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• Single Cell Analysis of Pulmonary Fibrosis

  Pulmonary fibrosis is a heterogenous syndrome in which fibrotic scar replaces normal lung tissue. We performed massively parallel single-cell RNA-Seq on lung tissue from eight lung transplant donors and eight patients with pulmonary fibrosis. Combined with in situ RNA hybridization, with amplification, these data provide a molecular atlas of disease pathobiology. We identified a distinct, novel population of profibrotic alveolar macrophages exclusively in patients with fibrosis. Within epithelial cells, the expression of genes involved in Wnt secretion and response was restricted to non-overlapping cells. We identified rare cell populations including airway stem cells and senescent cells emerging during pulmonary fibrosis. Analysis of a cryobiopsy specimen from a patient with early disease supports the clinical application of single-cell RNA-Seq to develop personalized approaches to therapy.

  Study phs001750

• International Genetics of Parkinson Disease Progression (IGPP) Consortium: EPIPARK and HBS2 Cohorts

  EPIPARK and HBS2 cohorts were analyzed as part of the International Genetics of Parkinson Disease Progression (IGPP) Consortium. EPIPARK is a population-based cohort to study non-motor symptoms in parkinsonism in the city of Lübeck, Germany led by Drs. Meike Kasten and Christine Klein. HBS2 is a recently enrolled subset of participants in the Harvard Biomarkers Study led by Dr. Clemens Scherzer (www.bwhparkinsoncenter.org/biobank) of 89 participants with a diagnosis of Parkinson Disease (PD). Genotyping with Illumina Infinium Multi-Ethnic Genotyping Arrays (MEGA chip) was performed by Dr. Scherzer, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital. 179 participants with a diagnosis of PD from EPIPARK and 89 participants with a diagnosis of PD from HBS2 met Q/C criteria were analyzed.

  Study phs002328

• Construction of Thousands of Single Cell Genome Sequencing Libraries Using Combinatorial Indexing

  Single-cell genome sequencing has proven valuable for the detection of somatic variation, particularly in the context of tumor evolution. Current technologies suffer from high library construction costs which restrict the number of cells that can be assessed and thus impose limitations on the ability to measure heterogeneity within a tissue. Here, we present Single cell Combinatorial Indexed Sequencing (SCI-seq) as a means of simultaneously generating thousands of low-pass single cell libraries for somatic copy number variant detection. We constructed libraries for 16,698 single cells from a combination of cultured cell lines, primate frontal cortex tissue, and two human adenocarcinomas, including a detailed assessment of subclonal variation within a pancreatic tumor. "Reprinted from Vitak, S.A., et. al. 2017 with permission from Nature Methods."

  Study phs001268

• Spatially resolved single-nucleus RNA sequencing of Choroid Plexus Tumours reveals clinically relevant hypoxia- and stress-driven dedifferentiation programs that sculpt an immunosuppressive and pro-angiogenic microenvironment

  Our study leverages single-nucleus RNA sequencing (~124,500 nuclei) and spatial transcriptomics (~40,650 spots) to dissect the molecular architecture of CPTs. We generated a comprehensive transcriptomic atlas of 45 CPT samples spanning all three methylation groups and a reference cohort of 16 non-neoplastic choroid plexus (ChP) samples, spanning foetal, paediatric and adult specimens. Key discoveries from this investigation include that paediatric B tumorus exhibit a dedifferentiated state and enrichment of stress-related metaprograms, including hypoxia, TGFß signaling, Interferon I signaling and early stress response, that correlate with poor clinical outcome and antagonise multiciliogenesis. On a spatial level, these stress-linked programs co-localise with immunosuppressive, pro-angiogenic microenvironment, suggesting a link between developmental arrest, microenvironmental remodelling and aggressive behaviour.

  Study EGAS50000001617

• Cross-species genomics identifies TAF12, NFYC and RAD54L as novel choroid plexus carcinoma oncogenes

  Choroid plexus carcinomas (CPC) are poorly understood and frequently lethal brain tumors with minimal treatment options. Using a new mouse model of the disease and a large cohort of human CPCs, we performed a cross-species, genome-wide search for novel oncogenes within syntenic regions of chromosome gain. TAF12, NFYC and RAD54L, co-located on human chromosome 1p32-35.3 and mouse chromosome 4qD1-D3, were identified as oncogenes that are gained in tumors in both species and required to initiate and progress the disease in mice. TAF12 and NFYC are transcription factors that regulate the epigenome, while RAD54L plays a central role in DNA repair. Our data identify a group of concurrently gained, novel oncogenes that cooperate in the formation of CPC and unmask potential new avenues for therapy.

  Study EGAS00001000961

• Genetic landscape of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors

  Neurofibromatosis 1 is a hereditary syndrome characterized by the development of numerous benign neurofibromas, a small subset of which progress to malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs). To better understand the genetic basis for MPNSTs, we performed whole genome sequencing on four MPNSTs from patients with neurofibromatosis 1 and found that each of them had a somatic, inactivating mutation of SUZ12, a chromatin modifying gene adjacent to the NF1 gene responsible for the benign neurofibromas in these patients. We then performed targeted sequencing on an additional 46 MPNSTs and found that 12 had somatic mutations in SUZ12. Fifteen of the 17 (88%) mutations in SUZ12 were predicted to inactivate protein function, implicating it as a tumor suppressor gene possibly responsible for the progression from neurofibromas to MPNTs.

  Study EGAS00001000974

• Multisample genomic analysis of solid childhood cancers using high resolution SNP-arrays, Whole Exome Sequencing and Targeted Deep Sequencing.

  We mapped the prevalence of genetically distinct clones over 248 regions in 54 childhood cancers. This revealed that primary tumors can simultaneously follow up to four evolutionary patterns in different anatomic areas. The most common pattern consists of a fluctuating presence over anatomic space of subclones with very few mutations. The second most common is a surprisingly stable coexistence, over vast areas, of clones with different changes in chromosome numbers. This is contrasted by a third, less frequent, pattern where a novel clone harboring driver mutations or structural chromosome rearrangements completely replaces its progenitor. The fourth and rarest pattern is the local emergence of a myriad of clones with TP53 inactivation. Strikingly, death from disease was limited to tumors exhibiting the two latter, most dynamic patterns.

  Study EGAS00001002662

• Neuroblastoma tumor heterogeneity and cell plasticity (from PDX and cell lines)

  Two cell identities, noradrenergic and mesenchymal, have been characterized in neuroblastoma cell lines according to their epigenetic landscapes relying on specific core regulatory circuitries of transcription factors. Yet, their relationship and relative contribution in patient tumors remain to be defined. Here, we document a spontaneous plasticity between the noradrenergic and mesenchymal identities in a subset of cell lines. Strikingly, mesenchymal neuroblastoma cells revert to a noradrenergic phenotype in vivo. Consistently, tumor cells with a mesenchymal identity are detected in single-cell transcriptomic analyses of neuroblastoma tumors and PDX models. Our data also highlight neuroblastoma intra-tumor heterogeneity with the co-existence of distinct tumor populations, including sympathoblast-like and chromaffin-like cells suggesting that neuroblastoma cells arise from a common sympatho-adrenal progenitor.

  Study EGAS00001004781

• Lung Adenocarcinoma Promotion by Air Pollutants

  A complete understanding of how environmental carcinogenic exposures promote cancer formation is lacking. Over 70 years ago, tumour formation was proposed to occur in a two step process: an initiating step which induces mutations in normal tissue, followed by a promoter step which triggers cancer development. Recent evidence has revealed healthy human tissue contains a patchwork of clones harbouring oncogenic mutations.This led us to hypothesise that environmental particulate matter measuring PM2.5, known to be associated with lung cancer risk, might promote lung cancer by acting on pre-existing cells harbouring oncogenic mutations in normal lung tissue. Here we use a combination of WGS and RNA-seq of mouse tumours from pollution-exposed mice to examine the impact of particulate matter on mutagenesis and gene expression respectively.

  Study EGAS00001006951

• Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD-BioLINCC)

  Data Access NOTE:Please refer to the "Authorized Access" section below for information about how access to the data from this accession. Access differs from many other dbGaP accessions. ObjectivesThis study was initiated in 1986, primarily to evaluate the effects of enalapril, an ACE inhibitor, on long-term mortality and major morbidity in a group of participants with left ventricular dysfunction. Two large separate trials were run concurrently as part of SOLVD: 1) a prevention trial of participants with low ejection fraction but no overt symptoms of CHF and, 2) a treatment trial of participants with low ejection fraction and symptoms of CHF. In addition, participants at selected sites were entered into substudies to evaluate the effect of enalapril on a number of intermediate outcomes such as right and left ventricular function and hemodynamics, LV mass and wall stress, hormones, arrhythmias, exercise capacity, and quality of life in subsets of participants. Lastly, a registry of 6,336 participants with congestive heart failure of LV dysfunction was designed to describe the clinical course of an unselected group of participants. Background Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) is a major and increasingly recognized public health problem. The recognition that participants with CHF often have elevated peripheral vascular resistance has led to the introduction of vasodilator therapy, which has emerged as an important component of its treatment. Of the vasodilators, the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors appeared to be the most promising. In 1985, little was known about the impact of any long-term drug treatment on survival. SOLVD Registry: The SOLVD Registry is a hospital-based observational study, conducted at selected SOLVD hospitals, of participants with at least moderate left-ventricular dysfunction (EF ≤ 45%) and/or radiologically confirmed heart failure. It consists of a main study (n=6,273) and a substudy (n=898). Although there is overlap between the Registry and the SOLVD trials, the Registry sample is not a subset of SOLVD nor is it the pool of participants eligible for both trials. Participants A total of 2,569 participants were enrolled into the treatment study and 4,228 participants were enrolled in the prevention study. The dataset available through the NHLBI contains the prevention and treatment study data as well as the registry data. Conclusions In the prevention trial, a significant reduction in the incidence of heart failure and the rate of related hospitalizations was observed for participants in the enalapril arm. A statistically significant reduction in mortality was not observed in the enalapril treatment arm; however, there was a trend toward fewer total deaths and deaths due to cardiovascular causes among the enalapril participants (SOLVD Investigators, et al., 1992, PMID: 1463530).

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