4015 results for "*geneti*"

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• Clonal structure and oncogenic potential of liver cirrhosis tissues.

  Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recurrently develops in cirrhotic liver composed of numbers of regenerative nodules (RNs). The biologic or genetic basis of RNs for hepatocarcinogenesis remains unclear at present. Thus, to uncover the basis of cirrhotic liver for multicentric tumorigenesis, we investigated the oncogenic potential of RNs in LC tissues using multi-omics analysis.

  Study JGAS000134

• Comprehensive genomic analysis of patient derived orthotopic xenograft model in primary central nervous system lymphoma

  The purpose of this study is to investigate genetic background of orthotopic xenograft cells and aseess consistency with parent tumor cells. For exome sequencing, we used two distinct PCNSL cells (YML9 and YML11). We also performed RNA sequencing for 7 PCNSL patient tumor cells to compare NF-kB pathway activation.

  Study JGAS000178

• Genetic analysis of non-small cell lung cancer patients and PDX tumor harboring driver gene alteration

  Genetic analysis of non-small cell lung cancer patients and PDX tumors with EGFR mutation, ALK fusion, ROS1 fusion, etc.

  Study JGAS000413

• Microarray genotyping of idiopathic hypersomnia patients (11 orexin mutation-positive patients, 85 orexin mutation-negative patients)

  We performed a principal component analysis (PCA) to determine whether population stratification or differences in the genetic background are present between the orexin mutation-positive and -negative idiopathic hypersomnia groups. Genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data in patients with idiopathic hypersomnia (orexin mutation-positive patients and orexin mutation-negative patients) were utilized for the PCA.

  Study JGAS000508

• Genetic alterations that deregulate RB and PDGFRA signaling pathways drive tumor progression in IDH2-mutant astrocytoma

  In IDH-mutant astrocytomas, IDH2 mutation is quite rare and biological mechanisms underlying tumor progression in IDH2-mutant astrocytoma remain elusive. Here, we report a unique case of IDH2 mutant astrocytoma, CNS WHO grade 3 that developed tumor progression. We performed a comprehensive genomic and epigenomic analysis for primary and recurrent tumors and found that both tumors harbored recurrent IDH2R172K and TP53R248W mutation with CDKN2A/B hemizygous deletion. We also found amplifications of CDK4 and MDM2 with PDGFRA gain in the recurrent tumor and upregulated protein expressions of these genes. We further developed, for the first time, a xenograft mouse model of IDH2R172K mutant astrocytoma from the recurrent tumor, but not from the primary tumor. Consistent with parent recurrent tumor cells, amplifications of CDK4 and MDM2 with PDGFRA gain was found, while CDKN2A/B was identified as homozygous deletion in the xenografts, qualifying for integrated diagnosis of astrocytoma, IDH2-mutant, CNS WHO grade 4. Cell viability assay found that CDK4/6 inhibitor and PDGFR inhibitor potently decreased cell viability in recurrent tumor cells, as compared to primary tumor cells. These findings suggest that gene alterations that activate retinoblastoma (RB) signaling pathways and PDGFR may drive tumor progression and xenograft formation in IDH2-mutant astrocytoma, which is equivalent to progressive IDH1-mutant astrocytoma. Also, our findings suggest that these genomic alterations may represent therapeutic targets in IDH2-mutant astrocytoma.

  Study JGAS000646

• Genomics characterization of primary central nervous system lymphoma

  Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare malignancy confined to the central nervous system (CNS). Despite low tendency of systemic dissemination, its prognosis is poor with median overall survival of 2?4 years. Due to its rarity, knowledge of genomic alterations underling PCNSL pathogenesis is severely limited. Here we performed whole-exome sequencing on 44 PCNSL and paired normal specimens, revealing high penetrance of nonsynonymous somatic mutations in PIM1 (95.5%), BTG2 (88.6%) and MYD88 (81.8%). Interestingly we found oncogenic mutations in GRB2, and this effect was cancelled when transformed cells are treated with inhibitors to downstream kinases MAP2K1/2. Further, when tumor cells carries MYD88 mutations, the same mutations were also found at low frequency in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNC), implying that MYD88 mutation?positive precancerous cells originate outside CNS and develop to lymphoma with additional genetic hits that fit the CNS environment.

  Study JGAS000021

• Durable clinical impacts and mechanisms of action and resistance in histone K27 methylation-targeting epigenetic therapy

  Epigenomes allow the rectification of disordered cancer gene expressions, thereby providing new targets for pharmacological interventions in cancer therapy. The clinical utility of targeting histone H3 lysine tri-methylation (H3K27me3) as an epigenetic hallmark has been demonstrated. However, in actual therapeutic settings, the mechanism by which H3K27me3-targeting therapies exert their effects and the response of tumor cells remain unclear. Here we show the potency and mechanisms of action and resistance of a newly developed EZH1/2 dual inhibitor, valemetostat, in the clinical trials of patients with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL). Valemetostat administration reduced the tumor size and demonstrated durable clinical benefits. Integrative single-cell analyses of patients before and after the administration of valemetostat showed that valemetostat abolishes the highly condensed chromatin structure formed by the plastic H3K27me3 and neutralizes multiple gene loci, such as tumor suppressor genes. Nevertheless, subsequent long-term treatment encounters the emergence of resistant clones with reconstructed aggregate chromatin that closely resemble the pre-dose state. The acquired mutations at the EZH2???compound interface result in the propagation of the clones with re-increased H3K27me3. In patients free of this mutation, TET2 mutation or elevated DNMT3A expression causes similar chromatin recondensation through de novo DNA methylation at the H3K27me3-associated regions. We identified subpopulations with distinct metabolic and gene translation characteristics implicated in primary susceptibility until the acquisition of the heritable (epi)mutations. Targeting chromatin homeostasis might provide opportunities for further sustained epigenetic cancer therapies.

  Study JGAS000553

• Comprehensive analyses of genetic aberrations in gastroenterological tumors

  Intestinal metaplasia (IM) is a risk factor of gastric cancer in gastric mucosa with Helicobacter pylori infection. To explore the susceptibility to the cancer development in pure gastric IM, we investigated landscape of genetic alterations in gastric single-glands with IM.

  Study JGAS000269

• Phase II clinical trial of adult Philadelphia chromosome-negative precursor B-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia with combination chemotherapy

  Adults with B-ALL showed extremely inferior outcomes when compared to children. Genetic basis undelying adult B-ALL is largely unknown. We performed integrated analysis of RNA-seq and target DNA-seq for the patients enrolled in BALL213 study.

  Study JGAS000278

• Targeted exome sequencing identify compound heterozygous TYK2 mutations in patients with primary immunodeficiency who developed EBV-associated lymphoma

  In this study, we evaluated 2 siblings with primary immunodeficiency who developed EBV-associated lymphoma. Immunophenotyping of PBMCs revealed that both patients had significant T cell lymphopenia characterized by low na?ve CD4+ T cell counts. To identify the causative genetic mutations in the patients, we performed targeted exome sequencing using the Illumina MiSeq on the patients and their parents. The results showed a novel compound heterozygous mutations in the gene encoding tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) in the patients.

  Study JGAS000098

• High-coverage whole exome sequence in non-TRU-type lung adenocarcinomas

  In order to elucidate the key genetic events in non-TRU-type lung cancer, we selected 43 non-TRU-type lung adenocarcinomas and performed a whole exome sequence and RNA-seq analysis using a next-generation sequencer. The results of the analysis identified mutations in TP53, KRAS and NKX2-1 as the top three significantly mutated genes, while the EGFR mutation was rare in this cohort. Eight NKX2-1 mutations (5 frameshift, 2 nonsense, and one missense) were identified, with one case harboring two distinct NKX2-1 mutations (missense and frameshift). All NKX2-1 mutants were transcriptionally inactive in reporter assays. Histologically, invasive mucinous adenocarcinomas accounted for most of the NKX2-1 mutations (5 cases), while 1 enteric and 1 acinar adenocarcinoma harbored the NKX2-1 mutation.

  Study JGAS000105

• Immunohistochemical and molecular pathological search in gastrointestinal tumors

  Purpose: RSPO fusions are recently identified recurrent genetic alterations in colorectal cancer (CRC), which lead to WNT pathway activation and are potential therapeutic targets. We aimed to investigate the clinicopathological and molecular features of RSPO fusion-positive CRCs. Experimental Design: We screened 1019 CRCs for RSPO fusions using multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. RSPO fusion-positive tumors were characterized for their clinicopathological features and subjected to whole exome sequencing (WES). Results: Our analysis identified 29 CRCs with RSPO fusions (2.8%), consisting of 5 with an EIF3E-RSPO2 fusion and 24 with PTPRK-RSPO3 fusions. The patients were 17 females and 12 males with the median age of 64 years. Thirteen tumors were located in the right colon, 8 were in the left colon, and 8 were in the rectum. Histologically, most of the tumors (24/29, 83%) were classified as adenocarcinomas, not otherwise specified. However, about half of the tumors (13/29, 45%) had a focal or extensive mucinous component, which is significantly more frequent compared with RSPO fusion-negative tumors (13%; p = 8.1 �� 10-7). Four tumors (14%) were mismatch repair-deficient, three of which were associated with MLH1 promoter methylation. WES identified KRAS, BRAF, and NRAS mutations in a total of 27 cases (93%). In contrast, pathogenic mutations in major WNT pathway genes other than RSPO fusions were virtually absent. The presence of an RSPO fusion tended to show shorter overall and recurrence-free survivals in stage II and III patients although the differences were not significant. Conclusions: RSPO fusion-positive CRCs constitute a rare subgroup of CRCs with several characteristic clinicopathological and genetic features. The mutual exclusivity with other WNT pathway gene alterations supports RSPO fusions as valid therapeutic targets in CRC.

  Study JGAS000538

• Development of cell lines and mouse models of bone and soft tissue sarcoma to establish novel treatment

  Malignant giant-cell tumors are extremely rare bone sarcomas that transform from conventional giant-cell tumors during long periods of treatment. We have applied the culture methods and succeeded in establishing patient-derived organoids (PDO) of rare sarcomas. This study aimed to investigate the genomic characteristics of our established novel organoids from human malignant giant-cell tumors. The developed tumors with xenograft were genomically analyzed to compare their characteristics with those of the original tumors. Genetic changes over time throughout treatment were analyzed, and the genomic status of the established organoid was confirmed. Next generation sequencing revealed that the established organoids lacked the H3-3A G34W mutation. The xenografted organoids of the malignant giant-cell tumor had phenotypes genetically similar to those of the original tumor. The established organoids were confirmed to be derived from human malignant giant-cell tumors. In summary, the present study demonstrated a novel organoid model of a malignant giant-cell tumor that was genetically confirmed to be a malignant transformed tumor. Our organoid model could be used to elucidate the molecular pathogenesis of a malignant giant-cell tumor and develop novel treatment modalities.

  Study JGAS000618

• Analysis of the relationship between disease phenotype and genotype in patients with Alzheimer's disease

  In this study, we explored the genetic background of Alzheimer's disease by intercomparative analysis of the genetic background of sporadic Alzheimer's disease and disease phenotypes derived from iPS cells.

  Study JGAS000383

• An Organoid Biobank of Rare Human Neuroendocrine Neoplasms Enables Genotype-Phenotype Mapping

  We performed whole genome sequencing and RNA-sequencing of neuroendocrine neoplasm. The aim of this study was to provide genetic landscape of neuroendocrine neoplasm, to construct available animal models, and to engineer neuroendocrine neoplasm from normal colon epithelium. The reference genomes used are GRCh37 for whole genome sequencing and GRCh38 for RNA-sequencing.

  Study JGAS000237

• GWAS for atrial fibrillation in the Japanese population

  We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) that utilized 8,180 atrial fibrillation cases and 28,612 controls and followed up in an additional 3,120 cases and 125,064 controls in the Japanese population. We replicated previously reported loci and identified six novel loci. Five of the six novel loci were specifically associated with atrial fibrillation in the Japanese population after comparing our data to individuals of European ancestry, suggesting there might be different susceptibility genetic factors across ancestries. Our study has discovered variants in genes HAND2, KCND3 and NEBL that are relevant to atrial fibrillation susceptibility. The involvement of PPFIA4 and SH3PXD2A in axon guidance also suggested its role in the disease pathogenesis. Our findings may contribute to a better understanding of atrial fibrillation susceptibility and pathogenesis.

  Study JGAS000101

• Identification of genetic polymorphism on aggressive periodontitis

  Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease with loss of gingival tissue and alveolar bone. Aggressive periodontitis is rapidly progressive form of periodontitis in young people. It has been demonstrated that the susceptibility to AgP is influenced by genetic risk factors. However few were established as a risk factor for aggressive periodontitis. To identify genetic risk factors for aggressive periodontitis in Japanese population, we conducted the exome sequence of unrelated patients.

  Study JGAS000024

• Demographic History and Local Adaptation in Asian Population

  Due to harboring high genetic and cultural diversity of populations, Central Asia is one key area for understanding the recent evolutionary history of humans. In this project, our aims include: (1) to resequence genome sequences with high sequencing depth for Central Asian populations Balti; (2) to discern the genomic diversity, populations structure and demographic history of Balti; (3) to investigate the genetic mechanisms for local adaptations in Balti.

  Study JGAS000238

• Development of a diagnostic gene panel for Gorlin syndrome and its application to liquid biopsy

  Gorlin syndrome is an autosomal dominant, rare disease caused by mutations in PTCH1, PTCH2, and SUFU with various symptoms in multiple organs making early diagnosis challenging. In this study, we generated a Gorlin syndrome gene panel that could help to overcome the difficulties in diagnosing Gorlin syndrome using a single test. This gene panel is time- and cost-efficient and highly reliable with a high-quality score of 30, on-target ratio, and coverage depth, and could detect more mutations than whole-exome sequencing of the same patient. Although the current in silico prediction tools have a limited genetic database of gene mutations in rare hereditary diseases, five prediction tools were used to identify pathological mutations. Pathogenic gene mutations were detected not only in PTCH1 but also in PTCH2 in five out of 12 patients with Gorlin syndrome diagnosed based on clinical symptoms. Using this gene panel, we showed the same gene mutation in the patients and their asymptomatic relatives; hence, it has enabled a highly reliable genetic diagnosis of Gorlin syndrome at a low cost requiring only blood sample.

  Study JGAS000308

• CRISPR-screening identifies mechanisms of resistance to KRASG12C and SHP2 inhibitor combinations in non-small cell lung cancer

  Although KRASG12C inhibitors show clinical activity in patients with KRAS G12C mutated NSCLC and other solid tumor malignancies, response is limited by multiple mechanisms of resistance. The KRASG12C inhibitor JDQ443 shows enhanced preclinical antitumor activity combined with the SHP2 inhibitor TNO155, and the combination is currently under clinical evaluation. To identify rational combination strategies that could help overcome or prevent some types of resistance, we evaluated the duration of tumor responses to JDQ443 �� TNO155, alone or combined with the PI3K�� inhibitor alpelisib and/or the CDK4/6 inhibitor ribociclib, in xenograft models derived from a KRASG12C-mutant NSCLC line and investigated the genetic mechanisms associated with loss of response to combined KRASG12C/SHP2 inhibition.

  Study JGAS000643

• Whole exome sequencing of familial MDS, Two patients

  Although several causal genes of familial myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) have been identified, the genetic landscape and the molecular pathogenesis are not totally understood. To explore novel driver genes and their pathogenetic significance, we performed whole exome sequence analysis of two individuals from a familial MDS pedigree and several candidate single-nucleotide variants were identified. Knockdown screening revealed that downregulation of a candidate gene enhanced colony forming capacity of primary murine bone marrow (BM) stem/progenitor cells. Our results indicate that a familial MDS-associated germline mutation in the candidate gene induces accumulation of DNA double-strand breaks, possibly through impaired PCNA polyubiquitination.

  Study JGAS000162

• Reconstruction of the personal information from human genome reads in gut metagenome sequencing data

  Human DNA present in fecal samples can result in a small number of human reads in gut shotgun metagenomic sequencing data. However, it is currently unclear how much personal information can be reconstructed from such reads and this has not been quantitatively evaluated. Such a quantitative evaluation is necessary to clarify the ethical concerns related to data sharing and to enable the efficient use of human genetic information in stool samples, such as for research and forensics. Here, we used genomic approaches to reconstruct personal information from fecal metagenomes of 343 Japanese individuals with associated human genotype data.

  Study JGAS000600

• Effective screening strategy for deafness using a new-genetation sequencing platform: a consecutive analysis

  The diagnosis of the genetic etiology of deafness contributes to the clinical management of patients. We performed the following four genetic tests in three stages for 52 consecutive deafness subjects in one facility. We used the Invade assay and Sanger sequencing for the GJB2 gene or SLC26A4 gene in the first stage test, TaqMan genotyping assay in second stage test, and targeted exon sequencing using the massively parallel DNA sequencing in third stage test. Overall, we identified the genetic cause in 40% (21/52) of patients. The diagnostic rates of the first-, second- and third-stage genetic testing were 17%(9/52), 9%(4/43) and 21% (8/39), respectively. The combination approach using these genetic tests appears to be useful as a diagnostic tool for deafness patients. We recommended that genetic testing for the screening of common mutations in deafness genes using the Invader assay or TaqMan genotyping assay be performed as the initial evaluation. For the remaining undiagnosed cases, targeted exon sequencing using MPS is clinically and economically beneficial. This data set was MPS reads data (fastq) for 39 sensorineural hearing loss patients.

  Study JGAS000032

• Rapid detection of expanded short tandem repeats in personal genomics using hybrid sequencing.

  Long expansions of short tandem repeats (STRs); i.e., DNA repeats of 2-6 nucleotides, are associated with some genetic diseases. Cost-efficient high throughput sequencing can quickly produce billions of short reads that would be useful for uncovering disease-associated STRs. However, enumerating STRs in short reads remains largely unexplored because of the difficulty in elucidating STRs much longer than 100 bp, the typical length of short reads. We propose ab initio procedures for sensing and locating long STRs promptly by utilizing the frequency distribution of all STRs and paired-end read information. We validated the reproducibility of this method using biological replicates and used it to locate an STR associated with a brain disease (SCA31). Subsequently, we sequenced this STR site in eleven SCA31 samples using SMRT? sequencing (Pacific Biosciences), determined 2.3-3.1 kb sequences at nucleotide resolution, and revealed that (TGGAA)- and (TAAAATAGAA)-repeat expansions determined the instability of the repeat expansions associated with SCA31. Our method could also identify common STRs, (AAAG)- and (AAAAG)-repeat expansions, which are remarkably expanded at four positions in an SCA31 sample. This is the first proposed method for rapidly finding disease-associated long STRs in personal genomes using hybrid sequencing of short and long reads.

  Study JGAS000002

• POU4F3 mutation screening in Japanese hearing loss patients.

  A variant in a transcription factor gene, POU4F3, is responsible for autosomal dominant nonsyndromic hereditary hearing loss, DFNA15. To date, 14 variants, including a whole deletion of POU4F3, have been reported to cause HL in various ethnic groups. In the present study, genetic screening for POU4F3 variants was carried out for a large series of Japanese hearing loss (HL) patients to clarify the prevalence and clinical characteristics of DFNA15 in the Japanese population. Massively parallel DNA sequencing of 68 target candidate genes was utilized in 2,549 unrelated Japanese HL patients (probands) to identify genomic variations responsible for HL. The detailed clinical features in patients with POU4F3 variants were collected from medical charts and analyzed. Novel 12 POU4F3 likely pathogenic variants (six missense variants, three frameshift variants, and three nonsense variants) were successfully identified in 15 probands (2.5%) among 602 families exhibiting autosomal dominant HL, whereas no variants were detected in the other 1,947 probands with autosomal recessive or inheritance pattern unknown HL. To obtain the audiovestibular configuration of the patients harboring POU4F3 variants, we collected audiograms and vestibular symptoms of the probands and their affected family members. Audiovestibular phenotypes in a total of 24 individuals from the 15 families possessing variants were characterized by progressive HL, with a large variation in the onset age and severity with or without vestibular symptoms observed. Pure-tone audiograms indicated the most prevalent configuration as mid-frequency HL type followed by high-frequency HL type, with asymmetry observed in approximately 20% of affected individuals. Analysis of the relationship between age and pure-tone average suggested that individuals with truncating variants showed earlier onset and slower progression of HL than did those with non-truncating variants. The present study showed that variants in POU4F3 were a common cause of autosomal dominant HL.

  Study JGAS000093