14388 results for ""Pennsylvania+German"+ACS+study+'Socius'+open+access"

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• ARHGAP11A Maintains Cortical Progenitor Identity Through RHOA–ROCK Signalling During Human Brain Development

  Mammalian brain development involves coordinated progenitor amplification, migration, and differentiation. Apical progenitors (APs) establish the ventricular zone (VZ) and are key determinants of brain size and complexity. Rho-family guanosine triphosphatases (Rho GTPases) regulate cytoskeletal dynamics and AP behaviour, but how specific Rho GTPase-activating proteins (Rho GAPs) influence progenitor identity and VZ architecture remains unclear. Using human forebrain organoids, we investigated the Rho GAP ARHGAP11A in human corticogenesis. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated ARHGAP11A knockout revealed its essential role in maintaining VZ integrity. Loss of ARHGAP11A impaired neuroepithelial organisation and randomised mitotic cleavage plane orientation via the RHOA–ROCK–actin axis. This led to premature AP delamination, AP depletion, and reduced cell density and glial numbers. Pharmacological inhibition of RHOA or ROCK rescued these defects, highlighting ARHGAP11A’s role in cytoskeletal remodelling to maintain cortical progenitors. Our findings establish ARHGAP11A as a critical regulator of AP identity and VZ integrity, with broad implications for human corticogenesis.

  Study EGAS00001008322

• Institut Curie Neuroblastoma Whole Genome Sequencing Diagnosis Relapse

  Neuroblastoma, a clinically heterogeneous pediatric cancer, is characterized by distinct genomic profiles but few recurrent mutations. As neuroblastoma is expected to have high degree of genetic heterogeneity, study of neuroblastoma's clonal evolution with deep coverage whole-genome sequencing of diagnosis and relapse samples will lead to a better understanding of the molecular events associated with relapse. Samples were included in this study if sufficient DNA from constitutional, diagnosis and relapse tumors was available for WGS. Whole genome sequencing was performed on trios (constitutional, diagnose and relapse DNA) from eight patients using Illumina Hi-seq2500 leading to paired-ends (PE) 90x90 for 6 of them and 100x100 for two. Expected coverage for sample NB0175 100x100bp was 30X for tumor and constitutional samples. For the seven other patients expected coverage was 80X for tumor samples with PE 100x100, 100X in the other tumor samples and 50X for all constitutional samples (see table 1). Following alignment with BWA (Li et al., Oxford J, 2009 Jul) allowing up to 4% of mismatches, bam files were cleaned up according to the Genome Analysis Toolkit (GATK) recommendations (Van der Auwera et al., Current Protocols in Bioinformatics, 2013, picard-1.45, GenomeAnalysisTK-2.2-16). Variant calling was performed in parallel using 3 variant callers: GenomeAnalysisTK-2.2-16, Samtools-0.1.18 and MuTect-1.1.4 (McKenna et al., Genome Res, 2010; Li et al., Oxford J, 2009 Aug; Cibulskis et al., Nature, 2013). Annovar-v2012-10-23 with cosmic-v64 and dbsnp-v137 were used for the annotation and RefSeq for the structural annotation. For GATK and Samtools, single nucleotide variants (SNVs) with a quality under 30, a depth of coverage under 6 or with less than 2 reads supporting the variant were filter out. MuTect with parameters following GATK and Samtools thresholds have been used to filter our irrelevant variants. .SNVs within and around exons of coding genes overlapping splice sites.. Then,variants reported in more than 1% of the population in the 1000 genomes (1000gAprl_2012) or Exome Sequencing Project (ESP6500) have been discarded in order to filter polymorphisms. Finally, synonymous variants were filtered out. MuTect focuses on somatic by filtering with constitutional sample. Mpileup comparison between constitutional and somatic DNAs allowed us to focus also on tumor specific SNVs with GATK and Samtools. Finally, every SNV called by our pipeline and also supported in any constitutional samples were filtered our in order to prevent putative constitutional DNA coverage deficiency. Then we analyzed CNVs (copy number variants) with HMMcopy-v0.1.1 (Gavin et al., Genome Res, 2012) and control-FREEC-v6.7 (Boeva et al., Bioinformatics 2011) with a respective window of 2000bp and 1000 bp, and auto-correction of normal contamination of tumor samples for Control-FREEC. Finally we explored Structural variants (SVs) including deletions, inversions, tandem duplications and translocations using DELLY-v0.5.5 with standard parameters (Rausch et al., Oxford J, 2012). In tumors, at least 10 supporting reads were required to make a call and 5 supporting reads for the sample NB0175 with a coverage of only 40X (see table 2). To predict SVs in constitutional samples for subsequent somatic filtering, only 2 supporting reads were required in order not to miss one. To identify somatic events, all the SVs in each normal sample were first flanked by 500 bp in both directions and any SVs called in a tumor sample which was in the combined flanked regions of respective normal sample was removed (see graph 1). Deletions with more than 5 genes impacted or larger than 1Mb and inversions or tandem duplications covering more than 4 genes, were removed. We focused on exonic and splicing events for deletions, inversions, and tandem duplications. For translocation, we keep all SVs that occurred in intronic, exonic, 5'UTR, upstream or splicing regions. Bioinformatics detection of variations with Deep sequencing approach Once PE reads merged and adaptors trimmed by SeqPrep with default parameters, merged reads were aligned via the BWA (Li H. and Durbin R. 2009 PMID 19451168) allowing up to 1 differences in the 22-base-long seeds and reporting only unique alignments. Only reads having a mapping quality 20 or more have been further analysed. Variant calling software was not used, since we aimed to predict variations at low frequencies, observed in less than 1% of reads. Such variants require a custom approach. Using DepthOfCoverage functions of the Genome Analysis Toolkit (GATK) v2.13.2 (McKenna A, et al., 2010 Genome Research PMID: 20644199), we focused on high quality coverage of bases A, C, G and T at the targeted variant position. Depth of coverage of each base following a mapping quality higher than 20 and a base quality higher than 10 have been taken into account in order to focus only on high quality data. Aiming to determine the background level of variability at the studied regions, 10 control samples were included in the analysis. The same approach and filtering criteria have been applied as introduced above over the entire amplicons. In order to highlight variants, for each sample the frequencies of each bases at each amplicon position were then compared to those observed in the set of controls. Statistical analyses were performed with the R statistical software (http://www.R-project.org). Fisher’s exact two-sided tests with a Bonferroni correction were performed to compare percentages of bases between the data sets, i.e. for a given base between a case and the controls. Finally, significant variations were filtered-in once (i) a significant increase in the percentage of avariant base and (ii) a significant decrease in the percentage of it's reference base following our p.values criteria was observed (p.val < 0.05).

  Study EGAS00001001184

• Prematurity and Respiratory Outcome Program: Clinical Research Center Study of Functional and Lymphocytic Markers of Respiratory Morbidity in Hyperoxic Preemies

  Approximately 550,000 babies born prematurely each year in the United States suffer from birth at a time in development when the respiratory tract and immune system would normally be protected and maintained in a naïve state. This project is a component of the NIH Prematurity and Respiratory Outcomes Program (PROP) whose goals are the identification of disease mechanisms and biomarkers to stratify premature infants, at the time of discharge, for their risk of subsequent pulmonary morbidity. This Clinical Research Center (CRC) project will investigate prematurity-dependent alterations in cellular innate and adaptive immune systems resulting in increased susceptibility to respiratory infections and environmental irritants, and leading to respiratory morbidity in the first year of life. Prior studies have established developmental (maturity) and disease-related changes in circulating and pulmonary lymphocyte populations, but a comprehensive assessment of their relationship to disease risk/outcome has not been undertaken. We hypothesize that cellular and molecular immuno-maturity is altered due to intrinsic and extrinsic factors presented by premature birth in such a way as to reduce resistance to viral infections and to promote cytotoxic damage to the lung. We will evaluate immunologic maturity by comprehensively phenotyping lymphocyte populations in peripheral blood sampled at premature delivery, at the time of discharge from the hospital and at twelve months corrected age. The lymphocytic phenotype will be analyzed particularly in the context of gestational age and maternal-fetal stressors capable of modulating oxidative stress (oxygen exposure, infection and environmental tobacco smoke exposure). Additionally, we will assess changes in the molecular phenotype of isolated CD8 lymphocytes, a cell type preferentially recruited to the lungs of premature infants and capable of contributing to disease pathogenesis, by genome-wide expression profiling, in order to uncover novel disease pathways and define a gene expression signature associated with disease risk. We propose to build a statistical model, using cellular and molecular phenotypes and additional clinical variables, for stratifying risk of lung morbidity within the first year of life. Finally, we will assess the development of the gut microbiome in the preterm subjects to correlate with the observation of development of the adaptive immune system.

  Study phs001297

• Single Cell and Spatial Transcriptomics Studies of Fibrosis in Prospective Registry in IBD Study at MGH and GI Disease and Endoscopy Registry

  Stricturing disease or fibrosis is a common complication of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), often requiring surgical intervention. This process is caused by the abnormal deposition of extracellular matrix in the context of inflammation, and thus involves crosstalk between multiple cell types including fibroblasts and immune cells. To understand the cellular interactions involved in fibrosis, we performed single cell and spatial transcriptomic analyses of biopsy or resection samples from IBD patients, diverticulitis patients or controls.For single cell analyses, intestinal samples were processed within three hours of collection by first stripping the epithelial layer with EDTA and then enzymatically digesting the underlying tissue. Cells from both the epithelial and tissue fractions were separately loaded in two channels on a 10x Chromium controller and libraries were generated with the 3'v3 Chemistry pipeline before sequencing on an Illumina sequencer. The resulting sequence data was demultiplexed and analyzed with the CellRanger pipeline to generate raw fastq files and processed gene-count matrices for each sample.For spatial transcriptomic analyses, intestinal resection samples were snap frozen in OCT (optimal cutting temperature embedding medium). Blocks were cut into 10μm sections in a cryostat and transferred to a 10x Genomics Visium slide v1. Spatially barcoded libraries were prepared according to manufacturer's instructions and sequencing on an Illumina sequencer. The resulting sequence data was processed with the SpaceRanger pipeline to generate fastq files and processed barcode-count matrices. Using the samples deposited here, we defined 68 fine-grained cell types across the ileum and colon of control and fibrotic intestinal tissues. We show that intestinal strictures were characterized by increased immune cells - including IgG+ plasma cells and CCR7hiCD4+ T cells - and inflammatory fibroblasts. We also define the transcriptional differences associated with fibrosis, with inflammatory fibroblasts in particular showing broad changes in gene expression. Spatial transcriptomics showed that key subsets colocalize within diseased tissues and identified additional populations such as interstitial cells of Cajal and enteric neurons. Further, we mapped gene expression onto intestinal biogeography, finding that known genetic risk loci are enriched within discrete spatial modules, defined by the presence of inflammatory fibroblasts and lymphoid follicles. Altogether, our datasets chart the key transcriptomic and cellular networks in stricturing CD and highlight the spatial organization of multicellular genetic risk factors.

  Study phs003943

• HCA_Adrenal_Foetal_WSSS_RNA_SB

  The Human Cell Atlas initiative is an ambitious global research effort which aims to describe every cell in the human body across all developmental stages to generate a reference map to accelerate progress in science and medicine particularly relating to human development and disease. The initiative is led by investigators based at the Wellcome Sanger Institute and the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard and funding support from the Wellcome and NIH. This specific project will assess human development. We aim to interrogate the cellular composition and molecular regulators underpinning development and maturation through single cell RNA-sequencing/spatial transcriptomics and computational algorithms to predict cellular developmental trajectories and cell-cell interactions. We will subsequent validate these findings in situ using allied imaging technologies e.g. immunohistochemistry and RNAscope and in vitro culture of human intestinal organoids (HIOs). This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

  Study EGAS00001004089

• Prediction of plasma ctDNA fraction and prognostic implications of liquid biopsy in advanced prostate cancer

  No consensus strategies exist for prognosticating metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Circulating tumor DNA fraction (ctDNA%) is increasingly reported by commercial and laboratory tests but its utility for risk stratification is unclear. Here, we intersect ctDNA%, treatment outcomes, and clinical characteristics across 738 plasma samples from 491 male mCRPC patients from two randomized multicentre phase II trials and a prospective province-wide blood biobanking program. ctDNA% correlates with serum and radiographic metrics of disease burden and is highest in patients with liver metastases. ctDNA% strongly predicts overall survival, progression-free survival, and treatment response independent of therapeutic context and outperformed established prognostic clinical factors. Recognizing that ctDNA-based biomarker genotyping is limited by low ctDNA% in some patients, we leverage the relationship between clinical prognostic factors and ctDNA% to develop a clinically-interpretable machine learning tool that predicts whether a patient has sufficient ctDNA% for informative ctDNA genotyping (available online: https://www.ctDNA.org). Our results affirm ctDNA% as an actionable tool for patient risk stratification and provide a practical framework for optimized biomarker testing.

  Study EGAS50000000211

• Comprehensive spatial landscape and plasticity of immunosuppressive fibroblasts in breast cancer

  Although immunosuppressive and pro-metastatic functions of FAP+ Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts (CAF) are well-established, their plasticity and spatial distribution remain poorly understood. Here, we analyze trajectory inference, deconvolute spatial transcriptomics at single-cell level and perform functional assays to generate an integrative high-resolution map of breast cancer (BC), focusing particularly on the different subpopulations within inflammatory and myofibroblastic (iCAF/myCAF) FAP+ CAF. We identify 10 spatially-organized FAP+ CAF-related cellular niches, called EcoCellTypes, which are precisely localized within tumors. Consistent with their spatial organization, we identify DPP4- and YAP1-dependent mechanisms, by which cancer cells drive the transition of the detoxification-associated inflammatory FAP+ CAF cluster (Detox-iCAF) towards immunosuppressive extracellular matrix (ECM)-producing myofibroblasts (ECM-myCAF). In turn, ECM-myCAF polarize TREM2+ macrophages and regulatory NK cells to induce immunosuppressive EcoCellTypes. FAP+ CAF subpopulations accumulate differently depending on the invasive BC status and predict invasive recurrence of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), which could help in identifying low-risk DCIS patients eligible for therapeutic de-escalation.

  Study EGAS50000000220

• Circulating Tumor Cell Heterogeneity in Neuroendocrine Prostate Cancer by Single Cell Copy Number Analysis

  Neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) is an aggressive variant of prostate cancer that may arise de novo or develop from pre-existing prostate adenocarcinoma as a mechanism of treatment resistance. Combined loss of tumor suppressors RB1, TP53, PTEN are frequent in NEPC but also present in a subset of prostate adenocarcinomas. Most clinical and preclinical studies support a trans-differentiation process, whereby NEPC arises clonally from a prostate adenocarcinoma precursor during the course of treatment resistance. Here we highlight a case of NEPC with significant intra-patient heterogeneity observed across metastases. We further demonstrate how single-cell genomic analysis of circulating tumor cells combined with phenotypic evaluation of cellular diversity can be considered as a window into tumor heterogeneity in patients with advanced prostate cancer. We performed whole genome sequencing of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from patients with castration resistant adenocarcinoma (n=4) and neuroendocrine prostate cancer (n=8). CTCs were collected via Epic Sciences platform and single CTC genomic data (n=215) generated via Illumina NextSeq500. 

  Study phs002462

• Clonal Evolution in Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

  We analyzed clonal evolution in serial samples from five CLL patients who became resistant to the Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor ibrutinib, using whole-exome and deep targeted sequencing. We observe a BTK-C481S mutation in one of five patients, and multiple PLCG2 mutations in a second patient. The other patients had an expansion of clones harboring del(8p) carrying additional driver mutations (EP300, MLL2, EIF2A), with one patient developing trans-differentiation into CD19-negative histiocytic sarcoma. We calculated the growth kinetics of ibrutinib-resistant subclones and estimated the size of the resistant clones at treatment initiation, which we validated by droplet-microfluidic technology. Haplo-insufficiency of TRAIL-R, a consequence of del(8p), led to TRAIL insensitivity which may contribute to development of ibrutinib resistance. These findings demonstrate that ibrutinib therapy has the potential to lead to clonal selection and expansion of rare cell populations already present at the time of treatment initiation. They also provide insight into the heterogeneity of genetic changes associated with ibrutinib resistance, previously attributed solely to mutations in BTK and related pathway molecules.

  Study phs001091

• Gut microbiome profiles according to sex, body mass index and dietary fiber intake

  Findings from recent studies suggest that the community of microbes residing in the human body is important in disease etiology; however, it remains unclear whether personal factors modulate human microbial composition. Studies based on animal models indicate that differences in composition might be attributed to sex-mediated effects. We analyzed the relationship of sex, adiposity, and dietary fiber intake with gut microbial composition using fecal samples from human subjects. We explored the associations of these factors with metrics of community composition and specific taxon abundances. We found that men and women had significantly different microbial community composition and that women had reduced abundance of a major phylum. Adiposity was associated with gut microbiome composition and specifically in women but not in men. Fiber from fruits and vegetables and fiber from beans were each associated with increased abundance of specific bacterial taxa. These findings provide initial indications that sex, adiposity, and dietary fiber might play important roles in influencing the human gut microbiome. Better understanding of these factors may have significant implications for gastrointestinal health and disease prevention.

  Study phs000884

• Genome-Wide Discovery of Novel Colon Cancer Predisposing Mutations

  Cancer risk shows clear heritability, but the inherited genetic factors remain largely unknown. This project will seek to identify new genes in which mutations confer hereditary risk for early onset colorectal cancer, with important implications for both biological understanding and clinical prediction and prevention. Identifying cancer predisposing mutations can provide new biological insights and significantly impact important clinical decision making regarding treatment, surveillance and preventive approaches. Hereditary colon cancer patients commonly present to Cancer Genetics clinics, but the majority of these patients do not have identifiable mutations in known candidate genes. We have performed whole exome sequencing to discover novel colorectal cancer susceptibility genes. The patients have been recruited from the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (PIs Kenneth Offit, Nathan Ellis, and Zsofia Stadler), and Case Western University and University Hospitals of Cleveland (PIs Joseph Willis and Sanford Markowitz). All exome sequencing was performed at the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT; samples sequence capture was performed using Agilent SureSelect Human All Exon Kit v2 and sequencing was performed on an Illumina HiSeq 2000 or 2500.

  Study phs000824

• The spectrum of somatic mutations in high-risk acute myeloid leukemia with -7/del(7q)

  Patients with myeloid malignancies bearing high-risk cytogenetic abnormalities lack effective therapies and have a poor overall survival. -7/del(7q) is identified in half of high-risk myeloid neoplasms. We recently identified CUX1 to be a haploinsufficient myeloid tumor suppressor gene located within the commonly deleted segment of 7q22. Here we identify the spectrum of somatic mutations that co-occur with loss of CUX1 and chromosome 7 in patients with de novo acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or a therapy-related myeloid neoplasm. -7/del(7q) leukemias have a distinct mutational profile characterized by low frequencies of alterations in major leukemogenic pathways, including genes encoding transcription factors, cohesin, and DNA-methylation-related proteins. In contrast, RAS pathway activating mutations occurred in 40% of -7/del(7q) samples, a significantly higher frequency than other AMLs and higher than previously reported. As targeted therapeutics advance, our data provide guidance for which pathways are most relevant in the treatment of adverse-risk myeloid leukemia.

  Study phs000759

• eMERGE Geisinger eGenomic Medicine (GeM) Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Project (AAAP)

  A large research cohort of Geisinger Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) patients was created by enrolling and consenting patients of the Geisinger Department of Vascular Surgery. Consented patients provide blood, serum and DNA samples for research and authorize use of data in their medical record for research. They also complete a data questionnaire that asks information about family history of AAA and other vascular diseases, as well as information on known or suspected AAA risk factors, including smoking history, body mass index, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and atherosclerotic disease. The AAA cases are 78% male, with a mean age of 74 years; 39% have undergone surgical or endovascular repair; more than 85% or current or past smokers; approximately 20% of cases report a positive family history of AAA. Geisinger AAA patients undergo regular imaging studies, typically every 6 months, to monitor the progression of aneurysm expansion. This allows the growth rates of their aneurysm to be calculated. DNA samples from a total of 910 AAA patients were used for whole genome genotyping; these results are included in the dbGaP.

  Study phs000387

• Induction of HIV-1 Env-Specific Peripheral Blood Plasmablasts and Clonal Persistence as Bone Marrow Plasma Cells Following Vaccination in Humans

  Induction of persistent HIV-1 Envelope (Env) specific antibody (Ab) is a primary goal of HIV vaccine strategies, however, it is unclear if HIV Env immunization in humans induces bone marrow plasma cells, the presumed source of long-lived systemic Ab. To define the features of Env-specific plasma cells after vaccination, samples were obtained from HVTN 105, a phase I trial testing the same gp120 protein immunogen, AIDSVAX B/E, as used in RV144, along with a DNA immunogen in various prime/boost strategies. Boosting regimens that included AIDSVAX B/E induced robust peripheral blood plasmablast responses. The Env-specific immunoglobulin repertoire of the plasmablasts was dominated by VH1 gene usage and targeting of the V3 region. Numerous plasmablast-derived immunoglobulin lineages persisted in the bone marrow greater than eight months after immunization, including in the CD138+ long-lived plasma cell compartment. These findings identify a cellular linkage for the development of sustained Env-specific Ab following vaccination in humans.

  Study phs002027

• Genomic Analysis of Fibrolamellar Hepatocellular Carcinoma

  Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma (FL-HCC) is a very rare and distinct subtype of hepatocellular carcinoma that occurs in the previously healthy livers of adolescents and young adults. The low incidence rate has kept FL-HCC an understudied cancer, thus the list of FL-HCC markers is limited and the genetic alterations driving its growth have remained unknown. In order to gain a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying FL-HCC initiation and progression, we performed an in-depth genomic analyses of one tumor followed by immunohistochemistry validation on seven other tumors. We showed the expression of neuroendocrine markers in FL-HCC. In addition, DNA/RNA sequencing revealed that common cancer pathways are not visibly altered in FL-HCC but identified two novel structural variants, both resulting in fusion transcripts. Through in vitro studies, we demonstrated the oncogenic properties of these fusion transcripts. These experiments further highlight the tumorigenic role of gene fusions in the etiology of pediatric solid tumors and identify both candidate biomarkers and possible therapeutic targets for this lethal pediatric disease.

  Study phs000828

• BrainSpan Atlas of the Human Brain

  The NIH-funded BrainSpan (www.brainspan.org) and PsychENCODE (www.psychencode.org). Consortia sought to generate and analyze multi-dimensional genomics data from the developing and adult human brain in healthy and disease states. One of the main goals has been to perform large-scale and integrated analysis of the genome, transcriptome, and epigenome of the human brain to broaden our understanding of human neurodevelopment. This dataset consists of sixteen regions, including eleven neocortical areas, of human donors of both sexes and various ethnic groups. In the first stage of this project, we provide the genome-wide exon-level transcriptome data generated using the Affymetrix GeneChip Human Exon 1.0 ST Arrays, and the genome-wide genotyping data for 2.5 million markers using the Illumina Human Omni 2.5-Quad Bead Chips. In the second stage of this project, we provide whole-genome sequencing data, transcriptome data by mRNA-Seq, small RNA data by smRNA-seq, DNA cytosine methylation by Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip, and epigenomic/epigenetic data by ChIP-Seq for H3K4me3, H3K27me3, H3K27ac and CTCF.

  Study phs000755

• Longitudinal genome-wide analysis of progressive chronic lymphocytic leukemia under uniform front-line therapy of pentostatin, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab

  Samples from two-center prospective phase 2 clinical trail conducted at Ohio State University (Columbus, OH) and Mayo Clinic (Rochester, MN) were analyzed in 12 cases. All patients had progressive CLL as defined by National Cancer Institute (NCI) Working Group criteria. Patients provided written informed consent for correlative studies according to the Declaration of Helsinki on an institutional review board approved protocol for the collection and use of samples for research purposes from both participating institutions. Eligible patients received a regimen consisting of pentostatin (2 mg/m2), cyclophosphamide (600 mg/m2), and rituximab (375 mg/m2) provided intravenously on day 1 of a 21-day cycle for a maximum of 6 cycles. Responses were assessed by NCI Working Group criteria and included a bone marrow evaluation and two-color flow cytometry 2 months after completion of therapy. Peripheral blood samples from these patients collected longitudinally before (Pre-Baseline), at (Baseline) and after therapy (Relapse) were analyzed for genomic heterogeneity and clonal complexity by high throughput Exome sequencing.

  Study phs000794

• Consortium of Investigators of Modifiers of BRCA1/2 (CIMBA) - OncoArray Genotypes

  The data come from 40 studies participating in the Consortium of Investigators of Modifiers of BRCA1/2 (CIMBA). CIMBA recruits individuals with pathogenic mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2. The majority of carriers were recruited through cancer genetics clinics offering genetic testing, and were enrolled into national or regional studies. The remainder were identified by population-based sampling of cases, or community recruitment. Eligibility to participate is restricted to carriers of pathogenic BRCA1/2 mutations who were 18 years or older at recruitment. Information collected included amongst other variables: age at recruitment; ages at breast and ovarian cancer diagnosis; and estrogen receptor (ER) status. Samples were genotyped using the Illumina OncoArray beadchip 500K SNP custom array. Details of the genotyping process and sample selection are included in Phelan et al, Identification of twelve new susceptibility loci for different histotypes of epithelial ovarian cancer, Nat Genet. 2017 May;49(5):680-691 (PMID:28346442), and Milne et al, Identification of ten variants associated with risk of estrogen receptor negative breast cancer, Nat Genet (in press).

  Study phs001321

• Single-Cell DNA and RNA Sequencing over A 29-Year Period of A CLL Patient Demonstrating Evolution of Multiple Cell Clones

  Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a frequent B-cell malignancy characterized by recurrent somatic chromosome alterations and a low level of point mutations. Here we present single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) microarray analyses of a single CLL patient over 29-years of observation and treatment, and transcriptome and whole genome sequencing at selected timepoints. We identified chromosome alterations of 13q14-, 6q- and 12q+ in early cell clones, elimination of clonal populations following therapy, and subsequent appearance of a clone containing trisomy 12 and a chromosome 10 copy neutral loss of heterogeneity (LOH) that marks a major population dominant at death. Serial single cell RNA sequencing revealed elevated mRNA expression of the FOS, JUN and KLF4 genes just before the appearance of acute disease requiring therapy. This gene expression pattern became undetectable following therapy, but reoccurred following relapse. Transcriptome evolution indicates that complex expression changes occur over time. In conclusion, CLL can evolve gradually during indolent phases, and undergo rapid changes following therapy.

  Study phs001181

• Adoptive Cell Therapy of Autologous T cell Receptor-Engineered T Cells Targeting the p53 Neoantigens in Human Solid Tumors

  Adoptive T cell therapy (ACT) using T cell receptor (TCR)-engineered T cells can mediate regression of advanced human cancers. How TCR-transduced T cells change post-ACT in vivo is currently not well understood. We screened 78 patients for TP53 mutations by whole exome sequencing and whole transcriptome sequencing. Of the 78 patient samples, 49 patient samples were previously reported (phs001003) and 2 additional patients were reported in phs002735. In this accession we report the sequencing data of remaining 23 patients and include 6 additional samples from previously published patients. Additionally, we treated a patient with chemo-refractory breast cancer that expressed mutant p53 R175H with autologous T cells transduced with an allogeneic TCR targeting p53 R175H with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) restriction of A*02. The patient had a partial response for 6 months with 55% tumor regression. The T cells from the infusion product and the peripheral blood T cells at 6 weeks post-ACT were analyzed using 10X single cell transcriptome analysis.

  Study phs002928

• Rare germline sequence variants, copy number variations, expression alterations, methylation variations and disease susceptibility in familial melanoma

  Although a number of high-risk melanoma genes have been identified, they account for melanoma risk in less than 40% of melanoma-prone families. The major goals of our research are to identify novel high-penetrance genes for familial melanoma in melanoma-prone families without known mutations and to identify modifier factors, including genetic and epigenetic, in melanoma-prone families with and without known major mutations. We are using whole exome sequencing to identify additional high-risk susceptibility genes and using targeted sequencing to follow up on the top genes in additional family members and in population-based melanoma cases and controls. We are also using RNASeq to investigate genome-wide allele-specific expression and eQTLs in these families to identify genes with expression alteration, which will provide additional information for gene discovery. In addition, we also conducted genome-wide copy number variation (CNV), methylation, and miRNA expression profiling analyses in our melanoma families with the goal of identifying genetic and epigenetic factors as disease modifiers.

  Study phs001177

• Tumor Fraction Guided Cell-Free DNA Profiling in Metastatic Cancer Patients

  Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) profiling is increasingly used to guide cancer care, yet mutations are not always identified. The ability to detect somatic mutations in plasma depends on both assay sensitivity and the fraction of circulating DNA in plasma that is tumor-derived (i.e cfDNA tumor fraction). We hypothesized that cfDNA tumor fraction could inform the interpretation of negative cfDNA results and guide the choice of subsequent assays of greater genomic breadth or depth. Plasma samples collected from 118 metastatic cancer patients were analyzed with cf-IMPACT, a modified version of the FDA-authorized MSK-IMPACT tumor test that can detect genomic alterations in 410 cancer-associated genes. Shallow whole genome sequencing (sWGS) was also performed in the same samples to estimate cfDNA tumor fraction based on genome-wide copy number alterations using z-score statistics. The results show that cfDNA tumor fraction can inform the interpretation of negative cfDNA results and guide the selection of subsequent sequencing platforms that are most likely to identify clinically-relevant genomic alterations.

  Study phs002290

• Transcriptional Profiling of Macrophages In Situ in Metastatic Melanoma Reveals Localization-Dependent Phenotypes and Function

  Therapeutic interventions modulating immune function at the tumor site could improve outcomes in cancer. Here we analyzed metastatic melanoma, a tumor type highly responsive to T-cell based therapies, and found that the tumor-infiltrating T cells are localized closely to CD14+ monocytes/macrophages rather than to melanoma cells. Using novel immunofluorescence-guided laser capture micro-dissection, we analyzed transcriptomes of CD3+ T cells, CD14+ monocytes/macrophages and melanoma cells in non-dissociated tissue. CD14+ cells localized in tumors beds displayed specific transcriptional signatures distinct from CD14+ cells that were localized in tumor stroma.The 8 distinct metastatic melanoma samples are from the Cooperative Human Tissue Network (CHTN). 64 RNA-seq files are available from 16 intraCD14+, 16 stromaCD14+, 16 cancer cells, 8 intraCD3+ and 8 stromaCD3+ cells. 2 LCM harvests were completed for the CD14+ and cancer cells on two sections of the samples. One harvest was done for the CD3+ samples.The processed data (TPM/raw counts tables) are available on GEO under GSE180124. 

  Study phs002564

• Pharmacogenetics of Efavirenz Discontinuation for Reported Central Nervous System Symptoms Appears to Differ by Race

  This is an evaluation of genetic associations with efavirenz (EFV) discontinuation for central nervous system (CNS) symptoms within 12 months of treatment. Patients were treated at an HIV primary care clinic in Nashville TN from 1998 to 2012. Previously known SNPs in CYP2B6 and CYP2A6 were used to define metabolizer genotypes (extensive, intermediate, slow metabolizer). Over 500,000 SNPs from genome-wide genotyping were used to define MDS (Multidimensional Scaling) coordinates to account for population stratification. Patients were defined as cases if they discontinued EFV for CNS symptoms within 12 months, otherwise they were defined as controls if they did not stop treatment. Among 563 evaluable participants, the hazard ratio for EFV discontinuation for CNS symptoms was 4.9 (95% C.I. 1.9 TO 12.4, p=0.001) in slow metabolizers compared to extensive metabolizers. This association was very significant in Whites 6.5 (95% CI: 2.3 to 18.8; p = 0.001), but not in Blacks 2.6 (95% C.I. 0.5 to 14.1; p = 0.27). The reason for this difference by race is not clear and warrants further investigation.

  Study phs001253

• CD4+ cell transcriptional profiling by RNA sequencing

  We use next generation sequencing to investigate the different transcriptomes of closely related CD4+ T-cells from healthy human donors to elucidate the genetic programs that underlie their specialized immune functions. Six cell types were included: Regulatory T-cells (CD25hiCD127low/neg with >95% FOXP3+ purity), regulatory T-cells activated using PMA/ionomycin, CD25-CD45RA+ ('naive' helper T-cells), CD25-CD45RO+ ('memory' helper T-cells), activated Th17 cells (>98% IL17A+ purity) and activated IL17-CD4+ T-cells (called 'ThPI'). Poly-T capture beads were used to isolate mRNA from total RNA, and fragment sizes of ~200 were sequenced from both ends on Illumina's genome analyzer. We confirm many of the canonical signature genes of T-cell populations, but also discover new genes whose expression is limited to specific CD4 T-cell lineages, including long non-coding RNAs. Additionally, we find that genes encoded at loci linked to multiple human autoimmune diseases are enriched for preferential expression upon T-cell activation, suggesting that an aberrant response to T-cell activation is fundamental to pathogenesis.

  Study phs000626