected and recruited a cohort sample of approximately 4,000 individuals aged 45-64 from a defined population in their community. A total of 15,792 participants received an extensive examination, including medical, social, and demographic data. These participants were reexamined every three years with the first screen (baseline) occurring in 1987-89, the second in 1990-92, the third in 1993-95, and the fourth and last exam was in 1996-98. Follow-up occurs yearly by telephone to maintain contact with participants and to assess health status of the cohort. In the Community Surveillance Component, currently ongoing, these four communities are investigated to determine the community-wide occurrence of hospitalized myocardial infarction and coronary heart disease deaths in men and women aged 35-84 years. Hospitalized stroke is investigated in cohort participants only. Starting in 2006, the study conducts community surveillance of inpatient (ages 55 years and older) and outpatient heart failure (ages 65 years and older) for heart failure events beginning in 2005. ARIC is currently funded through January 31, 2012. This study is part of the Gene Environment Association Studies initiative (GENEVA, http://www.genevastudy.org) funded by the trans-NIH Genes, Environment, and Health Initiative (GEI). The overarching goal is to identify novel genetic factors that contribute to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease through large-scale genome-wide association studies of well-characterized cohorts of adults in four defined populations. Genotyping was performed at the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, a GENEVA genotyping center. Data cleaning and harmonization were done at the GEI-funded GENEVA Coordinating Center at the University of Washington.

  Study phs000090

• PRE-DETERMINE: Biologic Markers and MRI SCD Cohort Study

  The PRE-DETERMINE Study is a prospective, multi-center study of 5,764 patients with a history of coronary artery disease (CAD) and documentation of either a prior myocardial infarction (MI) or mild to moderate left ventricular dysfunction (LVD) with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) 35-50%. Patients were enrolled at 136 sites where information on baseline demographics, clinical characteristics, pertinent past medical history, lifestyle habits, cardiac test results, and medications were collected via electronic data capture. Electrocardiograms (ECG) along with a blood sample was also collected at baseline, sent to central laboratories, and stored for future analyses. Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (CE-MRI) scans were collected on a subset of patients and analyzed. Enrollment closed in November 2013 and patients are now being followed centrally by the Clinical Coordinating Center via mail/phone to document interim non-fatal arrhythmic events and cause-specific mortality. Questionnaires that inquire about intervening implantable cardiac defibrillator (ICD) implantations, ICD therapies, cardiac arrest, and other pertinent cardiovascular endpoints are mailed to participants every six months, and follow-up telephone calls are made to non-responders. Study endpoints are being confirmed through review of medical records, interviews with next-of-kin, and autopsy reports, if available.The primary objective of PRE-DETERMINE is to determine whether biologic markers and ECGs can be utilized to advance sudden cardiac death (SCD) risk prediction in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) and LVEF >30-35%. The overarching goal of the study is to identify a series of markers that alone or in combination specifically predict risk of arrhythmic death as compared to other causes of mortality among this at risk population of CHD patients with preserved LVEF> 30-35%. If biologic or ECG markers are identified that can specifically predict risk of ventricular arrhythmias, then these markers may serve as relatively inexpensive methods to identify those at risk. The public health impact of identifying markers could be quite substantial, leading to more efficient utilization of ICDs and advances in our understanding of mechanisms underlying SCD.Among the 95% of participants that provided a blood sample at baseline, genome wide genotyping using the Illumina Global Screening Array (GSA) has been performed. A total of 4,335 participants with European ancestry gave consent that allows genetic research and deposition of data into dbGaP.

  Study phs002940

• Changes in Oral and Gut Microbiota and Incidence and Severity of Patient-Reported Symptoms in Pre- and Post-Kidney Transplant Patients

  This novel prospective cohort explores the relationships between oral and fecal microbiome features (alpha and beta diversity, differential relative abundances of bacterial taxa, and functional genes) and the incidence and severity of psychoneurological symptoms (e.g., pain, fatigue, depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbance) before and after patients receive a kidney transplant from a live donor. Thirty-five subjects provided fecal and saliva specimens for shotgun metagenomic sequencing of gut and oral microbiomes at 3 timepoints: 1) within 4 weeks prior to the transplant surgery (at end-stage kidney disease), 2) 1-3 weeks after the transplant surgery, and 3) at 3 months after the transplant (after restoration of kidney function). Subjects were enrolled between October, 2018, to November, 2021, and all study visits were completed by March, 2022. Data collected includes: Demographic (age, biological sex at birth, race/ethnicity, marital status); clinical data (body mass index, dialysis status, type of dialysis, high vs. low risk immune-suppression protocol, antibiotics during study period); laboratory data (serum creatinine; estimated glomerular filtration rate; serum blood urea nitrogen; immunosuppression trough levels), and outcome data (symptoms such as pain interference, pain intensity, fatigue, anxiety, depression, sleep disturbance, acute rejection, delayed graft failure, graft loss, post-transplant infections, and health-related quality of life). Incidence and severity of symptoms, including pain interference, pain intensity, fatigue, sleep dysfunction, and anxiety/depression-like symptoms, were measured using the Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Systems (PROMIS) 57 v2.1. Health related quality of life was assessed using the Kidney Disease Quality of Life Short Form (KDQOL-SF v1.3). The objective of this longitudinal study is to characterize changes in microbial features at baseline, before restoration of kidney function, and over time, after restoration of kidney function via kidney transplantation, and to identify relationships between microbiome features and transplant outcomes (rejection, infection, delayed graft function, graft failure), symptom burden, and health-related quality of life. Shotgun metagenomic sequencing of the oral and gut microbiomes will allow a higher-resolution examination of the gut microbiome compared to 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, and will provide direct evidence of metabolic capabilities of the microbiota. This approach will allow us to explore the dynamic nature of symptom burden, and the effects of demographic and clinical variables on the oral and gut microbiomes before and after restoration of kidney function.

  Study phs002199

• Single Cell and Spatial Transcriptomics Studies of Fibrosis in Prospective Registry in IBD Study at MGH and GI Disease and Endoscopy Registry

  Stricturing disease or fibrosis is a common complication of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), often requiring surgical intervention. This process is caused by the abnormal deposition of extracellular matrix in the context of inflammation, and thus involves crosstalk between multiple cell types including fibroblasts and immune cells. To understand the cellular interactions involved in fibrosis, we performed single cell and spatial transcriptomic analyses of biopsy or resection samples from IBD patients, diverticulitis patients or controls.For single cell analyses, intestinal samples were processed within three hours of collection by first stripping the epithelial layer with EDTA and then enzymatically digesting the underlying tissue. Cells from both the epithelial and tissue fractions were separately loaded in two channels on a 10x Chromium controller and libraries were generated with the 3'v3 Chemistry pipeline before sequencing on an Illumina sequencer. The resulting sequence data was demultiplexed and analyzed with the CellRanger pipeline to generate raw fastq files and processed gene-count matrices for each sample.For spatial transcriptomic analyses, intestinal resection samples were snap frozen in OCT (optimal cutting temperature embedding medium). Blocks were cut into 10μm sections in a cryostat and transferred to a 10x Genomics Visium slide v1. Spatially barcoded libraries were prepared according to manufacturer's instructions and sequencing on an Illumina sequencer. The resulting sequence data was processed with the SpaceRanger pipeline to generate fastq files and processed barcode-count matrices. Using the samples deposited here, we defined 68 fine-grained cell types across the ileum and colon of control and fibrotic intestinal tissues. We show that intestinal strictures were characterized by increased immune cells - including IgG+ plasma cells and CCR7hiCD4+ T cells - and inflammatory fibroblasts. We also define the transcriptional differences associated with fibrosis, with inflammatory fibroblasts in particular showing broad changes in gene expression. Spatial transcriptomics showed that key subsets colocalize within diseased tissues and identified additional populations such as interstitial cells of Cajal and enteric neurons. Further, we mapped gene expression onto intestinal biogeography, finding that known genetic risk loci are enriched within discrete spatial modules, defined by the presence of inflammatory fibroblasts and lymphoid follicles. Altogether, our datasets chart the key transcriptomic and cellular networks in stricturing CD and highlight the spatial organization of multicellular genetic risk factors.

  Study phs003943

• Kids First: Genetics of Pediatric Germ Cell Tumors

  The Gabriella Miller Kids First Pediatric Research Program (Kids First) is a trans-NIH effort initiated in response to the 2014 Gabriella Miller Kids First Research Act and supported by the NIH Common Fund. This program focuses on gene discovery in pediatric cancers and structural birth defects and the development of the Gabriella Miller Kids First Pediatric Data Resource (Kids First Data Resource). All of the genomic and phenotypic data from this study are accessible through dbGaP. The data is also available at the Kids First Portal, where other Kids First datasets can also be accessed in the cloud for data analysis, data visualization, collaboration and interoperability, open to all researchers and developers.Pediatric malignant germ cell tumors (GCTs) represent approximately 6% of childhood cancers, including 3% of tumors in children aged 0-14 years and 15% of tumors in adolescents. GCTs are heterogeneous and grouped together due to the presumed common cell of origin, the primordial germ cell (PGC). GCTs typically occur in the testes or ovaries; however, extragonadal GCTs can occur and are likely a result of abnormal germ cell migration during development. Evidence suggests that GCTs, including those diagnosed in adults, are initiated in utero. Thus, alterations in normal embryonic development are likely to be especially relevant to GCT etiology. Germline susceptibility has not been evaluated in an agnostic fashion in pediatric GCT, mainly due to a lack of an adequate number of samples; however, emerging evidence supports a genetic etiology.In the two Kids First GCT projects, we will evaluate genetic susceptibility to intracranial and extracranial GCT by sequencing probands and their unaffected parents. The goals of the project are to: 1) evaluate the contribution of rare genetic variants in GCT through the use of aggregate burden tests, focusing on genes and established regulatory regions; 2) identify de novo SNVs and CNVs in pediatric GCT using a case-parent triad design; and 3) identify molecular signatures in GCT tumor specimens, overall and by age group and tumor characteristics. Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) data generated through the Gabriella Miller Kids First Pediatric Research Program will provide an opportunity to investigate the genetic origins of GCT in a diverse set of samples. Given the limited knowledge of GCT etiology and biology, the results of the proposed analyses are likely to have a big impact on the field.

  Study phs002322

• Comparison of the treated celiac disease microbiome to that of controls

  Coeliac disease (CeD) is an immune-mediated disorder primarily affecting the small intestine, characterised by an inflammatory immune reaction to dietary gluten. CeD onset results from a multifaceted interplay of genetic and environmental factors. While recent data show that alterations in gut microbiome composition could play an important role, many current studies are constrained by small sample sizes and limited resolution. To address these limitations, we analysed faecal gut microbiota from two Dutch cohorts, CeDNN (128 treated CeD patients (tCeD), 106 controls) and the Lifelines Dutch Microbiome Project (24 self-reported tCeD, 654 controls), using shotgun metagenomic sequencing. Self-reported IBS (570 cases, 1710 controls) and IBD (93 cases, 465 controls) were used as comparative conditions of the gastrointestinal tract. Interindividual variation within the case and control groups was calculated at whole microbiome and strain level. Finally, species-specific gene repertoires were analysed in tCeD patients and controls. Within-individual microbiome diversity was decreased in patients with self-reported IBS and IBD but not in tCeD patients. Each condition displayed a unique microbial pattern and, in addition to confirming previously reported microbiome associations, we identify an increase in the levels of Clostridium sp. CAG:253, Roseburia hominis, and Eggerthella lenta, amongst others. We further show that the observed changes can partially be explained by gluten-free diet adherence. We also observe increased interindividual variation of gut microbiome composition among tCeD patients and a higher bacterial mutation frequency in tCeD that contributes to higher interindividual variation at strain level. In addition, the immotile European subspecies of Eubacterium rectale, which has a distinct carbohydrate metabolism potential, was nearly absent in tCeD patients. Our study sheds light on the complex interplay between the gut microbiome and CeD, revealing increased interindividual variation and strain-level variation in tCeD patients. These findings expand our understanding of the microbiome’s role in intestinal health and disease. Note that some of the data in this study belong to the Lifelines cohort. Access to this dataset can be requested via the page of the EGA data access committee EGAC00001001996. The phenotype data can be requested, for a fee, by filling the application form at https://www.lifelines.nl/researcher/how-to-apply/apply-here.

  Study EGAS50000000959