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• Double mutant DNMT3A AML: a unique subtype

  Mutation of DNMT3A, encoding a de novo methyltransferase essential for cytosine methylation, is a common early event in clonal hematopoiesis (CH) and adult acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Spontaneous deamination of methylated cytosines damages DNA, which is repaired by the base excision repair (BER) enzymes MBD4 and TDG. Congenital MBD4-deficiency has been linked to early-onset CH and AML, and is marked by exceedingly high levels of DNA damage and mutation of DNMT3A. Strikingly, wildtype (WT) DNMT3A binds TDG, thereby potentiating its repair activity. Since TDG is the only remaining BER enzyme in MBD4-deficient AML patients capable of repairing methylation damage, we investigated whether mutant DNMT3A negatively affects the repair function of TDG. We found that, whereas WT DNMT3A stimulates TDG function, mutant DNMT3A impairs TDG-mediated repair of DNA damage in vitro. In light of this finding and to extrapolate our observations to the broader AML patient population, we investigate here the genetic profiles and survival outcomes of AML patients with single (SM) versus double mutant (DM) DNMT3A. DM DNMT3A AML patients show a characteristic driver mutation landscape and reduced overall survival when compared to SM DNMT3A AML patients. Importantly, whole-genome sequencing showed a trend for increased DNA damage in primary DM DNMT3A AML samples, especially when DNMT3A mutations are located at the DNMT3A-TDG interaction interface.

  Study EGAS00001007966

• PanCuRx Translational Research Initiative

  The goal of the PanCuRx TRI is to seek solutions to the high fatality rate of pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC), the most common type of pancreatic cancer, by generating new knowledge about the genetics and biology of the disease, mechanisms of how tumours grow and tailored treatment options. PDAC is the fourth leading cause of cancer death in Canada and is expected to become the second-leading cause of cancer death within the next decade. The current five-year survival rate of eight per cent is the lowest of all epithelial cancers. There are major clinical challenges to treating the disease, including the fact that PDAC spreads to other parts of the body early so surgical removal of the tumour benefits few patients, that PDAC has proven relatively resistant to systemic therapies such as chemotherapy and that there has been limited benefit from the use of newer molecular targeted agents. The PanCuRx team has created the world’s first resource of tumour-purified PDAC whole genomes; more than 500 PDAC samples, with combined clinical annotation, have been successfully sequenced and analyzed at the Ontario Institute for Cancer research in Toronto. The resulting clinical genomic resource created from this data has led to multiple new findings that have established a framework to better understand PDAC biology and lays the foundation for new genomic approaches to better understanding the disease. The team also launched a clinical trial called COMPASS (Comprehensive Molecular Characterization of Advanced Ductal Pancreas Adenocarcinoma for Better Treatment Selection: A Prospective Study), which is recruiting patients with advanced PDAC (both locally advanced and metastatic) at The Princess Margaret Cancer Centre (PM) in Toronto. The study uses the molecular results from individual patient tumours to guide selection of better second line treatment on a case-by-case basis. The primary objective of the initial study was to assess the feasibility of collecting tumour materials from patients with advanced PDAC and delivering results within 56 days of biopsy. Having achieved this objective, the trial has expanded to other cancer centres across Canada. Pancreatic cancer is one of the most deadly forms of cancer and outcomes have not improved in four decades. The PanCuRx initiative is providing a better understanding of the disease and actively applying new knowledge to cancer patients through clinical trials. This knowledge will help to improve quality of life and prolong survival for pancreatic cancer patients worldwide.

  Study EGAS00001002543

• NINDS-Genome-Wide Genotyping in Parkinson's Disease: First Stage Analysis and Public Release of Data

  Epidemiological studies have estimated a cumulative prevalence of PD of greater than 1 per thousand. When prevalence is limited to senior populations, this proportion increases nearly 10-fold. The estimated genetic risk ratio for PD is approximately 1.7 (70% increased risk for PD if a sibling has PD) for all ages, and increases over 7-fold for those under age 66 years. The role for genes contributing to the risk of PD is therefore significant. This study utilized the well characterized collection of North American Caucasians with Parkinson's disease, and neurologically normal controls from the sample population which are banked in the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS Repository) collection for a first stage whole genome analysis. Genome-wide, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping of these publicly available samples was originally done in 267 Parkinson's disease patients and 270 controls, and this has been extended to include genome wide genotyping in 939 Parkinson's disease cases and 802 controls. The NINDS repository was established in 10-2001 towards the goal of developing standardized, broadly useful diagnostic and other clinical data and a collection of DNA and cell line samples to further advances in gene discovery of neurological disorders. All samples, phenotypic, and genotypic data are available to the research community including to academics and industry scientists. In addition, well characterized neurologically normal control subjects are a part of the collection. This collection formed the basis of this first stage study by Fung et al., and the expanded study by Simon-Sanchez et al. The genotyping data was generated and provided by the laboratory of Dr. Andrew Singleton NIA, and Dr. John Hardy NIA (NIH Intramural, funding from NIA and NINDS). Important links to apply for individual-level data Data Use Certification Requirements (DUC) Apply here for controlled access to individual level data Participant Protection Policy FAQ

  Study phs000089

• Population Architecture using Genomics and Epidemiology (PAGE): Multiethnic Cohort (MEC)

  The Multiethnic Cohort (MEC) has established a large biorepository of blood and urine (N=67,000) and cryopreserved lymphocytes (N=15,000) linked to extensive, prospectively collected risk factors (e.g., diet, smoking, physical activity), biomarkers and clinical data for five racial/ethnic groups. This cohort study of over 215,000 men and women in Hawaii and California is unique in that it is population-based and includes large representations of older adults (45-75 yrs at baseline) for five US racial/ethnic groups (Japanese Americans, African Americans, European Americans, Latinos and Native Hawaiians) at varying risks of chronic diseases. Within the PAGE investigation, the MEC proposes to study: 1) diseases for which we have DNA available for large numbers of cases and controls (breast, prostate, and colorectal cancer, diabetes, and obesity); 2) important cancers that are less common (e.g., lung, pancreas, endometrial cancers, NHL) but for which we propose to pool our data with other funded groups; 3) common traits that are risk factors for these diseases (e.g., body mass index/weight, waist-to-hip ratio, height) and 4) relevant disease-associated biomarkers (e.g., fasting insulin and lipids, steroid hormones). The specific aims are: 1) To determine the population-based epidemiologic profile (allele frequency, main effect, heterogeneity by disease characteristics) of putative causal variants in the five racial/ethnic groups in the MEC; 2) for variants displaying effect heterogeneity across ethnic/racial groups, we will utilize differences in LD to identify a more complete spectrum of associated variants at these loci; 3) investigate gene x gene and gene x environment interactions to identify modifiers; 4) examine the associations of putative causal variants with already measured intermediate phenotypes (e.g., plasma insulin, lipids, steroid hormones); and 5) for variants that do not fall within known genes, start to investigate their relationships with gene expression and epigenetic patterns in small genomic studies. This study is part of the Population Architecture using Genomics and Epidemiology (PAGE) study phs000356.

  Study phs000220

• NIH Roadmap Epigenomics Program - Broad Institute

  For the NIH Roadmap Epigenomics project, we applied ChlP-Seq, HTBS and WGBS pipelines to generate comprehensive high-resolution maps of chromatin state and DNA methylation for 100 diverse cell types. Cell types were selected for their biological and medical importance, and for their potential to maximize the comprehensiveness of acquired epigenomic data. They include human ES cells, ES-derived cells, mesenchymal stem cells, reprogrammed stem cells and primary tissues. Comprehensive characterization of epigenetic marks ("the epigenome") is a critical step towards a global understanding of the human genome in health and disease. In this study we provide unprecedented views of the human epigenetic landscape and its variation across cell states, which offer fundamental insight into the functions and interrelationships of epigenetic marks, and provide a framework for future studies of normal and diseased epigenomes. The Roadmap Epigenomics Broad cohort is utilized in the following dbGaP sub-study. To view molecular data and derived variables collected in this sub-study, please click on the following sub-study below or in the "Sub-studies" box located on the right hand side of this top-level study page phs000700 the Roadmap Epigenomics Broad cohort. phs000610 RM_Epigenomics_Broad_Alz

  Study phs000700

• Pediatric Investigation of Genetic Factors Linked with Renal Progression (PediGFR): Chronic Kidney Disease in Children Cohort (CKiD)

  The Pediatric Investigation for Genetic Factors Associated with Renal Progression (PediGFR) (RO1-DK082394) is an international collaborative study among three large prospective cohort studies of children with chronic kidney disease. The participating parent cohort studies are the "Chronic Kidney Disease in Children (CKiD)", the "Effect of Strict Blood Pressure Control and ACE Inhibition on CRF Progression in Pediatric Patients (ESCAPE)", and the "Cardiovascular Comorbidity in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease (4C)" study. In these cohorts, pediatric subjects with CKD have been prospectively followed with standardized measurements for renal progression. The current version of the upload includes the genotype and baseline phenotype for the CKiD cohort. In brief the CKiD study is a prospective study of children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) between the ages of 1 year to 16 years of age and an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) by Schwartz equation between 30 and 75 ml/min per 1.73m2. Included in this upload are the phenotypic data for anemia traits utilized for the sub-study, "Role of Genetic Variation in the Anemia of Chronic Kidney Disease" (K24DK078737), with the RBC trait and anemia data pertaining to CKiD as well.

  Study phs000650

• Error-corrected flow-based sequencing at whole genome scale and its application to circulating cell-free DNA profiling

  Differentiating sequencing errors from true variants is a central genomics challenge calling for error suppression strategies that balance costs when sparse material or ultra-rare variants require high-accuracy methods. For example, circulating cell-free DNA (ccfDNA) sequencing for cancer monitoring is limited by sparsity of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), abundance of genomic material in samples, library preparation error rates and sequencing errors. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) can overcome the low abundance of ccfDNA by integrating signal across the mutation landscape, but higher cost limits adoption compared with targeted panels, where ccfDNA abundance limits maximal coverage depths. Here we applied deep (~120x) lower-cost WGS (Ultima Genomics) with analytic error correction for tumor-informed ctDNA detection within the part-per-million range. We further developed high-coverage duplex error-corrected WGS of ccfDNA, achieving 7.7x10-8 error rates, to assess disease burden in melanoma and urothelial cancer patients without matched tumor sequencing. Together, we show that deeply sequenced error-corrected WGS accurately calls somatic variants, demonstrating the feasibility of WGS for tumor-informed and tumor-agnostic ctDNA detection.

  Study EGAS50000000844

• Genomic Answers for Kids (GA4K)

  Identification of complex genetic variants including defects in gene regulatory circuits and uncharacterized genes present challenges for rare disease diagnosis. In Genomic Answers for Kids program we apply the joint interpretation of patient genome sequence with genomic endophenotypes to expand the clinically actionable genome among pediatric cases of suspected genetic disease. Our objective is to examine the role of novel and under-interpreted sequence variation by combining complete DNA sequences, personal epigenetic variations and massively parallel functional screens. To achieve this we perform augmented whole genome sequence (WGS) interpretation including reanalysis of clinical exomes as well as generating WGS for patients with negative exome results all be subject to family-based semi-automated recall pipeline to discover missed diagnostic variation. We use linked-read and long-read sequencing technologies to focus on putative structural variants missed in short-read genome and exome analysis by the optimized integration of linked and long read technologies that also improve identification of transmission patterns of all variants, as well as resolving genomic regions resistant to standard alignment. We also include tissue DNA sequencing to investigate somatic mosaicism. To further assist with WGS interpretation for uncommon variation we capture snapshots of patient transcriptomes and epigenomes in individual cells using single-cell RNA (scRNA) and sc open chromatin (scATAC) as well as bulk whole genome bisulphite genome sequencing for methylome interpretation. Alternative splicing is functionally assessed in available patient tissues using RNA-seq, including full length cDNA sequences by IsoSeq (PacBio) methodology. Our overarching goal is an increase rate of diagnostic genomic findings up to two-fold among rare disease, resulting in the majority (>50%) of patient cases resolved by the integrated system developed in our program.

  Study phs002206

• Hereditary Cancer Predisposition Syndromes and Uveal Melanoma

  Uveal melanoma (UM) is a subtype of melanoma characterized by the strong contribution of genetic rather than environmental factors in the pathogenesis of the disease, making it an ideal model disease to study the genetic basis of cancer. The long-term goal of our laboratory is to determine the genes and mechanisms responsible for hereditary cancer predisposition associated with UM. BAP1 has been identified as a candidate gene with definitive association with predisposition to UM. However, pathogenic variants in BAP1 are detected in only a small subset of UM patients even those with strong personal and family history of cancer suggesting the existence of other candidate genes. The goal of this project is to identify novel candidate genes contributing to hereditary predisposition to UM in patients with no detectable germline pathogenic variant in BAP1.

  Study phs001943

• Low frequency and rare coding variation contributes to multiple sclerosis risk

  Multiple sclerosis is a common, complex neurological disease, where almost 20% of risk heritability can be attributed to common genetic variants, including >230 identified by genome-wide association studies. Multiple strands of evidence suggest that the majority of the remaining heritability is also due to the additive effects of individual variants, rather than epistatic interactions between these variants, or mutations exclusive to individual families. Here, we show in 68,379 cases and controls that as much as 5% of this heritability is explained by low-frequency variation in gene coding sequence. We identify four novel genes driving MS risk independently of common variant signals, which highlight a key role for regulatory T cell homeostasis and regulation, IFNγ biology and NFκB signaling in MS pathogenesis.

  Study EGAS00001003195