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• Sperm sequencing reveals extensive positive selection in the human germline -NanoSeq

  Mutations that occur during human ageing in the cell lineages of sperm or eggs have the potential to be transmitted to offspring. In males, positive selection of driver mutations during spermatogenesis is known to increase the birth prevalence of certain developmental disorders and cancer predisposition syndromes. However, direct observation of the scope of this selection in sperm has been limited by the error rates of sequencing technologies. Using the duplex sequencing method known as NanoSeq, we sequenced bulk sperm samples from individuals aged 24 to 75 years. Our findings revealed a linear accumulation mutations per year and mutational signatures consistent with pedigree studies. Deep targeted and deep exome NanoSeq of sperm samples identified genes subject to significant positive selection in the male germline, which are linked to diverse cellular pathways including RAS/MAPK and BMP signaling. Strikingly, nearly all positively selected genes are associated with developmental or cancer predisposition disorders in children. We find that this effect drives an elevated risk of known likely disease-causing mutations in sperm across a wide age range. This implies that the disorders attributed to these genes likely exhibit elevated birth prevalence in human populations, particularly among older fathers. These findings shed light on the dynamics of germline mutations and highlight an increased disease risk for children born to fathers of advanced age.

  Dataset EGAD00001015590

• Sperm sequencing reveals extensive positive selection in the human germline -TargetedNanoSeq

  Mutations that occur during human ageing in the cell lineages of sperm or eggs have the potential to be transmitted to offspring. In males, positive selection of driver mutations during spermatogenesis is known to increase the birth prevalence of certain developmental disorders and cancer predisposition syndromes. However, direct observation of the scope of this selection in sperm has been limited by the error rates of sequencing technologies. Using the duplex sequencing method known as NanoSeq, we sequenced bulk sperm samples from individuals aged 24 to 75 years. Our findings revealed a linear accumulation mutations per year and mutational signatures consistent with pedigree studies. Deep targeted and deep exome NanoSeq of sperm samples identified genes subject to significant positive selection in the male germline, which are linked to diverse cellular pathways including RAS/MAPK and BMP signaling. Strikingly, nearly all positively selected genes are associated with developmental or cancer predisposition disorders in children. We find that this effect drives an elevated risk of known likely disease-causing mutations in sperm across a wide age range. This implies that the disorders attributed to these genes likely exhibit elevated birth prevalence in human populations, particularly among older fathers. These findings shed light on the dynamics of germline mutations and highlight an increased disease risk for children born to fathers of advanced age.

  Dataset EGAD00001015591

• Integrative understanding of human immune system by functional genomics and development of intervention strategies for the prevention of autoimmune diseases

  To elucidate the regulation of T cell recptor repertoire in T cell subsets and its contribution to autoimmune diseases, T cell subsets from 116 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus(SLE), 89 Systemic Sclerosis(SSc), 85 Myositis(IIM), 19 Mixed Connective Tissue Disease(MCTD), 18 Sjogren's syndrome(SjS), 25 Rheumatoid Arthritis(RA), 23 Behcet's disease(BD), 18 Adult Onset Still's Disease(AOSD), 24 ANCA-associated Vasculitis(AAV), 16 Takayasu's Arteritis(TAK) and 134 healthy controls(HC) were collected (Naive_CD4, Mem_CD4, Th1, Th2, Th17, Tfh, Fr._I_nTreg, Fr._II_eTreg, Fr._III_T, Naive_CD8, TEMRA_CD8, CM_CD8, EM_CD8. RNA-seq and TCR-mapping was performed with each T cell subset samples.

  Study JGAS000762

• Whole genome sequencing of 198 epileptic individuals.

  This dataset includes whole genome sequencing of 198 epileptic individuals. Libraries preparation and whole-genome sequencing: gDNA was cleaned up using ZR-96 DNA Clean & ConcentratorTM-5 Kit (Zymo) prior to being quantified using the Quant-iTTM PicoGreen dsDNA Assay Kit (Life Technologies) and its integrity assessed on agarose gels. Libraries were generated using the TruSeq DNA PCR-Free Library Preparation Kit (Illumina) according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. Libraries were quantified using the Quant-iTTM PicoGreen dsDNA Assay Kit (Life Technologies) and the Kapa Illumina GA with Revised Primers-SYBR Fast Universal kit (Kapa Biosystems). Average size fragment was determined using a LabChip GX (PerkinElmer) instrument. The libraries were denatured in 0.05N NaOH and diluted to 8pM using HT1 buffer. The clustering was done on a Illumina cBot and the flowcell was ran on a HiSeq 2500 for 2x125 cycles (paired-end mode) using v4 chemistry and following the manufacturer's instructions. A phiX library was used as a control and mixed with libraries at 0.01 level. Bioinformatics: The Illumina control software was HCS 2.2.58, the real-time analysis program was RTA v. 1.18.64. Program bcl2fastq v1.8.4 was used to demultiplex samples and generate fastq reads. The filtered reads were aligned to reference Homo_sapiens assembly b37. Each readset was aligned to creates a Binary Alignment Map file (.bam).

  Dataset EGAD00001004062

• The mutational landscape of skin tumours in CYLD cutaneous syndrome determined

  Patients with germline mutations in CYLD can develop hundreds of benign skin tumours called cylindromas. The development of multiple tumours within a single patient at sun-protected and sun-exposed sites, varying tumour histological patterns and grades of malignancy allow for the testing of several genetic hypothesis in relation to cutaneous carcinogenesis. By adopting the unprecedented approach of whole genome sequencing of multiple benign skin tumours within individuals in multigenerational families, we set out to study the impact of mutational diversity on models such as multistep carcinogenesis as well as non-sequential carcinogenesis. Using non-negative matrix factorisation (NMF) to discover mutational signatures, we found distinct mutational signatures in identical benign tumours (N=2 patients; n=11 tumours) at sun exposed and sun protected skin tumours within a mother and her daughter. We found recurrent mutations in epigenetic modifying genes in CCS tumours which are known to have an oncogenic dependency on Wnt signalling. We also demonstrate that cutaneous tumours that metastasize to the lung carry a a UV signature, supporting the origin from the skin. Distinct malignant tumours, such as BCC and malignant spiradenocarcinoma carried unique driver mutations. These findings add new dimensions to the existing paradigms of UV-induced skin cancer and highlight the utility of studying rare disease to gain novel insights into genetic mechanisms of tumour formation.

  Dataset EGAD00001004573

• A study of the molecular pathogenesis of Splenic Marginal Zone and Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma

  We will perform exome sequencing on selected cases of splenic marginal zone lymphoma (SMZL) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) in order to characterise their genetic makeup and identify biomarkers for prognosis and prediction of treatment response.

  Dataset EGAD00001000410

• Use of Deep Sequencing to Dectect Clonal Mutations In Sun Exposed Skin Epidermis PART2

  This study aims to define the landscape of somatic mutations in sun exposed human skin by deep sequencing, analyse their frequency and use the data to infer the effect of mutations on proliferating cell behaviour. The frequency of each mutation will reflect the size of the clone of cells in the tissue sample. By analyzing small samples, clones with as few as 100 cells will be detectable. Allele frequency distributions for each mutation will be used to infer cell fate using published methods (Klein et al. 2010). This study will shed unprecedented light on the early clonal events that lead to the emergence of cancer.

  Dataset EGAD00001000825

• Targeted replication of LVOTO genes

  Non-syndromic cases of congenital heart defects (CHD) exhibit variable modes of inheritance (Mendelian and non-Mendelian). Several studies have identified strong candidates in humans by taking a candidate gene approach as well as by using whole exome next generation sequencing (NGS). So far these studies could only explain a minor fraction of the observed phenotype in humans, most of them in syndromic cases and no single study has focused on the subset of cases with left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO). To discover novel disease-causing genes a large cohort of patients with LVOTO, approximately 100 cases, 25 families and 100 trios have been exome sequenced. This study based on NGS sequencing data yielded several known and novel compelling candidate genes, such as MYH6, NR2F2 and MYH11, but also novel ones, such as ITGB4. To evaluate the significance of our findings in a replication cohort we assembled another 1614 cases with an LVOTO phenotype from our collaborators in Toronto, Berlin and Amsterdam. Targeted resequencing in this additional cohort will help to find additional cases with mutations in the identified candidate genes to strengthen genotype-phenotype association. We will use control data from the INTERVAL project for case/control analyses The pulldowns will be performed as 24-plex ISC with 192 or greater indexes, and the sequencing will be performed with 192 samples per lane, requiring 9 lanes of sequencing.

  Dataset EGAD00001002212

• Whole genome sequencing of single cells identifies stochastic aneuploidies, genome replication, states, and clonal repertoires for library A73044A

  Transposase-based amplification-free single-cell genome direct library preparation in nanowell chips; 1340 samples; filetype=bam

  Dataset EGAD00001004719

• Whole genome sequencing of single cells identifies stochastic aneuploidies, genome replication, states, and clonal repertoires for library A73044B

  Transposase-based amplification-free single-cell genome direct library preparation in nanowell chips; 2057 samples; filetype=bam

  Dataset EGAD00001004720

• Whole genome sequencing of single cells identifies stochastic aneuploidies, genome replication, states, and clonal repertoires for library A73046B

  Transposase-based amplification-free single-cell genome direct library preparation in nanowell chips; 1970 samples; filetype=bam

  Dataset EGAD00001004721

• Whole genome sequencing of single cells identifies stochastic aneuploidies, genome replication, states, and clonal repertoires for library A73047D

  Transposase-based amplification-free single-cell genome direct library preparation in nanowell chips; 2091 samples; filetype=bam

  Dataset EGAD00001004722

• Whole genome sequencing of single cells identifies stochastic aneuploidies, genome replication, states, and clonal repertoires for library A73056B

  Transposase-based amplification-free single-cell genome direct library preparation in nanowell chips; 1267 samples; filetype=bam

  Dataset EGAD00001004723

• Whole genome sequencing of single cells identifies stochastic aneuploidies, genome replication, states, and clonal repertoires for library A75616A

  Transposase-based amplification-free single-cell genome direct library preparation in nanowell chips; 230 samples; filetype=bam

  Dataset EGAD00001004724

• Whole genome sequencing of single cells identifies stochastic aneuploidies, genome replication, states, and clonal repertoires for library A75616B

  Transposase-based amplification-free single-cell genome direct library preparation in nanowell chips; 232 samples; filetype=bam

  Dataset EGAD00001004725

• Whole genome sequencing of single cells identifies stochastic aneuploidies, genome replication, states, and clonal repertoires for library A75616C

  Transposase-based amplification-free single-cell genome direct library preparation in nanowell chips; 239 samples; filetype=bam

  Dataset EGAD00001004726

• Whole genome sequencing of single cells identifies stochastic aneuploidies, genome replication, states, and clonal repertoires for library A75617A

  Transposase-based amplification-free single-cell genome direct library preparation in nanowell chips; 692 samples; filetype=bam

  Dataset EGAD00001004727

• Whole genome sequencing of single cells identifies stochastic aneuploidies, genome replication, states, and clonal repertoires for library A90553A

  Transposase-based amplification-free single-cell genome direct library preparation in nanowell chips; 612 samples; filetype=bam

  Dataset EGAD00001004728

• Whole genome sequencing of single cells identifies stochastic aneuploidies, genome replication, states, and clonal repertoires for library A90553C

  Transposase-based amplification-free single-cell genome direct library preparation in nanowell chips; 1700 samples; filetype=bam

  Dataset EGAD00001004729

• Whole genome sequencing of single cells identifies stochastic aneuploidies, genome replication, states, and clonal repertoires for library A95664B

  Transposase-based amplification-free single-cell genome direct library preparation in nanowell chips; 606 samples; filetype=bam

  Dataset EGAD00001004752

• Whole genome sequencing of single cells identifies stochastic aneuploidies, genome replication, states, and clonal repertoires for library A95670A

  Transposase-based amplification-free single-cell genome direct library preparation in nanowell chips; 615 samples; filetype=bam

  Dataset EGAD00001004753

• Whole genome sequencing of single cells identifies stochastic aneuploidies, genome replication, states, and clonal repertoires for library A95670B

  Transposase-based amplification-free single-cell genome direct library preparation in nanowell chips; 636 samples; filetype=bam

  Dataset EGAD00001004754

• Whole genome sequencing of single cells identifies stochastic aneuploidies, genome replication, states, and clonal repertoires for library A95722A

  Transposase-based amplification-free single-cell genome direct library preparation in nanowell chips; 968 samples; filetype=bam

  Dataset EGAD00001004755

• Whole genome sequencing of single cells identifies stochastic aneuploidies, genome replication, states, and clonal repertoires for library A95724A

  Transposase-based amplification-free single-cell genome direct library preparation in nanowell chips; 480 samples; filetype=bam

  Dataset EGAD00001004756

• Whole genome sequencing of single cells identifies stochastic aneuploidies, genome replication, states, and clonal repertoires for library A95724B

  Transposase-based amplification-free single-cell genome direct library preparation in nanowell chips; 561 samples; filetype=bam

  Dataset EGAD00001004757