Search Results - EGA European Genome-Phenome Archive

NHLBI GO-ESP: Family Studies (Mendelian Lipid Disorders)

The NHLBI "Grand Opportunity" Exome Sequencing Project (GO-ESP), a signature project of the NHLBI Recovery Act investment, was designed to identify genetic variants in coding regions (exons) of the human genome (the "exome") that are associated with heart, lung and blood diseases. These and related diseases that are of high impact to public health and individuals from diverse racial and ethnic groups will be studied. These data may help researchers understand the causes of disease, contributing to better ways to prevent, diagnose, and treat diseases, as well as determine whether to tailor prevention and treatments to specific populations. This could lead to more effective treatments and reduce the likelihood of side effects. GO-ESP is comprised of five collaborative components: 3 cohort consortia - HeartGO, LungGO, and WHISP - and 2 sequencing centers - BroadGO and SeattleGO. In this study, we seek to identify the genetic cause of two monogenic lipid disorders-severe hypercholesterolemia and familial hypoalphalipoproteinemia. Monogenic severe hypercholesterolemia is clinically characterized by elevated total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels in plasma. Elevated LDL-cholesterol levels lead to excessive deposition of cholesterol in arterial walls, which eventually results in accelerated atherosclerosis and premature cardiovascular disease (CVD). Monogenic hypercholesterolemia has a prevalence of approximately one in 500 individuals, making it one of the most common inherited disorders. To date, mutations in the LDL receptor (LDLR) ligand-binding domains of APOB and PCSK9 have been shown to cause hypercholesterolemia. While mutations in these genes can explain a large percentage of clinically diagnosed patients, the underlying molecular determinant in a substantial fraction of patients remains unknown. Familial hypoalphalipoproteinemia (low HDL-C) is defined by an HDL-C below the age- and sex- specific 10th percentile. ABCA1, LCAT, and APOA1 are known to cause familial hypoalphalipoproteinemia. We hypothesize that: (1) additional novel genes responsible for Mendelian forms of low HDL-C exist; and (2) the causal gene and mutation(s) in each family may be discovered with exome analysis of just a few affected individuals in each pedigree.

Study phs000587

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Duke Cognition Cohort

The overall goal is to identify genetic variants influencing normal variation between humans, with a focus on cognitive and neurosensory traits. Because of the focus of funding agencies on disease, very few studies of the genetics of non-disease traits have been performed. The genetic variation underlying the vast majority of differences between humans therefore remains not only undiscovered, but also unexplored. We have assessed >1,200 healthy volunteers for >70 diverse, non-disease phenotypes, with a focus on cognitive and neurosensory traits that are understudied and seem to have a strong biological basis. Our study includes measurements of face recognition, night vision, cognitive performance, auditory pitch discrimination, contagious yawn susceptibility, time perception, sense of direction, taste preferences, personality, sexual behaviors, sleep habits, acne, headache locations, synesthesia, and teeth sensitivity. This method is very different from the focus of most studies on collecting cohorts of patients with disease and controls with minimal phenotypic information. Because we phenotype the same healthy volunteers for multiple highly variable yet heritable traits, we can perform genetic analyses on a large number of phenotypes by just investing once in sequencing the DNA of these participants. An additional >2,000 participants in our cohort have been measured just for cognitive performance instead of for the more extensive phenotyping. Most of the genetic studies in this cohort have been about cognitive perfromance. The number of participants with genetic data generated who have undergone the more extensive phenotyping is limited. Our studies of the more novel traits like contagious yawning have therefore focused more on correlations between different phenotypes until we have a sufficient sample size to truly attempt to make genetic discoveries. . The dataset also includes two small challenge studies. In one study, the cognitive performance of 150 healthy volunteers was measured before and after an acute dose of the antiepileptic drug topiramate. In the other study, the cognitive performance of 13 healthy volunteers was measured before and after 24 hours of sleep deprivation.

Study phs001406

NHLBI TOPMed: Outcome Modifying Genes in Sickle Cell Disease (OMG)

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is caused by homozygosity for a single mutation of the beta hemoglobin gene. Despite the constancy of this genetic abnormality, the clinical course of patients with SCD is remarkably variable. SCD can affect the function and cause the failure of multiple organ systems through the pathophysiologic processes of vaso-occlusion and hemolysis. These pathophysiological processes are complex and expected to impact multiple organ systems in a variety of ways. This study, therefore, was designed to identify genetic factors that predispose SCD patients to develop specific end-organ complications and to experience more or less severe clinical courses. We enrolled > 700 patients with Hb SS, Hb S-beta0 thalassemia and HbSC being followed primarily at three southeastern U.S. regional institutions (Duke University Medical Center, University of North Carolina Medical Center, and Emory University Medical Center). Medical information obtained included the presence or absence of specific targeted outcomes (overall disease severity as well as specific types of end organ damage). Clinical data include medical status (history, physical, examination, and laboratory results) and information regarding potentially confounding environmental factors. Limited plasma samples are available for correlative studies (e.g. of cytokine levels, coagulation activation). Targeted SNP for candidate gene analysis as well as GWAS has been performed on most samples. Whole genome sequencing has been conducted through the TOPMed Consortium. The subjects in this analysis were collected as part of a larger study, "Outcome Modifying Genes in Sickle Cell Disease" (OMG-SCD) aimed at identifying genetic modifiers for sickle cell disease. More information about the study can be found in Elmariah et al. (2014), PMID: 24478166. Clinical and genetic data have been used to identify genetic characteristics predisposing patients with SCD to a more or less severe overall clinical course as well as to individual organ-specific complications. It is anticipated that identification of such genetic factors will reveal new therapeutic targets individualized to specific complications of SCD, leading to improved outcomes and increased life expectancy for patients with SCD.

Study phs001608

National Institute on Aging (NIA) SardiNIA Study

Sardinia is the second largest island in the Mediterranean and constitutes a genetically isolated founder population. This population has aided in the identification of genes involved in several Mendelian disorders and is attractive for genetic studies due to its organization in long-established settlements that developed from an initial group of founder settlers (~1,000) thousands of years ago. The current study has recruited 6,148 Sardinians aged 14 and older, from a cluster of four towns in the Lanusei Valley in the Ogliastra region of the province of Nuoro. This sample corresponds to approximately 62% of the population eligible in the area for recruitment. Information collected during enrollment allowed the individuals to be organized into 711 complex pedigrees, each up to five generations deep, with an average kinship coefficient of 0.1628. All volunteers have been characterized for 98 quantitative traits. Traits include anthropomorphic measures, plasma and serum markers (including cholesterol and other markers of cardiovascular disease), and personality traits (using the five-factor model). The main goal of the study is to examine phenotypic similarities between relatives that yield information on the overall contributions of genes to trait variability. Data given here provide p-values for 98 traits studied in 1,412 individuals, based on genotyping with the Affymetrix 500K chip and imputed markers using the HapMap population as a reference (N=2,259,179). Sharing this genome assessment data at high level of resolution for a variety of quantitative traits will be useful for other groups to validate newly observed associations and to investigate possible pleiotropic effects. For ulterior information, and in particular for any individual genotype information, a formal request should be addressed to the Steering Committee, c/o David Schlessinger, Chief, Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, NIH Biomedical Research Center, 251 Bayview Blvd., Suite 100 Baltimore, MD 21224 USA and should include IRB approval of a detailed proposal, along with a signed statement guaranteeing that no attempt will be made to identify any individual participant.

Study phs000338

Investigation of Brain Nitrogen Metabolism in Partial Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency (OTCD) Using 1H MRS, DTI, and fMRI

This is a case controlled, observational study. This project studies cognitive and motor dysfunction in adult and pediatric patients who are female carriers of ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTCD) or are males with late onset presentation (outside of the newborn period) of OTCD, utilizing state of the art MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), a non-invasive technique. This project seeks to improve our understanding of the underlying neural mechanisms that contribute to metabolic, cognitive, sensory and motor abnormalities in urea cycle disorders, which although individually rare, collectively constitute a major cause of neonatal encephalopathy, leading to significant morbidity and mortality. As a result of this study, a greater understanding of the anatomic, cognitive, motor, and biochemical underpinnings of neurologic damage attributable to this metabolic disorder will be gained. Experimental approaches will combine sensory, cognitive and motor testing with structural, functional and molecular magnetic resonance imaging to study symptomatic and asymptomatic heterozygous female carriers of X-linked ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTCD), and late onset hemizygous males. Participants to be included in the studies ranged from ages 7-60 years and were compared to an age-matched typically developed (TD) comparison group. For our research, we use anatomic MRI, functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to monitor brain activity. The technique of fMRI provides detailed maps of the brain areas underlying human mental activities. By using fMRI, we are able to observe how the brain is functioning while a person is performing a specific task, such as reading. We can not only observe differences in the structure of the brain, but can also measure differences in brain function and activity as well. This information will ultimately be used to provide a basis for designing more effective interventions and methods for early identification of learning disabilities in patients with OTCD and related disorders. We will also use MRS to study various brain chemicals such as glutamine using the non-invasive MRI imaging techniques.

Study phs001296

National Institutes of Health The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)

The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) is a comprehensive and coordinated effort to accelerate our understanding of the molecular basis of cancer through the application of genome analysis technologies, including large-scale genome sequencing. TCGA is a joint effort of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), which are both part of the National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. TCGA projects are organized by cancer type or subtype. Click here for a current list of cancer types selected for study in TCGA. Data from TCGA (e.g., gene expression, copy number variation and clinical information), are available via the Genomic Data Commons (GDC). Data from TCGA projects are organized into two tiers: Open Access and Controlled Access. Open Access data tier contains data that cannot be attributed to an individual research participant. The Open Access data tier does not require user certification. Data in Open Access tier are available in the TCGA Data Portal. Controlled Access data tier contains individual-level genotype data that are unique to an individual. Access to data in the Controlled Access data tier requires user certification through dbGaP Authorized Access. Controlled Access data types consist of the following: Individual germline variant data (SNP .cel files) Primary sequence data (.bam files), which are available at GDC Clinical free text fields Exon Array files (for Glioblastoma and Ovarian projects only) NOTE: TCGA strives to release most data in the open access tier. Individual genotype or sequence files are prominent exceptions. Commonly requested files such as descriptions of somatic mutations or clinical data are open access. Please go to this page: https://tcga-data.nci.nih.gov/docs/publications/ to access all data associated with TCGA tumor specific publications. The TCGA study is utilized in the following dbGaP substudies. To view genotypes and other molecular data collected in these substudies, please click on the following substudies below or in the "Substudies" section of this top-level study page phs000178 TCGA study. phs000854 Genome-wide Analysis of Noncoding Regulatory Mutations in Cancer

Study phs000178

National Eye Institute (NEI) Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study (OHTS)

The Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study (OHTS) is an National Eye Institute-sponsored multi-center, randomized, prospective treatment trial designed to determine whether lowering intraocular pressure (IOP) in individuals with ocular hypertension delays or prevents the development of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). A total of 1,636 individuals with ocular hypertension between 40 and 80 years old were enrolled in the study. In addition to ocular hypertension, subjects in the OHTS were required to have normal optic nerve appearance as determined by the OHTS Optic Disc Reading Center and normal and reliable visual field tests at the time of enrollment by the OHTS Visual Field Reading Center. OHTS subjects were randomly assigned to either an observational group which received close observation or a topical medication group which received medication as needed to achieve a 20% reduction in IOP from their baseline levels. Subjects then were examined at regular intervals for optic disc cupping or visual field defects. Other clinical measures were also obtained from OHTS subjects including central corneal thickness (CCT) and intraocular pressure. The primary outcome monitored for the OHTS was the development of glaucoma in one or both eyes as defined by reproducible visual field abnormality or reproducible optic disc deterioration attributed to POAG by the masked OHTS Endpoint Committee. The OHTS study design has been reported in detail (Gordon, 1999; PMID: 10326953). The OHTS confirmed that ocular hypertension is a risk factor for developing POAG and showed that lowering IOP reduced the risk for developing POAG (Kass, 2002; PMID: 12049574). The OHTS also demonstrated that thin CCT is a significant risk factor for the development of POAG (Gordon, 2002; PMID: 12049575). Blood samples were also collected from 1,077 OHTS participants for an ancillary genetics study. DNA was prepared from these samples and used in a genome-wide association scan (GWAS) designed to identify genetic factors that control the magnitude of quantitative features of glaucoma (baseline IOP, baseline cup-to-disc ratio, and CCT). Genotypes from the GWAS and these clinical data (IOP, cup-to-disc ratio, and CCT) have been provided to dbGaP.

Study phs000240

A Phase I/II Trial of Sirolimus (Rapamune®) and Cyclosporine in Patients with Refractory Aplastic Anemia

The most successful treatment for aplastic anemia is bone marrow transplantation. However, few patients are eligible for this procedure. For others, treatment usually consists of immunosuppressive agents, such as antithymocyte globulin (ATG) and cyclosporine. Unfortunately, even with immunosuppressive therapy, relapse is common. New combinations of medications may offer alternative and more effective treatment options. Sirolimus and cyclosporine are two drugs routinely used to suppress the immune system and prevent rejection in patients who have received organ transplants. While cyclosporine has been proven effective for treating aplastic anemia, sirolimus has not been tested for this disease. This study will evaluate the safety and efficacy of sirolimus in combination with cyclosporine for treating individuals with aplastic anemia that have not responded to other treatments. This study will last at least 6 months. Participants will first be screened to verify diagnosis of aplastic anemia. The screening will include a physical examination, blood test, bone marrow biopsy from the pelvic bone, and review of medications and medical history. Individuals who are eligible will then start the first treatment period. Participants will receive two medications: cyclosporine will be taken twice a day and sirolimus will be taken once a day. Depending on side effects, the dose of either drug may be temporarily stopped or lowered. On Day 1, blood will be drawn and females will undergo a pregnancy test. Subsequent study visits will occur weekly for the first month, every 2 weeks for 2 months, and then once a month for the remainder of the study. Each visit will include a physical examination, vital sign assessment, and review of side effects and medications. Blood tests will be performed weekly for the first 3 weeks, and then every 2 weeks. After 6 months of treatment, if a participant has shown improvements in disease status without major side effects, the treatment will continue. Over time the doses may be lowered. If a participant has not improved while on the study medication, treatment will stop at 6 months. Whenever treatment is discontinued, the participant will again undergo a physical examination, blood tests, and bone marrow biopsy.

Study phs000695

Exploring the Genetic Variants Associated with Brain Growth in Children

Understanding the genetic factors that control brain growth during childhood and adolescence is a priority for neuroscience. Its importance lies partly in the finding that disturbances in the course of brain development characterizes many common childhood behavioral problems. Recent advances in neuroimaging such as the use of non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging have provided a chance to define these trajectories in the living child. The intramural programs of the NIMH and NHGRI have conducted repeated neuroanatomic imaging on children along with the banking of DNA, providing a cohort which is studied for defining developmental trajectories of the brain. A central goal of this cohort is to define the disturbances in brain development that are linked with common behavioral problems, such as excessive impulsivity, hyperactivity and inattention. Studies have demonstrated that problems in these domains are distributed across the entire population and that children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) lie at the extreme end of these behavioral dimensions. We found a similar dimensionality in the development of brain regions that are associated with these behavioral problems. Specifically, we showed that the rate of change in both the lateral prefrontal cortex and interconnected striatum during childhood and adolescence was linked to the severity of symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity. As symptoms increased, the rate of growth of both structures decreased. The lateral prefrontal cortex and striatum are core components of richly interconnected 'loops' that support a host of cognitive processes, including attention, cognitive control and motor planning. Anomalies in these structures and their connections have been implicated in many childhood behavioral problems, including ADHD. In summary, we aim to identify the common and rare genetic variants that are associated with the developmental trajectories of the lateral-prefrontal cortex and striatum. Identifying genetic variants influencing the growth of these structures may reveal the biological mechanisms underlying dysregulated control of attention, impulse and activity level, which in the extreme constitute ADHD. The study thus could inform our understanding of neurobiology underpinning one of the most common neuropsychiatric disorders of childhood.

Study phs000962

Genetics and Functional Studies of Autosomal Recessive Neurological Disorders

Neurological conditions account for over 6% of the global disease burden. There are more than 600 neurological disorders, and cognitive dysfunction, also referred to as intellectual disability (ID), occupies a prominent position in this list. Cognitive dysfunction arises from the failure of neuronal cells to organize into a complex network and remodel this network in response to learning and experience. It is manifested by deficits in adaptive behaviors in everyday social and practical skills. Due to its high prevalence and the lifetime cost of care per individual, in the range of $1-2 million in United Sates (CDC), it presents a significant health burden. Genetic and functional studies of the genes and protein determinants of ID have helped to elucidate the molecular pathways of human brain development in health and disease. However, the identity of a large number of essential molecular and cellular components still remain elusive. The objectives of our study are to expand the genetic repertoire of causal ID genes and characterize their role in neuronal structure and cognitive function. The rationale is that identification and functional elucidation of causative gene variants that lead to cognitive dysfunction will be essential for understanding brain function and for developing improved diagnostic tools and efficacious preventive and therapeutic agents for neurological disorders, including ID. There are 3 aims of our comprehensive research program: 1) Ascertain and clinically phenotype members of extended families segregating autosomal recessive intellectual disability (ARID); 2) identify new ARID genes and gene products; and 3) determine the functions of prioritized novel ARID genes using multifaceted approaches, including analysis of spatiotemporal expression patterns in mouse brain, targeting in cultured rat hippocampal neurons, effects on cell morphology and synapse abundance, synaptic transmission and plasticity in neuronal cells by electrophysiology and live-cell imaging assays. The project will advantageously combine human clinical assessment, genetic and functional analyses relevant to brain development and function. Impact: Execution of the proposed studies will generate new knowledge that is clinically relevant, with high potential to impact ID molecular diagnosis, prognoses, and identify novel therapeutic targets to slow progression, delay onset, and possibly devising precision medicine approaches for ID.

Study phs003298

Epi4K: Gene Discovery in 4,000 Epilepsy Genomes

The Epi4K project began in 2011 as an international, multi-center study that seeks to identify and characterize the genetic bases of complex epilepsies. The Center without Walls Epi4K project includes three cores and four scientific projects, as well as a steering committee comprised of the primary study investigators and representatives from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). The three cores include: (1) The Administrative Core which handles the overall coordination of Epi4K activities; (2) The Sequencing, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Core which is responsible for generating the next-generation sequence data, inferring the genetic variation in each of the study participants, and performing the primary analyses to identify epilepsy genes; and (3) The Phenotyping and Clinical Informatics Core which verifies and archives all the phenotypic data from each study participant. The proposed number of patients to be sequenced and analyzed in the scientific projects is a minimum of 4,000; thus the Center was named "Epi4K: Gene Discovery in 4,000 Genomes". Project 1 addresses the genetics of rare and severe childhood epilepsies, including epileptic encephalopathies (infantile spasms and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome), and malformations of cortical development (periventricular nodular heterotopia and polymicrogyria). Exome and genome sequence data generated from DNA collected from patients will be screened for mutations (single nucleotide substitutions, small insertion-deletions, and copy number variations) that cause or contribute to the diseases. Project 2 is focused on genetic discovery in multiplex families. This study will use next-generation sequencing to identify genomic variation that influences risk for common subtypes of epilepsy including idiopathic generalized epilepsy and nonlesional focal epilepsy. Project 3 seeks to identify genetic determinants of prognosis in patients with a range of epilepsy disorders. This study will study established epilepsy cohorts with well-characterized data on seizure outcome to look for relationships between genetic variation and pharmacological control of seizures. Project 4 will use next-generation sequencing data (exome and genome) to screen for epilepsy-associated copy number variation across all Epi4K projects using novel computational algorithms.

Study phs000653

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Clinical Network: Fluid and Catheter Treatment Trial (ARDSNet FACTT-BioLINCC)

Data Access NOTE: Please refer to the “Authorized Access” section below for information about how access to the data from this accession differs from many other dbGaP accessions.Biospecimens: Access to Biospecimens is through the NHLBI Biologic Specimen and Data Repository Information Coordinating Center (BioLINCC). Biospecimens from ARDSNet-FACTT include plasma, DNA, and serum. Please note that use of biospecimens in genetic research is subject to a tiered consent. Objectives: This study evaluated the benefits and risks of Pulmonary Artery Catheters (PACs) in patients with established acute lung injury in a trial comparing hemodynamic management guided by a PAC with hemodynamic management guided by a central venous catheter (CVC) using an explicit management protocol.Background: Optimal fluid management in patients with acute lung injury is unknown. Diuresis or fluid restriction may improve lung function but could jeopardize extrapulmonary organ perfusion.Participants: This randomized study compared a conservative and a liberal strategy of fluid management using explicit protocols applied for seven days in 1000 patients with acute lung injury. The primary end point was death at 60 days. Secondary end points included the number of ventilator-free days and organ-failure-free days and measures of lung physiology. Design: Participants were randomly assigned to a strategy involving either conservative or liberal use of fluids with concealed allocation in permuted blocks of eight with the use of an automated system. Participants were simultaneously and randomly assigned to receive either a pulmonary-artery catheter or a central venous catheter in a two-by-two factorial design.Conclusions: There was no significant difference in the primary outcome of 60-day mortality; however, the conservative strategy of fluid management was associated with improved lung function and shortened the duration of mechanical ventilation and intensive care without increasing non-pulmonary organ failures. These results support the use of a conservative strategy of fluid management in patients with acute lung injury. (NEJM June 15, 2006; Vol 354, No. 24, pp 2564-75; NEJM May 25, 2006; Vol 354, No. 21, pp 2213-24)

Study phs004165

Diabetic Retinopathy Genomics Study (DRGen) - Genetic Biomarkers of Diabetic Retinopathy

Using a well-defined, clinically supported phenotypic strategy, we seek to better understand the role of common and rare genetic variants in the progression of diabetic retinopathy (DR). Whole exome/whole genome sequencing (WES/WGS) was used to systematically search the human genome to detect DR susceptibility genes or genes that protect people from developing advanced DR. Clinical data and bio specimens were obtained from clinically defined DR phenotypes such as, (i) No/Mild NPDR (non-proliferative DR) with a subset of extreme phenotype, ii) Diabetic macular edema (DME) alone and iii) Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) alone. In this ongoing comprehensive genomic study, we wish to i) Identify potential common and rare variants that may influence the phenotypic differentiation of DR into DME or PDR, ii) Define genetic variants stratified based on the "extreme phenotype," and iii) Characterize genetic factors that determine the differential response to anti-VEGF drugs in DME patients. Definition of Diabetic Retinopathy and classification of groups Study 1. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Anybody showing evidence of retinal neovascularization on the disc (NVD) or elsewhere (NVE) with or without pre-retinal and vitreous hemorrhage will be considered PDR. We will include only those "active" PDR patients. The total number of consented subjects in this study is 182. Study 2. Isolated Phenotype: Varied response with anti-VEGF treatment is a significant limiting factor for better clinical outcomes. We quantify the response to anti-VEGF treatment based on visual acuity changes and anatomic features of DME assessed by optical coherence tomography (OCT). Depending on the response at one month following three monthly intravitreal anti-VEGF injections, we have observed two phenotypes: 1) Good responders: Participants were considered "good responders" if the anatomical outcome to anti-VEGF treatment resulted in a significant reduction of baseline central retinal thickness (CRT) > 25% after three anti-VEGF injections. 2) Poor Responders: Participants were classified as "poor responders" if the outcome of anti-VEGF treatment resulted in a reduction of CRT < 20% or in any increase in CRT after three monthly injections. The total number of consented subjects in this study is 17.

Study phs002501

UK10K NEURO IOP COLLIER

In the UK10K project we propose a series of complementary genetic approaches to find new low frequency/rare variants contributing to disease phenotypes. These will be based on obtaining the genome wide sequence of 4000 samples from the TwinsUK and ALSPAC cohorts (at 6x sequence coverage), and the exome sequence (protein coding regions and related conserved sequence) of 6000 samples selected for extreme phenotypes. Our studies will focus primarily on cardiovascular-related quantitative traits, obesity and related metabolic traits, neurodevelopmental disorders and a limited number of extreme clinical phenotypes that will provide proof-of-concept for future familial trait sequencing. We will analyse directly quantitative traits in the cohorts and the selected traits in the extreme samples, and also use imputation down to 0.1% allele frequency to extend the analyses to further sample sets with genome wide genotype data. In each case we will investigate indels and larger structural variants as well as SNPs, and use statistical methods that combine rare variants in a locus or pathway as well as single-variant approaches. The Genetics and Psychosis (GAP) set consists of samples from subjects with schizophrenia, ascertained as a new-onset sample. This set is of UK origin, with data on cognition, brain imaging and other endophenotypes. The Maudsley twin series consists of probands ascertained from the Maudsley Twin Register, defined as patients of multiple birth who had suffered psychotic symptoms. This set is of UK origin, with data on cognition, brain imaging and other endophenotypes, with DNA available from an MZ or DZ affected or unaffected co-twin. The Maudsley family study (MFS) consists of over 250 families who have a history of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder Within the Maudsley Family Study, biological markers of psychosis include neuropsychological tests, Evoked Response Potentials Tests (ERPs), MRI scans, dermatoglyphics and eye tracking. Early risk factors for psychosis and clinical symptoms are also investigated. This set is of UK origin, with DNA available from both affected and unaffected relatives in many of the probands. For further information on this study please contact David Collier (david.collier@kcl.ac.uk).

Study EGAS00001000121

Germline elongator mutations in sonic hedgehog medulloblastoma

Cancer genomics has illuminated a wide spectrum of genes and core molecular processes contributing to human malignancy. Still, the genetic and molecular basis of many cancers remains only partially explained. Genetic predisposition accounts for 5-10% of cancer diagnoses and genetic events cooperating with known somatic driver events are poorly understood. Analyzing established cancer predisposition genes in medulloblastoma (MB), a malignant childhood brain tumor, we recently identified pathogenic germline variants that account for 5% of all MB patients. Here, by extending our previous analysis to include all protein-coding genes, we discovered and replicated rare germline loss-of-function (LoF) variants across Elongator Complex Protein 1 (ELP1) on 9q31.3 in 15% of pediatric MBSHH cases, thus implicating ELP1 as the most common MB predisposition gene and increasing genetic predisposition to 40% for pediatric MBSHH. Inheritance was verified based on parent-offspring and pedigree analysis, which identified two families with a history of pediatric MB. ELP1-associated MBs were restricted to the molecular SHHa subtype and were characterized by universal biallelic inactivation of ELP1 due to somatic loss of chromosome 9q. The majority of ELP1-associated MBs exhibited co-occurring somatic PTCH1 (9q22.32) alterations, suggesting that ELP1-deficiency predisposes to tumor development in combination with constitutive activation of SHH signaling. ELP1 is an essential subunit of the evolutionary conserved Elongator complex, whose primary function is to enable efficient translational elongation through tRNAs modifications at the wobble (U34) position. Biochemical, transcriptional, and proteomic analyses revealed that ELP1-associated MBSHH are characterized by a destabilized core Elongator complex, loss of Elongator-dependent tRNA modifications, codon-dependent translational reprogramming, and induction of the unfolded protein response (UPR), consistent with deregulation of protein homeostasis due to Elongator-deficiency in model systems. Our findings suggest that genetic predisposition to proteome instability is a previously underappreciated determinant in the pathogenesis of pediatric brain cancer. These results provide strong rationale for further investigating the role of protein homeostasis in other pediatric and adult cancer types and potential opportunities for novel therapeutic interference.

Study EGAS00001004126

APOBEC mutagenesis is a common process in normal human small intestine

The single base substitution mutational signatures SBS2 and SBS13, likely caused by APOBEC cytosine deaminases, are common in many human cancer types. However, the stimulus activating APOBEC mutagenesis is unknown and understanding of when it occurs in the progression from normal to cancer cell is limited. Here, as part of a wider survey of human tissues, we whole genome sequenced 342 microdissected normal epithelial crypts from the small intestines of 39 individuals. SBS2/13 mutations were present in 17% normal small intestine crypts and were likely due to APOBEC3A activity. Localised clusters of SBS2/13 mutations (kataegis) were also commonly found. APOBEC mutation burdens were variable between individuals and between crypts from the same individual. Crypts with SBS2/13 often had immediate crypt neighbours without SBS2/13, suggesting that the underlying cause of SBS2/13 is cell-intrinsic rather than a widely distributed microenvironmental exposure, or needs to be permitted by cell-intrinsic conditions. APOBEC mutagenesis occurred throughout the human lifespan, including in young children, and was episodic with a small number of episodes occurring during the life history of a single cell. The results indicate that APOBEC mutagenesis is more common in the small intestine epithelium than in many other cell types, and is an episodic process in vivo initiated or permitted by cell intrinsic factors.

Dataset EGAD00001008764

Whole Genome Sequencing to Discover Familial Myeloma Risk Genes

We identified germline KDM1A truncating mutations in patients with multiple myeloma (MM), and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in tumors. KDM1A mutation burden is higher in sporadic MM patients than in controls, and mRNA levels are lower in MM compared with normal plasma cells. KDM1A pharmacological inhibition in vitro promotes myeloma cell proliferation, and in mice promotes plasma cell expansion, enhanced secondary immune response to T cell dependent antigens, and upregulation of MYC oncogene transcriptional targets. Our findings provide important new insights into the role of KDM1A to suppress B cell malignancies.

Study phs001819

Exome Sequencing Analysis of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma

The Exome Sequencing Analysis of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) study is a single-center cohort study. To identify recurrent genomic aberrations that might underlie the development of this malignancy, we performed whole exome sequencing on a series of SCC-normal pairs to distill a list of 336 candidate genes that were subsequently re-sequenced in 100 SCC-normal pairs with an average depth >1200X. This study also included whole-genome copy number analysis on 5 primary SCC with KNSTRN p.Ser24Phe and 5 histologically matched SCC with wild-type KNSTRN.

Study phs000785

Clinical and Genetic Analysis of Costa Rican Patients with Parkinson's Disease

This study is a pilot study designed to describe the clinical and genetic landscape of Parkinson's disease in Costa Rica. While most genetic studies have been conducted on Europeans, few have examined Parkinson's disease in Costa Ricans. 118 patients and 97 controls were recruited at the Movement Disorders Unit of the Department of Neurology, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, Costa Rica. Familial Parkinson's disease genes were sequenced using Next-Generation Sequencing. We also measured and obtained different sociodemographic and clinical information.

Study phs002495

Characterization of CNS Metastases

Metastatic disease to the central nervous system (CNS) is devastating, with a poor prognosis. There are limited treatment options for patients with CNS metastases, and in particular with leptomeningeal carcinomatosis (LMD). In this study, we evaluated the molecular and cellular features of parenchymal brain metastases and LMD. We used single-cell RNA and cell-free DNA profiling of CSF from patients with LMD receiving immunotherapy to demonstrate shifts in the liquid LMD tumor microenvironment. We also characterize the tumor microenvironment of parenchymal brain metastases using single cell sequencing, before and after treatment with immunotherapy.

Study phs002416

Organoid Profiling Identifies Common Responders to Chemotherapy in Pancreatic Cancer

We generated a collection of patient-derived pancreatic normal and cancer organoids. We performed whole genome sequencing, targeted exome sequencing, and RNA sequencing on organoids as well as matched tumor and normal tissue if available. This dataset is a valuable resource for pancreas cancer researchers, and those looking to compare primary tissue to organoid culture. In our linked publication, we show that pancreatic cancer organoids recapitulate the mutational spectrum of pancreatic cancer. Furthermore, RNA sequencing of organoids demonstrates the presence of both transcriptional subtypes of pancreas cancer.

Study phs001611

Genomic Characterization of Meningiomas

Meningiomas are the most common primary brain tumor in the US. Although the tumor suppressor gene NF2 is disrupted in approximately half of meningiomas, the complete spectrum of genetic changes in meningiomas remains poorly understood, particularly in the large subset of tumors without NF2 alterations. Therefore we performed whole-genome sequencing from 11 Grade I meningioma tumor-normal pairs and whole-exome sequencing from an additional 6 tumor-normal pairs to identify somatic mutations, insertions-deletions, copy-number alterations and rearrangements. We validated our results by performing focused sequencing across 48 additional meningiomas.

Study phs000552

Exome Sequencing in Schizophrenia Families

Schizophrenia is a complex neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by marked genetic heterogeneity. Much of the genetic architecture of the disorder has yet to be explained, but de novo mutations appear to play an important role. We used exome sequencing of parent-offspring quads and trios to detect de novo mutations in persons with schizophrenia. Patients were more likely to harbor one or more damaging de novo mutations, as compared to their healthy siblings. The genes disrupted by damaging mutations in patients operated in processes important to early brain development.

Study phs000738

Normative Aging Study (NAS)

The Normative Aging Study (NAS) is a longitudinal study established by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs in 1963. Participants were male residents and free of chronic disease at the time of recruitment. Participants were invited to undergo an in-person examination every 3-5 years. Participants provided information on medical history, lifestyle and demographic factors and underwent a physical examination and laboratory tests, at each visit. Participants provided written informed consent at each visit, and the VA Boston Healthcare System Institutional Review Board approved the study.

Study phs000853

NHLBI's Collection of Datasets for General Research Use (Public Posting of Genomic Summary Results: Not Allowed)

This collection contains all of NHLBI's authorized individual-level genomic datasets currently in dbGaP that are approved for General Research Use (GRU) and have no further limitations beyond those outlined in the model Data Use Certification Agreement. The public posting of Genomic Summary Results are not allowed. Access to this study collection will include additional authorized individual-level GRU datasets that become available. Renewal of this study collection is required annually. To request access to this study collection, select phs003132 in the dbGaP Authorized Access System.

Study phs003131

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