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• Inferring tumor genomes from peripheral blood i.e. CTCs and plasma-DNA using deep sequencing and targeted enrichment

  In this study we tested whether complex tumor genomes can be inferred from the peripheral blood (plasma DNA /CTCs) of 32 patients with stage IV colorectal carcinoma (CRC). To establish the percentage of mutated plasma DNA fragments we used 8 patient samples with different plasma DNA size distributions and KRAS mutations in their corresponding primary tumors and employed ultra-deep pyrosequencing with 3 different sequencing reaction sizes (i.e., 119 bp, 168 bp, and 323 bp). Furthermore, we used massive parallel sequencing of a panel of 68 CRC-associated genes to establish the mutation spectrum of cancer driver genes in the primary tumors, metastases, and CTCs of two colorectal cancer patients. To investigate, whether mutations found in only one CTC (“private CTC mutations”) are true mutations occurring with allele frequencies below the resolution limits of current detection methods, or whether they are amplification or sequencing artifacts, we performed ultra-deep sequencing of the primary tumors, metastases, plasma DNAs and normal tissues.

  Study EGAS00001000337

• Biallelic HMBS Inactivation Defines a Homogenous Clinico-Molecular Subtype of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

  Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP), caused by heterozygous germline mutations of the heme synthesis pathway enzyme HMBS (hydroxymethylbilane synthase), confers high risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. Yet, the role of HMBS in liver tumorigenesis remains unclear. Here we explore HMBS alterations in a large series of 758 HCC. We identify recurrent bi-allelic HMBS inactivation, both in AIP patients acquiring a second somatic HMBS mutation and in sporadic HCC with two somatic hits. HMBS alterations are enriched in truncative mutations, in particular in splice regions, leading to abnormal transcript structures. Bi-allelic HMBS inactivation results in a massive accumulation of its toxic substrate porphobilinogen and synergizes with CTNNB1 activating mutations, leading to the development of well differentiated tumors with a transcriptomic signature of Wnt/ß-catenin pathway activation and a DNA methylation signature related to ageing. HMBS-inactivated HCC mostly affect females, in absence of fibrosis and classical HCC risk factors. These data identify HMBS as a tumor suppressor gene whose bi-allelic inactivation defines a homogenous clinical and molecular HCC subtype.

  Study EGAS00001005986

• Genome-wide SNP genotyping of Central African rainforest hunter-gatherers and neighbouring agriculturalists

  The emergence of agriculture in West-Central Africa, ~5,000 years ago, profoundly modified the cultural landscape and mode of subsistence of most sub-Saharan populations. How this major innovation has impacted the genetic history of rainforest hunter-gatherers — historically referred to as “pygmies” — and agriculturalists, however, remains poorly understood. Here, we report genome-wide SNP data from eight of these populations located west-to-east of the equatorial rainforest. We find that hunter-gathering populations present up to 50% of farmer genomic ancestry, and that substantial admixture began only within the last 1,000 years. Furthermore, we show that the historical population sizes characterising these communities already differed before the introduction of agriculture. Our results suggest that the first socio-economic interactions between rainforest hunter-gatherers and farmers introduced by the spread of farming were not accompanied by immediate, extensive genetic exchanges and occurred on a backdrop of two groups already differentiated by their specialisation in two ecotopes with differing carrying capacities.

  Study EGAS00001000605

• Mitochondrial-Nuclear Mutational Cross-Talk Drives Recurrence of Localized Prostate Cancer

  Prostate cancer remains the most prevalent non-skin cancer in men, but has a remarkably quiet mutational profile. Exome sequencing studies have revealed few recurrent somatic single nucleotide variants (SNVs). Whole-genome sequencing studies have not yet identified highly recurrent driver non-coding SNVs (ncSNVs) or genomic rearrangements (Grs). As a result, the underlying events that drive this frequent disease remain unknown. While mitochondrial mutations have been linked to several tumour types, including prostate cancer, their global frequency and impact has remained unknown. To determine if mitochondrial mutations might drive some prostate cancers, we analyzed the mitochondrial genomes of 216 tumours from patients with the most commonly diagnosed form of prostate cancer. We developed a pipeline that conservatively identified only mitochondrial SNVs (mitoSNVs) that differed in the heteroplasmy fraction as compared to their paired-normal by at least 20%. We identified several features of the mitochondrial genome that were correlated with nuclear genomic mutations, as well as features that were significantly associated with biochemical recurrence.

  Study EGAS00001001782

• Single-cell analysis of airway samples identifies immune cell activation correlating with COVID-19 disease severity

  To investigate the immune response and mechanisms associated with severe COVID-19, we performed single-cell RNA-seq on nasopharyngeal and bronchial samples from 19 clinically well-characterized patients with moderate or critical disease and from 5 healthy controls. We identified airway epithelial cell types and states vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 infection. In COVID-19 patients, epithelial cells showed an average threefold increase in expression of the SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor ACE2, which correlated with interferon signals by immune cells. Compared with moderate cases, critical cases exhibited stronger interactions between epithelial and immune cells, as indicated by ligand–receptor expression profiles, and activated immune cells , including inflammatory macrophages expressing CCL2, CCL3, CCL20, CXCL1, CXCL3, CXCL10, IL8, IL1B and TNF . The transcriptional differences in critical cases compared with moderate cases likely contribute to clinical observations of heightened inflammatory tissue damage, lung injury and respiratory failure. Our data suggest that pharmacologic inhibition of the CCR1 and/or CCR5 pathways may suppress immune hyperactivation in critical COVID-19.

  Study EGAS00001004481

• Long-read sequencing of diagnosis and post-therapy medulloblastoma reveals complex rearrangement patterns and epigenetic signatures (Hipo_021)

  Cancer genomes harbor a broad spectrum of structural variants (SV) driving tumorigenesis, a relevant subset of which escape discovery using short-read sequencing. We employed Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) long-read sequencing in a paired diagnostic and post- therapy medulloblastoma to unravel the haplotype-resolved somatic genetic and epigenetic landscape. We assemble complex rearrangements and such associated with telomeric sequences, including a 1.55 Megabasepair chromothripsis event. We uncover a complex SV pattern termed ‘templated insertion thread’ (TI thread), characterized by short (mostly <1kb) insertions showing prevalent self-concatenation into highly amplified structures of up to 50kbp in size. TI threads occur in 3% of cancers, with a prevalence ranging to 74% in liposarcoma, and frequent colocalization with chromothripsis. We also perform long-read based methylome profiling and discover allele-specific methylation (ASM) effects, complex rearrangements exhibiting differential methylation, and differential promoter methylation in cancer-driver genes. Our study shows the advantage of long-read sequencing in the discovery and characterization of complex somatic rearrangements.

  Study EGAS00001006629

• Integrated single cell analysis in transformed follicular lymphoma

  Histological transformation of follicular lymphoma to aggressive form occurs 2-3% per year with poor outcome. Divergent evolution and an altered tumour-microenvironment (TME) have been implicated during transformation. However, phenotypic consequences of this evolution and its implication in TME remain unknown. To address this, we performed single cell whole genome and whole transcriptome sequencing of paired pre/post transformation patient samples. We further performed scWTS of additional samples from patients without transformation. Our analysis revealed evolutionary dynamics of transformation at unprecedented resolution. Integration of scWGS and scWTS identified pathways upregulated during evolution. scWTS analysis revealed a shifting TME landscape, with an exhausted signature emerging during transformation. Using multi-color immunofluorescence we transferred these findings to a TME-based transformation biomarker, subsequently validated in independent pretreatment cohorts. Taken together, our results provide a comprehensive view of the combined genomic and phenotypic evolution of malignant cells during transformation, and shifting cross-talk between malignant cells and TME.

  Study EGAS00001007023

• Data Access Committee for the DNA sequencing data included in the study "A generalizable machine learning framework for classifying DNA repair defects using ctDNA exomes”

  Dac EGAC00001003111

• "Usage of small amounts of DNA for Illumina sequencing"

  "Usage of small amounts of DNA for Illumina sequencing"

  Dataset EGAD00001000034

• Dataset for TIX

  All files for TIX individuals

  Dataset EGAD50000000426