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• 20 years after the first human genome release. Where are we heading?

  The genomic revolution equipped the scientists with millions of human genomes, entirely changing the way we envision, project and interpret science. Together with the amounts of data, it also evolved the need to respect the donors' right to privacy. Data protection laws flourished and, while they undeniably served to improve human rights and good practices in research, they added new layers of complication to the goal of data sharing. Nature Journal has dedicated a collection of remarkable articles to this 20th anniversary, where they portray how scientists did not fulfil the promise at the core of the HGP. The call for efficient sharing of human genomic data is nowadays more live than ever, with the animate issue regarding the faulty availability of data from COVID-19 patients, right when the pandemic is setting an unprecedented pressure on the scientific and medical community. Given its importance, this multi-faceted debate does not lack controversial opinions. Some researchers indeed consider that we should move toward more restrictive data access, giving more decisional power to the donors, despite that would inevitably diminish the usability and value of the data. Even if 20 years after we are still not there, at the EGA we are committed to make the dream behind the HGP a reality, working day by day to enable law-compliant data sharing.

  Blog 20-years-after-the-first-human-genome-release

• Illumina HiSeqX and HiSeq 2000 whole genome sequence data on 3,001 ALS samples including 212 with known C9orf72 repeat expansions

  Whole genome sequence (WGS) data was generated on 3,001 samples previously quantified for the presence of the C9orf72 repeat expansion (212 expanded and 2,789 wild type), These samples were sequenced using a combination of 2x100bp reads on an Illumina HiSeq2000 and 2x150bp reads on an Illumina HiSeqX sequencer. The repeat expansions were called using ExpansionHunter to demonstrate the ability to call large repeats from high throughput, WGS data. Provided here are all read pairs where at least one of the reads aligns within 1kb of the C9orf72 repeat expansion in addition to reads aligned in pre-determined off target locations where the aligners are known to mis-align reads.

  Study EGAS00001002598

• ProjectMinE :llumina HiSeqX and HiSeq 2000 whole genome sequence data on 3,001 ALS samples including 212 with known C9orf72 repeat expansions

  Whole genome sequence (WGS) data was generated on 3,001 samples previously quantified for the presence of the C9orf72 repeat expansion (212 expanded and 2,789 wild type), These samples were sequenced using a combination of 2x100bp reads on an Illumina HiSeq2000 and 2x150bp reads on an Illumina HiSeqX sequencer. The repeat expansions were called using ExpansionHunter to demonstrate the ability to call large repeats from high throughput, WGS data. Provided here are all read pairs where at least one of the reads aligns within 1kb of the C9orf72 repeat expansion in addition to reads aligned in pre-determined off target locations where the aligners are known to mis-align reads.

  Study EGAS00001003383

• Illumina Omni5 SNP chip genotyping of MacTel cases and unaffected controls for a genome-wide association study

  Macular telangiectasia type 2 (MacTel) is a rare neurovascular degenerative retinal disease. To identify genetic susceptibility loci for MacTel, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS). We genotyped 704 samples, of which 678 have consented to be available here. These samples mainly include MacTel cases but also some unaffected controls (often spouses). The samples were collected through the MacTel Project (funded by the Lowy Medical Research Institute), which includes a registry and extensive clinical analysis to confirm the presence of MacTel in affected individuals. Additional controls were obtained from dbGap [phs000429.v1.p1]. After QC steps, the GWAS utilised 476 cases and 1733 controls of European ancestry.

  Study EGAS00001002249

• Single-cell RNA-seq data of the tumor microenvironment of lymphocyte-rich Hodgkin lymphoma and other Hodgkin lymphoma subtypes

  Lymphocyte-rich classic Hodgkin lymphoma (LR-CHL) is a rare subtype of Hodgkin lymphoma. Recent technical advances have allowed for the characterization of specific crosstalk mechanisms between malignant Hodgkin Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells and different normal immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of CHL. However, the TME of LR-CHL has not yet been characterized at single cell resolution. Here, using single cell RNA sequencing, we examined the immune cell profile of 8 cell suspension samples of LR-CHL in comparison to 20 samples of the mixed cellularity (9 cases) and nodular sclerosis (11 cases) subtypes of CHL, as well as 5 reactive lymph node controls.

  Study EGAS00001005541

• Elevated somatic mutation burdens in normal human cells due to defective DNA polymerases

  Mutation accumulation over time in normal somatic cells contributes to cancer development and is proposed as a cause of ageing. DNA polymerases POLE and POLD1 replicate DNA with high fidelity during normal cell divisions. However, in some cancers defective proofreading due to acquired mutations in the exonuclease domains of POLE or POLD1 causes markedly elevated somatic mutation burdens with distinctive mutational signatures. POLE and POLD1 exonuclease domain mutations also cause familial cancer predisposition when inherited through the germline. Here, we sequenced normal tissue DNA from individuals with germline POLE or POLD1 exonuclease domain mutations. Increased mutation burdens with characteristic mutational signatures were found to varying extents in all normal adult somatic cell types examined, during early embryogenesis and in sperm. Mutation burdens were further markedly elevated in neoplasms from these individuals. Thus human physiology is able to tolerate ubiquitously elevated mutation burdens. Indeed, with the exception of early onset cancer, individuals with germline POLE and POLD1 exonuclease domain mutations are not reported to show abnormal phenotypic features, including those of premature ageing. The results, therefore, do not support a simple model in which all features of ageing are attributable to widespread cell malfunction directly resulting from somatic mutation burdens accrued during life.

  Dataset EGAD00001006212

• Single-cell RNA-sequencing of CD19 Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-cells (CD19 CAR T-cells) from a Phase I clinical study in paediatric ALL: CARPALL

  Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T-cells have become established as an effective treatment of haematological cancers. In the context of relapsed and refractory childhood pre-B cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (B ALL), CD19 targeting CAR T-cells often induce durable remissions. Previously, we generated a novel low-affinity CAR incorporating a CD19-specific single-chain variable fragment (scFV) called CAT, displaying a faster off-rate of interaction than the FMC63 CD19 binder used in prior clinical studies. Here, we systematically analysed CD19 CAR T-cells of ten children with relapsed or refractory B ALL enrolled in the CARPALL trial (NCT02443831). To characterize persisting CD19 CAR T-cells, we performed high throughput single-cell gene expression and T-cell receptor (TCR) sequencing of infusion products and serial blood and bone marrow samples up to five years post-infusion. We isolated CAR T-cells from peripheral blood or bone marrow by flow cytometry for CD3 and CAR expression, prior to single cell sequencing (Chromium 10X) platform.

  Dataset EGAD00001010018

• Sperm sequencing reveals extensive positive selection in the human germline -WGS

  Mutations that occur during human ageing in the cell lineages of sperm or eggs have the potential to be transmitted to offspring. In males, positive selection of driver mutations during spermatogenesis is known to increase the birth prevalence of certain developmental disorders and cancer predisposition syndromes. However, direct observation of the scope of this selection in sperm has been limited by the error rates of sequencing technologies. Using the duplex sequencing method known as NanoSeq, we sequenced bulk sperm samples from individuals aged 24 to 75 years. Our findings revealed a linear accumulation mutations per year and mutational signatures consistent with pedigree studies. Deep targeted and deep exome NanoSeq of sperm samples identified genes subject to significant positive selection in the male germline, which are linked to diverse cellular pathways including RAS/MAPK and BMP signaling. Strikingly, nearly all positively selected genes are associated with developmental or cancer predisposition disorders in children. We find that this effect drives an elevated risk of known likely disease-causing mutations in sperm across a wide age range. This implies that the disorders attributed to these genes likely exhibit elevated birth prevalence in human populations, particularly among older fathers. These findings shed light on the dynamics of germline mutations and highlight an increased disease risk for children born to fathers of advanced age.

  Dataset EGAD00001015592

• Sperm sequencing reveals extensive positive selection in the human germline -NanoSeq

  Mutations that occur during human ageing in the cell lineages of sperm or eggs have the potential to be transmitted to offspring. In males, positive selection of driver mutations during spermatogenesis is known to increase the birth prevalence of certain developmental disorders and cancer predisposition syndromes. However, direct observation of the scope of this selection in sperm has been limited by the error rates of sequencing technologies. Using the duplex sequencing method known as NanoSeq, we sequenced bulk sperm samples from individuals aged 24 to 75 years. Our findings revealed a linear accumulation mutations per year and mutational signatures consistent with pedigree studies. Deep targeted and deep exome NanoSeq of sperm samples identified genes subject to significant positive selection in the male germline, which are linked to diverse cellular pathways including RAS/MAPK and BMP signaling. Strikingly, nearly all positively selected genes are associated with developmental or cancer predisposition disorders in children. We find that this effect drives an elevated risk of known likely disease-causing mutations in sperm across a wide age range. This implies that the disorders attributed to these genes likely exhibit elevated birth prevalence in human populations, particularly among older fathers. These findings shed light on the dynamics of germline mutations and highlight an increased disease risk for children born to fathers of advanced age.

  Dataset EGAD00001015590

• Sperm sequencing reveals extensive positive selection in the human germline -TargetedNanoSeq

  Mutations that occur during human ageing in the cell lineages of sperm or eggs have the potential to be transmitted to offspring. In males, positive selection of driver mutations during spermatogenesis is known to increase the birth prevalence of certain developmental disorders and cancer predisposition syndromes. However, direct observation of the scope of this selection in sperm has been limited by the error rates of sequencing technologies. Using the duplex sequencing method known as NanoSeq, we sequenced bulk sperm samples from individuals aged 24 to 75 years. Our findings revealed a linear accumulation mutations per year and mutational signatures consistent with pedigree studies. Deep targeted and deep exome NanoSeq of sperm samples identified genes subject to significant positive selection in the male germline, which are linked to diverse cellular pathways including RAS/MAPK and BMP signaling. Strikingly, nearly all positively selected genes are associated with developmental or cancer predisposition disorders in children. We find that this effect drives an elevated risk of known likely disease-causing mutations in sperm across a wide age range. This implies that the disorders attributed to these genes likely exhibit elevated birth prevalence in human populations, particularly among older fathers. These findings shed light on the dynamics of germline mutations and highlight an increased disease risk for children born to fathers of advanced age.

  Dataset EGAD00001015591