1002 results for "1993+article+mouse+line+professor"

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• GEDI: A Developmental Model of Gene-Environment Interplay in SUDs: Combined Genotype Dataset from the "Great Smoky Mountains Study" and the "Caring for Children in the Community Study".

  1. Great Smoky Mountains Study (GSMS; Costello et al. 1996, 1997) Three cohorts of boys and girls, aged 9, 11, and 13 years at intake in 1993, were selected from a rural population of some 20,000 children using a household equal probability design. A two-phase procedure was used for White and African-American youth to increase power by oversampling children at risk for psychiatric and SUDs. Parents (usually mothers) of the first stage random population sample completed a questionnaire about their child's behavioral problems. Of 4,195 subjects selected, 95% (N=3,896) of parents completed the screen. All children scoring above a predetermined threshold (the top 25% of the total scores), plus a 10% random sample of the remaining 75%, were recruited for detailed interviews. Results can be back-weighted to population levels for analyses. Half of the sample consists of females, and 6% are African Americans, reflecting the population of the study area. The interviewed sample of white and African-American subjects was 1,070 (80% of those recruited). American Indian youth were oversampled (100%) because they are an understudied group known to be at high risk for stressful events, substance disorders, and mood disorders. Of 431 age-eligible children, 350 (81% boys, 49% girls) participated. Thus, the size of total GSMS sample is 1,070 + 350 = 1,420. Data collection is complete for ages 9-26, and age 30 interviews are in progress. By age 26 a total of 9,858 interviews had been completed; the average number of interviews per subject was seven, and by age 26, 97.3% completed two or more interviews. 2. The Caring for Children in the Community Study (CCC; Angold et al., 2002) This representative study of psychiatric illness and service use in African-American and White youth took place in four rural counties in the southeastern USA. The two-stage sampling design and methods are similar to those used in the GSMS. Of 4,500 youth randomly selected from the 17,117 9- to 17-year-olds in the public school's database, 3,613 (80.0%) were successfully contacted and agreed to complete the behavioral screen. Of the 1,302 selected to participate in the study, 920 (70.7%) interviews were completed. Because CCC was also the only study in GEDI to contain more than a very few African-American participants, these were omitted from the multi-site analyses. Reprinted with permission from Cambridge University Press from Costello et al., 2013: PMID: 23461817 References: Costello et al., 1996: PMID: 8956679 Costello et al., 1997: PMID: 9184514 Angold et al., 2002: PMID: 12365876

  Study phs000852

• Genetic alterations that deregulate RB and PDGFRA signaling pathways drive tumor progression in IDH2-mutant astrocytoma

  In IDH-mutant astrocytomas, IDH2 mutation is quite rare and biological mechanisms underlying tumor progression in IDH2-mutant astrocytoma remain elusive. Here, we report a unique case of IDH2 mutant astrocytoma, CNS WHO grade 3 that developed tumor progression. We performed a comprehensive genomic and epigenomic analysis for primary and recurrent tumors and found that both tumors harbored recurrent IDH2R172K and TP53R248W mutation with CDKN2A/B hemizygous deletion. We also found amplifications of CDK4 and MDM2 with PDGFRA gain in the recurrent tumor and upregulated protein expressions of these genes. We further developed, for the first time, a xenograft mouse model of IDH2R172K mutant astrocytoma from the recurrent tumor, but not from the primary tumor. Consistent with parent recurrent tumor cells, amplifications of CDK4 and MDM2 with PDGFRA gain was found, while CDKN2A/B was identified as homozygous deletion in the xenografts, qualifying for integrated diagnosis of astrocytoma, IDH2-mutant, CNS WHO grade 4. Cell viability assay found that CDK4/6 inhibitor and PDGFR inhibitor potently decreased cell viability in recurrent tumor cells, as compared to primary tumor cells. These findings suggest that gene alterations that activate retinoblastoma (RB) signaling pathways and PDGFR may drive tumor progression and xenograft formation in IDH2-mutant astrocytoma, which is equivalent to progressive IDH1-mutant astrocytoma. Also, our findings suggest that these genomic alterations may represent therapeutic targets in IDH2-mutant astrocytoma.

  Study JGAS000646

• Mutational Signature and Transcriptomic Classification Analyses as the Decisive Diagnostic Tools for a Cancer of Unknown Primary with Neuroendocrine Differentiation

  PURPOSE: Cancer of unknown primary (CUP) is a group of metastatic tumors in which the standard diagnostic work-up fails to identify the site of origin of the tumor. The potential impact of precision oncology on this group of patients is large since their tumors might have actionable driver mutations that can provide treatment options otherwise not available for patients with these fatal cancers. This study investigated if comprehensive genomics analyses could inform on the origin of the tumor. PATIENT AND METHODS: Here we describe a patient whose tumor was misdiagnosed at least three times. Next-generation sequencing, a PDX mouse model and bioinformatics was used to identify an actionable mutation, predict resistance development to the targeted therapy, and to correctly diagnose the origin of the tumor. The Cancer Genome Atlas was used to benchmark the bioinformatics workflow. RESULTS: Despite the lack of a known primary tumor site and the absence of diagnostic immunohistochemical markers, the origin of the patient's tumor was established using the novel bioinformatics workflow. This included a mutational signature analysis of the sequenced metastases and comparison of their transcriptomic profiles to a pan-cancer panel of tumors from The Cancer Genome Atlas. We further discuss the strengths and limitations of the latter approaches in the context of three potentially incorrectly diagnosed TCGA lung tumors. CONCLUSION: Comprehensive genomics analyses could inform on the origin of tumors in patients suffering from CUP.

  Study EGAS00001003026

• This study generated Oxford Nanopore long read sequencing data of cancer cell line mixtures for validating long-read variant calls in cancer genomics

  Long-read sequencing (LRS) improves genome alignment and facilitates resolving variants in complex genomic regions, making it a promising approach for cancer variant detection and biomarker discovery. Here, we evaluate the performance of LRS to detect somatic variants across different tumour purities and sequencing depths by comparing to somatic variants from short-read sequencing. We generated experimental mixtures of cancer cell lines and matched normal cell lines to simulate 10 tumour purities (ranging from 0 to 100% tumour content). This resulted in 22 samples which were sequenced using whole genome LRS to a targeted depth of 60x and somatic variants were identified. We downsampled sequencing data to explore the optimal read depth for somatic variant detection. Our results show that long-read variant calling tools achieve recall rates comparable to short-read gold standards. While a tumour sequencing depth of 30x to 60× is generally sufficient for detecting common variants, particularly structural variants (SVs), sequencing the matched normal sample at adequate depth is crucial for accuracy. Notably, we found variants unique to LRS that may represent real and previously undetected events. This study highlights key factors for optimising cancer genome sequencing with LRS and provides a comprehensive dataset of cell line mixtures for future research and tool development.

  Study EGAS00001008107

• Evolutionary Trajectories of Small Cell Lung Cancer under Therapy

  Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is one of the deadliest human cancers with a five-years survival rate of less than 7%. The standard of care for extensive-stage SCLC consists of systemic treatment with platinum and etoposide, recently combined with PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). SCLC patients show high sensitivity to platinum-based chemotherapy, followed by rapid recurrence, which distinguishes SCLC from most human cancers. Unfortunately, second-line treatment with other chemotherapeutics or immunotherapy is only marginally effective, and patients ultimately succumb to their disease. We performed whole exome sequencing, whole genome sequencing and transcriptome sequencing of multiple tumor regions from 65 patients with SCLC. We determined tumor phylogenies at diagnosis and throughout chemotherapy and immunotherapy by multi-region sequencing of 160 tumors from 65 patients, to thus decipher the evolutionary processes underlying the remarkable sensitivity of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) to chemotherapy.

  Study EGAS50000000169

• DAXX restoration suppresses alternative lengthening of telomeres in ATRX wild-type cells

  Many tumors maintain chromosome ends through a telomerase-independent, homologous recombination based mechanism called alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT). While ALT occurs in only a subset of tumors, it is strongly associated with mutations in the genes encoding components of the histone H3.3 chaperone complex, ATRX and DAXX. To date the mechanistic role of ATRX and particularly DAXX mutations in potentiating ALT remains poorly understood. We identify an osteosarcoma cell line, G292, with a unique chromosomal translocation resulting in loss of DAXX function, while retaining functional ATRX. Using this distinctive resource, we demonstrate that introduction of wild type DAXX suppresses the ALT phenotype and restores localization of the ATRX/DAXX complex to PML bodies. This provides the first direct molecular evidence that ongoing DAXX deficiency is essential for maintenance of the ALT phenotype and highlights the potential for therapeutic targeting of this oncogenic pathway.

  Study phs001495

• Longitudinal single-cell transcriptomic study in patient-derived xenografts of pediatric T-ALL

  In this study, we conducted single cell full length total RNA sequencing (VASA-seq) on 13 matched pediatric T-ALL PDX samples at initial diagnosis and relapse, along with 5 non-relapsing PDX samples collected at initial diagnosis. We identified a subpopulation of T-ALL cells with stem-like cell features that expands substantially at relapse indicating resistance to first-line therapy. Chemotherapy resistance was further validated through functional testing: Two samples were subjected to in-vitro drug testing, treated with Cytarabine for three days, followed by single-cell transcriptomic analysis using 10x Genomics. Additionally, in-vivo drug testing was conducted on one sample, involving re-engraftment into mice and treatment with a combination of Vincristine, Doxorubicin, and Dexamethasone. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis using 10x Genomics was performed after 0, 15 and 30 days of treatment.

  Study EGAS50000000582

• Ongoing_mutagenesis_RNAseq

  One of the key questions to be explored is whether the biological processes generating specific mutational signatures continue to operate in the human cancer cell lines or simply reflect past mutagenic activity which is no longer operative. To address this question, we have extracted mutational signatures from 1,000 cancer cell lines of diverse cancer types. Several cell lines with mutational signatures of interest were selected, subcloned over a defined period of time and their genomes sequenced. The increased load of the mutations representative of a specific mutational signature within the genome of a subclone when compared to its parental clone was informative of the on-going mutational processes. To further study the recent observation that some of the clones belonging to a same cell line acquired differencet numbers of mutations over a set period of time, their RNA will be subjected to RNA-sequencing to study their differences.

  Study EGAS00001002364

• Digital tEchnology For Lung Cancer Treatment

  The aim of the DEFLeCT project (Digital tEchnology For Lung Cancer Treatment) is to generate a technological platform for precision medicine in order to set predictive personalised algorithms for patient diagnosis and therapy. All resectable patients having histologically confirmed stage IB-IIIA non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC) will be enrolled in the PROMOLE study, a related and ongoing observational prospective clinical study, for tissue sampling. A large biobank of lung cancer samples and the corresponding healthy tissues and biological components (ie, blood, stools, etc.) with complete clinical, pathological and molecular information will be collected. The project will lay the basis of a knowledge hub and qualified technology aimed not only at answering the medical and scientific community's questions, but also meant to be useful to individual patients by predicting the response to adjuvant and second-line drugs in case of relapse of the disease.

  Study EGAS00001007219

• Metabolic context regulates the competitive fitness of oncogenic PIK3CA mutant clones in the normal esophagus

  Activating mutations in PIK3CA generate large clones in the aging human esophagus. Here we investigate the underlying cellular mechanisms regulating their expansion by lineage tracing. Expression of an activating heterozygous Pik3caH1047R mutation in single progenitor cells of the mouse esophagus tilts cell fate towards proliferation, generating mutant clones that outcompete their wild type neighbours. The mutation leads to increased aerobic glycolysis through the activation of Hif1α transcriptional targets. In vitro and in vivo interventions that level out differences in activation of the PI3K/HIF1α/aerobic glycolysis axis between wild type and Pik3caH1047R cells attenuate the competitive advantage of the mutants. In contrast, metabolic conditions that alter Insulin/PI3K signalling, such as type-1 diabetes or diet-induced insulin resistance, further increase Pik3caH1047R mutant competitiveness in mice. Consistently, the density of activating PIK3CA mutations in human esophagus is increased in overweight individuals. We conclude that the metabolic environment influences the mutational landscape of normal epithelia. Clinically feasible interventions that even out signalling imbalances between wild type and mutant cells may therefore limit the expansion of oncogenic mutants in normal tissues.

  Dataset EGAD00001008281