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• Somatic mutation and selection at epidemiological scale - Sanger_NanoSeq_RandD

  Bottleneck sequencing of human tissue including neurons, cord blood, sperm This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/. As we age, many tissues become colonised by microscopic clones carrying somatic driver mutations. Some of these clones represent a first step towards cancer whereas others may contribute to ageing and other diseases. However, our understanding of the clonal landscapes of human tissues, and their impact on cancer risk, ageing and disease, remains limited due to the challenge of detecting somatic mutations present in small numbers of cells. Here, we introduce a new version of nanorate sequencing (NanoSeq), a duplex sequencing method with error rates of less than 5 per billion base pairs, which is compatible with whole-exome and targeted gene sequencing. Deep sequencing of polyclonal samples with single-molecule sensitivity enables the simultaneous detection of mutations in large numbers of clones, yielding accurate somatic mutation rates, mutational signatures and driver mutation frequencies in any tissue. Applying targeted NanoSeq to 1,042 non-invasive samples of oral epithelium and 371 samples of blood from a twin cohort, we found an unprecedentedly rich landscape of selection, with 46 genes under positive selection driving clonal expansions in the oral epithelium, over 62,000 driver mutations, and evidence of negative selection in some genes. The high number of positively selected mutations in multiple genes provides high-resolution maps of selection across coding and non-coding sites, a form of in vivo saturation mutagenesis. Multivariate regression models enable mutational epidemiology studies on how carcinogenic exposures and cancer risk factors, such as age, tobacco or alcohol, alter the acquisition and selection of somatic mutations. Accurate single-molecule sequencing has the potential to unveil the polyclonal landscape of any tissue, providing a powerful tool to study early carcinogenesis, cancer prevention and the role of somatic mutations in ageing and disease.

  Dataset EGAD00001015624

• The cellular immune and airway epithelial profile throughout childhood and in response to COVID-19 at multi-omic single cell level.

  Single-cell data gene expression data set (5’Chromium 10X) of healthy paediatric volunteers, and paediatric and adult COVID-19 patients. Gene expression was determined from samples of nasal, tracheal and bronchial brushings and blood (PBMCs). In addition to gene expression, PBMC’s were assayed by CITE-seq. A subset of samples have VDJ sequencing data for T cell receptors (TCR) and B cell receptors (BCR).

  Dataset EGAD00001007718

• Deep whole genome ctDNA chronology of treatment-resistant prostate cancer

  Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in blood plasma is an emerging tool for clinical cancer genotyping and longitudinal disease monitoring. We performed deep whole-genome sequencing of serial plasma and synchronous metastases in patients with aggressive prostate cancer. We comprehensively assess all classes of genomic alterations and demonstrate that ctDNA harbors multiple dominant populations whose evolutionary histories frequently indicate whole-genome doubling and shifts in mutational processes. Although tissue and ctDNA showed concordant clonally-expanded cancer driver alterations, each individual metastasis contributed only a minor share of total ctDNA. By comparing serial ctDNA before and after clinical progression on potent androgen receptor (AR) pathway inhibitors, we reveal population restructuring converging solely on AR augmentation as the dominant genomic driver of acquired treatment-resistance. Finally we leverage nucleosome footprints in ctDNA to infer mRNA abundance in synchronously biopsied metastases, including treatment-induced changes in AR pathway transcriptional activity.

  Dataset EGAD00001008460

• Genomic Advances in Sepsis (GAinS): RNA-seq

  Sepsis is defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. This cohort comprises a subset of patients enrolled in the Genomic Advances in Sepsis (GAinS) study, an established biobank of adult sepsis patients. Patients with sepsis due to community acquired pneumonia or faecal peritonitis were recruited from 34 hospitals across the UK from 2005-2018, with samples for functional genomics and detailed clinical information collected on the first, third and/or fifth day following ICU admission. RNA was extracted from leukocytes isolated at the bedside using LeukoLOCK kits. We have previously identified sepsis response signatures (SRSs), transcriptomic endotypes that are associated with differential early mortality (Davenport et al, Lancet Respir Med, 2016; Burnham et al, AJRCCM, 2017) and response to treatment in a clinical trial (Antcliffe et al, AJRCCM, 2018). We generated RNA sequencing data on 903 samples, including 134 samples repeated from our previously released microarray data. Libraries were prepared using NEB Ultra II Library Prep kits (Illumina) and sequenced on a NovaSeq 6000. Reads were aligned to the reference genome (GRCh38) using STAR and gene counts quantified using featureCounts (annotation Ensembl v99). Counts were TMM-normalised and log-transformed. Following QC, processed data were available on 864 samples from 667 unique patients.

  Dataset EGAD00001008730

• Dataset for hepatopancreaticobiliary_malignancy-RNA

  Rare cancer sequencing data of 119 runs in tumor/control pairs, which were uploaded to umbrella studies. The sequencing was always paired

  Dataset EGAD00001008863

• Palindromic Amplification of The ERBB2 Oncogene in HER2-Positive Breast Cancer

  DNA Inverted Repeats as an At-risk Motif for Palindromic Gene Amplificatio defines oncogene amplification that is configured as a series of inverted duplications (palindromic gene amplification). There are several, recurrently amplified oncogenes throughout the human genome. However, it remains unclear whether this recurrent amplification is solely a manifestation of increased fitness resulting from random amplification mechanisms, or if genomic locus-specific amplification mechanism plays a role. In this study, we show that the ERBB2 oncogene at 17q12 is susceptible to palindromic gene amplification in HER2-positive breast tumors. We investigated eight tumors in this study, of which five tumors were HER2-positive, and three tumors were HER2-negative. HER2-status was determined by clinical FISH tests. We applied three genomic approaches to investigate the amplification mechanism: (1) copy number analysis by array-CGH on the Affymetrix SNP6.0 platform (8 files), (2) sequencing of DNA libraries enriched with tumor-derived palindromic DNA (Genome-wide Analysis of Palindrome Formation, GAPF-seq) (8 files) and (3) unbiased whole genome sequencing (WGS) (1 file). These molecular data is made available in the dbGaP. Genomic studies using tumor DNA was approved under the Internal Institutional Review Board at the Cleveland Clinic (IRB07-136: EXEMPT: Chromosome Breakage and DNA Palindrome Formation). Specimens were obtained and methods were carried out under the auspices of IRB 7881 (Evaluation of Genetic and Molecular Markers in Patients with Breast Cancer). All patients consented to allow their cancer specimens to be used by researchers in an anonymized fashion. The consent form indicates that publication will take place without identifiers to protect the identity of any specific individual. We observed significant and enrichment of palindromic DNA within amplified ERBB2 genomic segments in four out of five HER2-positive tumors. None of three HER2-negative tumors showed such enrichment. Palindromic DNA was particularly enriched at amplification peaks and boundaries between amplified and normal copy-number regions. Thus, palindromic gene amplification shaped the amplified ERBB2 locus. The moderate enrichment of palindromic DNA throughout the amplified segments leads us to propose that the ERBB2 locus is amplified through a mechanism that repeatedly generates palindromic DNA, such as Breakage-Fusion-Bridge cycles. Our results reveal a potential interaction between local genomic environments and gene amplification mechanisms. This study is published under the title "Palindromic amplification of the ERBB2 oncogene in primary HER2-positive breast tumors" (PMID:28211519).

  Study phs001261

• Genetics of Human Inherited Retinal Diseases (GHIRD)

  The goal of this project is to identify novel mutations and genes involved in human retinal disorders, a stated priority of the National Eye Institute. To accomplish this, additional genes whose mutations cause inherited retinal diseases (IRD) will be identified by combining targeted gene panel sequencing, whole exome sequencing, and whole genome sequencing. We have collected about 1050 patient families around the world. In this proposal, we will identify the underlying mutations in these patients using a combination of targeted gene panel sequencing, whole exome sequencing, whole genome sequencing, bioinformatics, statistics, and functional studies. Genes targeted for gene panel sequencing are: ABCA4; ASIC2; JAG1; ABCC6; ARL3; ATP1B2; BBS1; BBS2; BBS4; OPN1SW; CAPN5; C21orf2; CA4; CACNA1F; CDH3; CHM; ERCC8; CLCN2; CLCN3; CLCN7; TPP1; CLN3; CLN5; CNGB1; CNGA1; CNGA3; COL2A1; COL9A1; COL11A1; CRX; VCAN; CTSD; TIMM8A; DMD; CLN8; ERCC6; EFEMP1; OPN1MW; GNAT1; GNAT2; GNGT1; GRM6; GUCA1A; GUCA1B; GUCY2F; GUCY2D; HARS; CFH; HK1; IDH3B; IMPDH1; IMPG1; KCNJ13; KIF11; LRP5; MAK; MITF; TRPM1; MTTP; MVK; MYO7A; NDP; NEK2; NEUROD1; NPHP1; NRL; OAT; OPA1; OTX2; PAX2; PAX6; PDCL; PCYT1A; PDE6A; PDE6C; PDE6G; PDE6H; PDE6B; PEX1; PEX6; PEX7; PEX10; PEX12; PEX13; PEX14; PFDN5; PGK1; PHYH; PIN1; PLA2G5; PPT1; PRKCZ; PEX19; PEX2; PEX5; RB1; RBP3; RBP4; OPN1LW; RDH5; PRPH2; RGR; RHO; GRK1; RLBP1; ROM1; RP9; RP1; RP2; RPGR; RPE65; RS1; SAG; ATXN7; CCL2; SLC6A6; ELOVL4; TEAD1; NR2F1; TIMP3; NR2E1; TTPA; TUB; TULP1; UCHL3; USH2A; CLRN1; VLDLR; BEST1; WFS1; ALMS1; MKKS; FZD4; OFD1; PEX3; CTSF; GBF1; ADAM9; RGS9; PEX11B; PROM1; UNC119; PRPF4; PRPF3; AIFM1; SLC24A1; LRAT; ASIC3; RAB28; PEX16; ITM2B; SLC4A7; IQCB1; CROCC; IFT140; DHX38; MFN2; NR2E3; USH1C; TOPORS; MERTK; FBLN5; CIB2; PRPF8; SDCCAG8; IFT27; TREX1; RRAS2; CEP164; ATF6; TRIM32; RIMS1; SNRNP200; CLUAP1; EMC1; ZNF423; TTLL5; AGTPBP1; RPGRIP1L; CRB1; TSPAN12; ARL2BP; AIPL1; PRPF6; FSCN2; ABHD12; PRPF31; TCTN3; IFT172; CNNM4; NPHP3; INVS; BBS9; FLVCR1; RDH8; IMPG2; WDPCP; RDH11; TMEM216; TMEM138; LZTFL1; CNGB3; AHI1; MKS1; CLN6; BBS7; POMGNT1; PEX26; SPATA7; KIZ; KLHL7; INPP5E; MDM1; CABP4; RPGRIP1; MCOLN1; CC2D2A; KIAA1549; SLC7A14; WDR19; NYX; CDH23; SEMA4A; MPP5; NMNAT1; TMEM237; PCDH15; C5orf42; GNPTAB; TMEM231; TCTN1; SRD5A3; BBS10; ZNF408; TTC21B; CSPP1; LPCAT1; DHDDS; PDZD7; PANK2; CEP290; OPA3; DNAJC5; PITPNM3; MFRP; HMCN1; ADGRV1; ARL6; FAM161A; TMEM126A; GNPTG; GJA10; RAX2; TUBGCP6; TMEM67; ACBD5; C12orf65; CDHR1; BBIP1; REEP6; CACNA2D4; RP1L1; CEP41; C1QTNF5; NXNL1; TTC8; USH1G; BBS5; ZNF513; RDH12; SLC38A8; C8orf37; VPS13B; NXNL2; BBS12; ADGRA3; LCA5; KCNV2; ADAMTS18; ARL13B; ATOH7; MFSD8; NPHP4; CCDC66; CYP4V2; CRB2; RD3; LRIT3; EYS; KIF7; CERKL; RGS9BP; C2orf71; GDF6; DTHD1; GPR179; CISD2; CCR2; PRCD; WHRN; ADGRA3. The current dbGaP study release makes available all sequencing-derived vcf data of study participants.

  Study phs001517

• Honolulu Heart Program (HHP-BioLINCC)

  Data Access NOTE: Please refer to the “Authorized Access” section below for information about how access to the data from this accession differs from many other dbGaP accessions. Access to Biospecimens is through the NHLBI Biologic Specimen and Data Repository Information Coordinating Center (BioLINCC). Biospecimens from HHP include DNA, plasma, serum, and whole blood. Please note that use of biospecimens in genetic research is subject to a tiered consent. Objectives: The initial objectives of the Honolulu Heart Program were to: 1) estimate morbidity and mortality from coronary heart disease and stroke among Japanese men in Honolulu; 2) compare morbidity and mortality from coronary heart disease and stroke among Japanese men in Japan, Honolulu, and San Francisco; 3) investigate relationships among risk factors, coronary heart disease, and stroke in Japanese men in Honolulu; 4) compare distributions of risk factors among men in Japan, Honolulu, and San Francisco, and relate similarities and differences in risk factors to the occurrence of disease in these areas and in other populations, including Framingham and Puerto Rico; 5) conduct an autopsy study, and to relate pathological findings to morbidity and mortality data; and 6) investigate relationships between risk factors and pathological evidence of atherosclerosis and its complications.Background: The Honolulu Heart Program was initiated in 1965 by the NHLBI as a prospective study of environmental and biological causes of cardiovascular disease among Japanese Americans living in Hawaii. This population was known to have low incidence of coronary heart disease and higher incidence of stroke. The study provided opportunities to investigate relationships among disease frequencies, pathologic findings, and disease predictors in the cohort and to compare the findings in this population with those in other populations, especially cohorts of Japanese men resident in Japan or the U.S.Participants: There were 8006 participants.Design: The study began in 1965 with the first examination of a cohort of 8,006 Japanese-American men residing on the island of Oahu, Hawaii who were born during the period 1900-1919. The first examination was completed in 1968 and was followed by the initiation of a second examination that same year. Three subsequent sub-examinations (Lipoprotein Exams I, II and III) were conducted between 1970 and 1982 to collect lipid measurements on a subset of those who participated in Exam II. The fourth examination of surviving members of the original cohort was conducted during 1991-93 and collected data on 3,741 men. Morbidity and mortality follow-up continues through grant and contract-supported efforts, and the current HHP dataset includes events through 1998.

  Study phs003907

• Nanobody-Tethered Transposition Allows for Multifactorial Chromatin Profiling at Single-Cell Resolution

  Chromatin states are functionally defined by a complex combination of histone modifications, transcription factor binding, DNA accessibility, and other factors. However, most current single-cell-resolution methods are unable to measure more than one aspect of chromatin state in a single experiment, limiting our ability to accurately measure chromatin states. Here we introduce nanobody-tethered transposition followed by sequencing (NTT-seq), a new assay capable of measuring the genome-wide presence of multiple histone modifications and protein-DNA binding sites at single-cell resolution. NTT-seq utilizes recombinant Tn5 transposase fused to a set of secondary nanobodies (nb). Each nb-Tn5 fusion protein specifically binds to different immunoglobulin-G antibodies, enabling a mixture of primary antibodies binding different epitopes to be used in a single experiment. We apply bulk- and single-cell NTT-seq to generate high-resolution multimodal maps of chromatin states in cell culture and cells of the human immune system, demonstrating the high accuracy and sensitivity of the method. We further extend NTT-seq to enable simultaneous profiling of cell-surface protein expression alongside multimodal chromatin states to study cells of the immune system.

  Study phs003068

• Mapping Disease Pathways for Biliary Atresia

  Biliary atresia (BA) is a poorly understood rare disease that causes jaundice and liver failure at birth due to underdeveloped bile ducts. Associated defects include poor development of the portal vein and involvement of non-hepatic organs. After initial surgical drainage in all patients, the majority need liver transplantation because of progressive cirrhosis. In addition to the risks of lifelong immunosuppression after liver transplantation, the post-transplant biliary atresia patient can experience surgical complications like portal vein thrombosis along with the consequences of extrahepatic involvement often found in affected patients. To determine the genetic basis of this disease, a genome-wide association study of 811 BA cases, all of whom received liver transplantation, and 4654 controls was performed with a 2.5 million SNP array. The study found that BA associates with polygenic risk conferred by over 6000 common variants, minor allele frequencies >1%, in 102 ciliogenesis and planar polarity effector genes (CPLANE). Whole genome sequencing of 100 of 811 cases revealed that most cases harbored rare variants, allele frequencies Whole genome genotyping, gene expression and whole genome sequencing data is being made available.

  Study phs003458