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• A sequence-based genetic dissection of human immune cell types and implications for immune-related disease.

  The immune system is an intricate biological network mediating interactions with other organisms while preserving the integrity of our tissues. By mounting appropriate responses it protects us from a vast range of pathogens while inadvertent immune system attacks on self result in autoimmune diseases. The project aims to discover whether and to what extent the behaviour of the immune system is genetically regulated and to detect the relationships of diverse immune cells with autoimmunity. The project consists of the genetic analysis using up to ~8.2 Million variants, deriving from high density genotyping data and low pass whole genome sequencing, and quantitative levels of 95 cell types encompassing 272 immune traits, in a cohort of 1,629 individuals from four clustered Sardinian villages belonging to the SardiNIA/ProgeNIA study.

  Study EGAS00001000574

• Nature and Contribution of Noncoding, Regulatory Mutations in Neurodevelopmental Disorders

  This dbGaP study contains variant call files generated from whole-genome sequencing data of families with autism. The variant callers include FreeBayes, GATK, Platypus, and Strelka2. A family-level VCF file, from each caller, is provided for each family in the study. The families included in this study are from the Simons Simplex Collection (SSC), the Study of Autism Genetics Exploration (SAGE), and The Autism Simplex Collection (TASC); sequencing was performed at the New York Genome Center, as part of the Centers for Common Disease Genomics (CCDG) Consortium. The analysis to generate the variant callsets was supported by a K99 Pathway to Independence grant to Dr. Tychele Turner (1K99MH117165-01). *Access to phenotype data at the individual level for Simons Simplex Collection (SSC) subjects can be requested from SFARI Base: https://www.sfari.org/resource/sfari-base/.

  Study phs001874

• The aim of this study was to identify underlying hub genes and dysregulated pathways associated with the development of HCC using bioinformatics analysis.

  In the present study, we identified differentially expressed protein-coding genes from RNA transcriptional profiling performed on 11 paired cancer tissues and adjacent non-cancerous tissues. Then, we conducted GO, KEGG, PPI network and centralities analyses to study and identify changes in pathways and hub genes. The aim of this study was to improve understanding of HCC carcinogenesis by providing information concerning the genetic changes that occur during disease progression and to uncover the expression of biomarkers with potential use for clinical diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of disease progression.

  Study EGAS00001002526

• ApoA-1 and Atherosclerosis in Psoriasis

  Apolipoprotein A-1 is a protein localized to high-density lipoprotein that functions to remove cholesterol from tissues for transport back to the liver. Psoriasis is a systemic inflammatory disease associated with poor high-density lipoprotein function and accelerated non-calcified burden by coronary computed tomographic angiography. In this study, 310 psoriasis patients from The Psoriasis, Atherosclerosis, and Cardiometabolic Disease Initiative (PACI) were studied at baseline to determine if levels of circulating apolipoprotein A-1 predict early onset coronary artery disease in inflammatory conditions. Of the 310 participants, 124 were followed for four years to determine if apolipoprotein A-1 predicts non-calcified coronary burden over time. The primary outcome of this study was non-calcified coronary burden by coronary computed tomography angiography. To assess non-calcified coronary burden, participants underwent coronary computed tomography angiography using the same scanner (320-detector row Aquilion ONE ViSION, Toshiba, Japan). For ApoA-1 quantification, fasting blood draw was performed the same day as the coronary computed tomography angiography. The 400MHz proton Vantera Clinical Analyzer was used to quantify Plasma apolipoprotein A-1. The study determined that low levels of apolipoprotein A-1 are associated with increased coronary artery burden and that this relationship persists over time. The data are available through dbGaP and the dataset includes all variables reported in the manuscript.

  Study phs003231

• DirectHRD Enables Sensitive Scar-Based Classification of Homologous Recombination Deficiency (HRD)

  Homologous recombination deficiency (HRD)-induced genomic scars are an FDA-approved biomarker for identifying cancers likely to respond to PARP inhibitors. However, detecting HRD scars from blood biopsies has been challenging due to the low tumor content in blood samples. To address this limitation, we developed DirectHRD, a genomic scar-based HRD classifier leveraging whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data for non-invasive blood biopsy testing. DirectHRD was applied to 90 cell-free DNA (cfDNA) samples across four cancer types: breast, ovarian, prostate, and pancreatic. The method achieved an AUC of 0.87 and demonstrated the ability to detect HRD at tumor fractions as low as 1%, offering a tenfold increase in sensitivity compared to state-of-the-art methods.

  Study phs003760

• Overcoming Clinical Resistance to EZH2 Inhibition Using Rational Epigenetic Combination Therapy

  Essential epigenetic dependencies have become evident in many cancers. Based on functional antagonism between BAF/SWI/SNF and PRC2 in SMARCB1-deficient sarcomas, we and colleagues recently completed the clinical trial of the EZH2 inhibitor tazemetostat, leading to its FDA approval. However, the principles of tumor response to epigenetic therapy in general and tazemetostat in particular remain unknown. Using functional genomics of patient tumors and diverse experimental models, we defined molecular mechanisms of tazemetostat resistance. We found distinct classes of acquired mutations that converge on the RB1/E2F axis, decoupling EZH2-dependent differentiation and cell cycle control. This allows tumor cells to escape tazemetostat-induced G1 arrest despite EZH2 inhibition and suggests a general mechanism for effective EZH2 therapy. Using RNA-sequencing of patient tumor specimens, we identified specific genes as markers of a deficient RB1/E2F axis, which we propose as prospective biomarkers for therapy stratification. This offers a paradigm for rational epigenetic combination therapy suitable for immediate translation to clinical trials.This study was performed on archived tumor tissue collected as part of the above clinical trial at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. Patient tumors were classified into "Response" or "Progression" groups based on RECIST 1.1 criteria. "Response" included tumors exhibiting a complete response, partial response, or stable disease. All other tumors were classified under the "Progression" group. Archived frozen tumor samples were weighed and up to 20-30mg were homogenized in RLT buffer, followed by extraction using the AllPrep DNA/RNA Mini Kit (QIAGEN catalog 80204) according to the manufacturer's instructions. RNA was eluted in 13 μL nuclease-free water. After RiboGreen quantification and quality control by Agilent BioAnalyzer, 1 μg of total RNA with DV200 percentages varying from 78% to 100% underwent ribosomal depletion and library preparation using the TruSeq Stranded Total RNA LT Kit (Illumina catalog RS-122-1202) according to instructions provided by the manufacturer with 8 cycles of PCR. Samples were barcoded and sequenced using NovaSeq 6000 in a PE150 mode, with the NovaSeq 6000 S4 Reagent Kit (Illumina). On average, 84 million paired reads were generated per sample and 70% of the data mapped to mRNA. For analysis, read adaptors were trimmed and quality filtered using 'trim_galore' and mapped to GRCh38/hg19 reference genome using STAR v2.7.9 with default parameters.

  Study phs003188

• HuBMAP: A Spatially Resolved Molecular Atlas of Human Endothelium

  The human circulatory system plays a vital role in the proper functioning of every organ in the human body. Because vascular related diseases, such as atherosclerosis, do not occur homogeneously throughout the vascular tree, differences in the endothelium of various organs must exist. There is even evidence of heterogeneity of adjacent endothelial cells. We are studying normal endothelium throughout the body and across individuals of different ages to characterize these differences. The first step will be to procure normal tissue samples from a wide range of organs. From disaggregated samples of these tissues, we will perform single cell combinatorial indexing (sci-) to generate chromatin accessibility (sci-ATAC-seq) and transcriptome (sci-RNA-seq) data from millions of single cells across hundreds of samples.  Molecular heterogeneity might correlate with multiple facets of the anatomical distribution of endothelium, including vascular vs. lymphatic, arteries vs. veins, capillaries vs. larger vessels, differences between organs, organ zonation, cell-to-cell differences, etc. Based on heterogeneous markers defined from deep profiling of disaggregated cells, we will employ seqFISH to spatially relate the distinct endothelial subpopulations arising from the single nuclei data to histologic preparations. For example, this will allow us to identify subpopulations with particular markers as arterial, capillary, venous, or lymphatic. The end product will include multiparameter images in which the complete gene expression and chromatin accessibility profile can be interactively visualized for every cell.

  Study phs002267

• A Phase I Study with a Personalized Neoantigen Cancer Vaccine in Melanoma

  Effective anti-tumor immunity in humans has been associated with presence of T cells targeting neoantigens that arise from non-silent tumor-specific mutations. Here we conducted whole-exome sequencing of tumor and normal cells from individual patients to identify mutations. We assessed the expression of mutated alleles by RNA-sequencing of tumor. We demonstrated the feasibility, safety and immunogenicity of a vaccine that targets up to 20 personal neoantigens predicted to be presented by the autologous patient tumor.Antigen-specific CD8+ T cells that can recognize and eliminate cancer cells play a crucial role in anti-tumor immune responses. Here we conducted single-cell sequencing of cells infiltrating melanoma specimens originating from 4 patients and determine the TCR clonality of the CD8+ tumor infiltrating cells. We investigated the relationship between T cell clonality and phenotypic cell states coupling single-cell transcriptome to single-cell TCR seq. The surface expression of a panel of protein was detected in parallel using CITE-Seq antibodies. Sorted tumor and peripheral blood specimens were processed in parallel.In order to discover cancer antigens derived from annotated and unannotated protein-coding regions of the genome, we carried out matched ribosome profiling (Ribo-seq), RNA-sequencing, and whole genome sequencing on one of the patients, as well as Ribo-seq on an additional patient. We used it to discover novel or unannotated open reading frames (nuORFs), their expression levels, as well as somatic mutations within them to predict potential neoantigens.

  Study phs001451

• Development and Use of Network Infrastructure for High-Throughput GWA Studies

  The "Development and Use of Network Infrastructure for High-Throughput GWA Studies" project is collaboration between Group Health Cooperative (GH), the University of Washington (UW), and the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC). It is one of 5 sites participating in The Electronic Medical Records and Genomics (eMERGE) Network funded by the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) with additional funding from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS). The overall eMERGE project is designed to assess whether linking biorepositories of patients in healthcare delivery systems with electronic medical records (EMRs) is an efficient strategy for high-throughput genome wide association (GWA) studies and whether information can be pooled across sites. The primary phenotype in the Group Health/UW Aging and Dementia eMERGE study project is dementia. Phenotyped participants originated from four population-based sources. Seattle-area members of GH (a large integrated health care system in Washington State) consented and enrolled in 1) the University of Washington Alzheimer's Disease Patient Registry (ADPR) and 2) the Adult Changes in Thought (ACT) study, 3) Marshfield Clinic Personalized Medicine Research Project (PMRP), a population-based DNA, plasma and serum biobank of 20,000 adults, 4) Vanderbilt's BioVU, a de-identified DNA biobank. The ADPR (PI: Eric B. Larson; NIH/NIA U01 AG 006781) is a population-based registry of incident dementia cases designed to identify all new dementia cases within GH from 1987 to 1996. Potential dementia cases were identified through referrals from primary care physicians, mental health services, and neurologists, as well as review of CT scans, neurology, emergency room, geriatrician, and mental health clinic logs, and hospital discharge diagnoses. Medical history, physical, laboratory testing, and neuropsychological testing were performed on all consenting potential cases. These data were reviewed by a consensus conference including a neuropsychologist, study physicians, and an epidemiologist. After discussion of the case, dementia status is assigned using DSM-III-R criteria. Alzheimer's disease status was assigned using the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke-Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association (NINCDS-ADRDA) criteria. The study base of the ADPR population was stable with an attrition rate of less than 1%/year. The ACT study (PI: Eric B. Larson; NIH/NIA U01 AG 006781) is an ongoing community-based cohort study designed to determine the incidence of Alzheimer's Disease (AD), other types of dementia, and cognitive impairment and to determine risk factors for these conditions. The original cohort of 2,581 was enrolled in 1994-1996. An expansion cohort of 811 was enrolled in 2000-2002. Continuous enrollment to keep 2,000 persons enrolled and at-risk for dementia outcomes was begun in 2005. To date the study has accrued more than 4,000 participants. Dementia-free participants are enrolled in this cohort and evaluated every two years by study personnel with many evaluations including an assessment of cognitive functioning using the Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (CASI), which is an extended version of the Mini-Mental State Examination that has been widely used in epidemiological studies of the elderly. Persons with CASI scores lower than 86 or in whom interviewers suspect unusual cognitive decline are followed up with dementia diagnostic evaluations which include physical and neurological examinations and neuropsychological tests. Medical records are reviewed, and laboratory tests and neuroimaging are obtained if not available. The dementia diagnoses and dementia subtypes are determined during a consensus conference attended by the examining clinicians and other study physicians, a neuropsychologist, and research nurse. After discussion of the case, dementia status is assigned using DSM-IV criteria. Alzheimer's disease status was assigned using NINCDS-ADRDA criteria. Individuals diagnosed with dementia are seen again one year following diagnosis using the same procedures. Individuals not diagnosed with dementia are returned to the pool of at-risk individuals and are seen at their next routinely scheduled biennial visit. The ACT sub-sample is stable; for the original cohort, median enrollment in GH was 19 years prior to joining the ACT study, and 85% of the cohort has ≥ 10 years of GH enrollment. DNA for the ADPR participants were obtained through a companion study, Genetic Differences in Cases and Controls (PI: Walter Kukull; NIH/NIA R01 AG007584). DNA obtained through both studies were extracted from blood using Gentra Systems Puregene methods. DNA concentration is determined by UV optical density. All samples are checked for quality by OD 260/280 ratio. For long-term storage, samples are aliquoted and stored at -70°C. The Marshfield study, Personalized Medicine Research Project (PMRP), a population-based DNA, plasma and serum biobank of 20,000 adults. PMRP was started in 2002 as a 3 Phase project. Completed in April 2004, the objectives of Phase I were to build and develop a large population-based biobank with DNA, plasma and serum samples to facilitate genomics research. Phase 1 was also to educate, inform and consult with the Marshfield Epidemiologic Study Area population and communities concerning potential studies, create the DNA foundation of the personalized medicine database and build the bioinformatics tools to store securely and analyze genotypic and phenotypic data. Phase I tasks included operation of the ethics and security advisory board, scientific advisory board and community advisory group. More than 18,000 residents aged 18 and above from 19 different zip codes surrounding Marshfield, WI were invited to participate in Phase I. After providing written informed consent, participants completed brief questionnaires that included questions about demographics, some environmental exposures, family history of disease, and adverse drug reactions, as well as family members living in the area. Participants provided 50ml of blood from which DNA was extracted and plasma and serum samples were stored. The informed consent process allowed access to electronic medical records and included language about non-disclosure of personal research results. A tick-off box was included so that participants could either allow or decline subsequent recontact for future research studied. The objectives of Phase II are to create the phenotypic database, establish the scientific and administrative infrastructure to support genetic mapping of the DNA and the initial discovery projects and genotype a sufficient portion of the genetic material to support these discovery projects. The objectives of Phase III are to expand the discovery projects, complete the genotyping of the genetic database and expand physician/health care provider education and community consultation. The Vanderbilt BioVU model uses discarded blood leftover from clinical care and de-identified clinical information, both of which are tracked with a Research Unique Identifier that is permanently disconnected from the medical record number used to generate it. The Vanderbilt IRB determined that the project does not qualify as "human subject" research under §46.102(f)(1)(2). The program has been reviewed by OHRP twice (the latest immediately prior to launch), and the determination of the Vanderbilt IRB that the project is consistent with the 8/10/2004 guidance has been validated. The model includes a simple opt out mechanism developed for patients who do not wish to have their samples included. Planning (including community involvement, ethics and IRB discussions, focus groups, development of operating procedures and pilot studies to assess them) began in May 2004, and the resource commenced sample collection in February 2007 and as of May 2009 contains approximately 56,000 samples. The current resource will be available to all Vanderbilt investigators who sign a Data Use Agreement. The resource represents Vanderbilt's broad patient population and thus provides a potential resource for research in a range of common and rare diseases as well as drug response or medication safety. BioVU patient protection model: There has been extensive involvement by the ethics community and the IRB to put in place procedures to provide privacy protection. The overall protection plan is multifaceted and includes a combination of technology and policy: (1) creation of the SD described above; (2) return of only the specific clinical data items requested by investigators (rather than the complete de-identified chart); (3) submission of any specific proposed project to the IRB and to a separate protocol review committee, both of which must approve; (4) implementing a Data Use Agreement that permits only approved queries and data analyses, specifically prohibits attempts at re-identification (at the risk of institutional sanctions), and mandates redeposit of all genetic information generated in a research study back into a genomic database; and (5) tracking and auditing all use.

  Study phs000234

• High Glucose Macrophage Exosomes Enhance Atherosclerosis by Driving Cellular Proliferation and Hematopoiesis

  In this study, we aimed to explore whether hyperglycemia alters inflammatory properties and microRNA levels in immune cells as well as their extracellular vesicles (EVs) as a mode of intercellular communication in cardiovascular disease. To this end, we isolated EVs from the plasma of diabetic mice as well as from human subjects that included 7 healthy individuals (control), 5 individuals with diagnosed peripheral arterial disease but no diabetes, 9 diabetic individuals with no vascular disease and 5 diabetic subjects with established vascular disease. The human plasma EVs were examined for the content of microRNA and their capacity to communicate signaling when incubated with cultured human THP1 macrophages. Subsequently, the plasma EV-exposed macrophages were examined for total RNA sequencing to identify inflammatory and molecular pathways targeted by the human EVs. 

  Study phs002401