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• Mutational landscape of normal epithelial cells in Lynch Syndrome patients

  Lynch Syndrome (LS) is an autosomal dominant disease conferring a high risk of colorectal cancer due to germline heterozygous mutations in a DNA mismatch repair (MMR) gene. Although cancers in LS patients show elevated somatic mutation burdens, information on mutation rates in normal tissues and understanding of the trajectory from normal to cancer cell is limited. Here we whole-genome sequenced 152 crypts from normal and neoplastic epithelial tissues from LS patients. In normal tissues the repertoire of mutational processes and mutation rates were similar to those found in wild type individuals. A morphologically normal colonic crypt with an increased mutation burden and mutational signatures consistent with MMR deficiency was identified, which may represent a very early stage of LS pathogenesis. Phylogenetic tress of tumour crypts indicated that the most recent ancestor cell of each tumour was already MMR deficient and had experienced multiple clonal evolution cycles. This study demonstrates the genomic stability of epithelial cells with heterozygous germline MMR gene mutations and highlights important differences in the pathogenesis of LS from other colorectal cancer predisposition syndromes.

  Dataset EGAD00001008092

• Whole-genome sequences of single-cell derived clonal samples and bulk blood samples from human

  Human single cells were clonally expanded by culture and whole-genome sequenced. This dataset includes 334 clonal samples and 7 blood bulks from seven individuals (DB2, DB3, DB5, DB6, DB8, DB9, DB10). We extracted genomic DNA materials from clonally expanded cells and matched peripheral blood using DNeasy Blood and Tissue kits (Qiagen) according to the protocol. DNA libraries for WGS were generated by an Accel-NGS 2S Plus DNA Library Kit (Swift Biosciences) from 1 µg of genomic DNA materials. WGS was performed on either the Illumina HiSeq X platform or the NovaSeq 6000 platform to generate mean coverage of 25.2X for 374 clonally expanded cells and 94.8X for 7 matched blood tissues.

  Dataset EGAD00001007032

• Platelets contain a repertoire of DNA fragments that map over the human nuclear genome, including tumour-derived DNA in patients with active malignancy.

  This dataset consists of WGS from six patients with a recent diagnosis of gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma. DNA-Seq libraries were prepared from platelet DNA (pDNA) and plasma cfDNA obtained from the same peripheral blood sample. pDNA was size selected into 2 groups (small, s-pDNA: less than 600 bp and long, b-pDNA: greater than 600 bp). The short fragments were further cleaned to remove <100 bp fragments and large platelet fragments were fragmented via sonication. Libraries were then prepared using the NEBNext Ultra II DNA Sample Preparation Kit for Illumina according to the manufacturer’s protocol and sequenced on an Illumina NextSeq 500 (300 cycle PE) at low-pass (0.1X) for all samples, and 10X for the cfDNA and s-pDNA, using four lanes in each sample.

  Dataset EGAD00001009856

• Metabolomic and microbiome profiling reveals personalized risk factors for coronary artery disease

  A comprehensive clinical and multi-omic profiling for 199 patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), an acute subcategory of CAD, that we recruited in two major Israeli hospitals. We demonstrate that ACS has distinct serum metabolome and gut microbial signatures, as compared to a control cohort. Metabolic aberrations linked with microbiome and diet show a gradual trend with significant metabolite deviations in control participants with metabolic impairment suggesting their involvement in earlier dysmetabolic phases preceding clinically overt CAD.

  Study EGAS00001005342

• Somatic mutation and selection at epidemiological scale - TwinsUK_ExomeNanoSeq_Buccal

  Exome NanoSeq in buccal swab samples obtained from patients with a wide range of clinical phenotypes. As we age, many tissues become colonised by microscopic clones carrying somatic driver mutations. Some of these clones represent a first step towards cancer whereas others may contribute to ageing and other diseases. However, our understanding of the clonal landscapes of human tissues, and their impact on cancer risk, ageing and disease, remains limited due to the challenge of detecting somatic mutations present in small numbers of cells. Here, we introduce a new version of nanorate sequencing (NanoSeq), a duplex sequencing method with error rates of less than 5 per billion base pairs, which is compatible with whole-exome and targeted gene sequencing. Deep sequencing of polyclonal samples with single-molecule sensitivity enables the simultaneous detection of mutations in large numbers of clones, yielding accurate somatic mutation rates, mutational signatures and driver mutation frequencies in any tissue. Applying targeted NanoSeq to 1,042 non-invasive samples of oral epithelium and 371 samples of blood from a twin cohort, we found an unprecedentedly rich landscape of selection, with 46 genes under positive selection driving clonal expansions in the oral epithelium, over 62,000 driver mutations, and evidence of negative selection in some genes. The high number of positively selected mutations in multiple genes provides high-resolution maps of selection across coding and non-coding sites, a form of in vivo saturation mutagenesis. Multivariate regression models enable mutational epidemiology studies on how carcinogenic exposures and cancer risk factors, such as age, tobacco or alcohol, alter the acquisition and selection of somatic mutations. Accurate single-molecule sequencing has the potential to unveil the polyclonal landscape of any tissue, providing a powerful tool to study early carcinogenesis, cancer prevention and the role of somatic mutations in ageing and disease.

  Dataset EGAD00001015620

• National Cancer Institute (NCI) Study of Lung Cancer and Smoking Phenotypes in African-American Cases and Controls

  This is a two-stage case-control study designed to evaluate the association between common genetic variants and the risk of lung cancer. The stage 1 studies included 1737 cases and 3602 controls from the following studies: MD Anderson Lung Cancer Epidemiology Study, The Multiethnic Cohort Study (MEC), NCI-MD Lung Cancer-Case Control Study, Northern California Lung Cancer Study, Project CHURCH (Creating a Higher Understanding of Cancer Research δ Community Health), Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial (PLCO), Southern Community Cohort Study (SCCS), and the Karmanos Cancer Institute at Wayne State University (KCI/WSU). The stage 2 studies included an independent set of 866 cases and 796 controls from the following studies: The Black Women's Health Study (BWHS), The Harvard-MGH Lung Cancer Susceptibility Study (HLCS), MD Anderson Lung Cancer Epidemiology Study, MD Anderson/LBJ Hospital Biorepository, NCI-MD Lung Cancer Case-Control Study, Northern California Lung Cancer Study, Philadelphia Lung Cancer Study on Gene Environment Interactions (Plus-Gene), Southern Community Cohort Study (SCCS), and KCI/WSU.

  Study phs001210

• Efficacy and safety of entrectinib in patients with ROS1-positive advanced/metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) from the Blood First Assay Screening Trial (BFAST)

  BFAST is a global, open-label, multicohort trial that evaluates the efficacy and safety of multiple therapies in patients with advanced/metastatic NSCLC and targetable alterations, identified by blood-based molecular testing. We present data from Cohort D (ROS1-positive). Patients ≥18 years old with stage IIIB/IV, ROS1-positive NSCLC detected by blood-based testing, received entrectinib 600 mg daily. At data cut-off (November 2021), 55 patients were enrolled and 54 had measurable disease. Cohort D met its primary endpoint; the confirmed objective response rate (ORR) by investigator was 81.5% which was consistent with the ORR from the integrated analysis of entrectinib (investigator-assessed ORR: 73.4%, data cut-off May 2019, ≥12 months follow-up). The safety profile of entrectinib was consistent with prior reports. These results demonstrate consistency with those from the integrated analysis of entrectinib in patients with ROS1-positive NSCLC identified by tissue-based testing and support the clinical value of blood-based testing to inform clinical decision-making.

  Study EGAS50000000105

• Liverpool Preterm Birth Biomarker Study

  Preterm birth is a multifactorial condition defined as birth less than 37 weeks of gestation. This study aimed to identify early pregnancy biomarkers from maternal genome-wide and transcriptome-wide data of women experiencing two types of spontaneous PTB (sPTB): spontaneous preterm birth (SPTB) and preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM). Whole blood samples were obtained from women with singleton pregnancies (N=567) recruited at the Liverpool Women’s Hospital at 16 and 20 weeks of gestation. Women with a previous history of sPTB pregnancies <34 weeks were categorised on their index pregnancy outcome as spontaneous preterm birth (SPTB) and preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) or high-risk term control (HTERM, ≥37 weeks). Women with no history of SPTB/PPROM and delivered at term were LTERM (≥39 weeks of gestation). DNA was genotyped on the UK Biobank Axiom™ array (Applied Biosystems™, Thermo Fisher Scientific) and RNA who processed using the Clariom™ D Human assay (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Genome-wide association analysis, differential expression analysis and expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) were completed.

  Study EGAS00001005076

• Tumour gene expression signature in primary melanoma predicts long-term outcomes: A prospective multicentre study

  Adjuvant systemic therapies are now routinely used following resection of stage III melanoma, however accurate prognostic information is needed to better stratify patients. We used differential expression analyses of primary tumours from 204 RNA-sequenced melanomas within a large adjuvant trial, identifying a 121 metastasis-associated gene signature. This signature strongly associated with progression-free (HR=1.63, p=5.24x10-5) and overall survival (HR=1.61, p=1.67x10-4), and validated in 177 regional lymph nodes metastasis as well as two externally ascertained datasets. The machine learning classification models trained using the signature genes performed significantly better in predicting metastases than models trained with clinical covariates (pAUROC=0.02), or published prognostic signatures. The signature score negatively correlated with measures of immune cell infiltration (ρ=-0.75, p<2.2x10-16), with a higher score representing reduced lymphocyte infiltration and a higher 5-year risk of death in stage II melanoma. Our expression signature identifies melanoma patients at higher risk of metastases and warrants further evaluation in adjuvant clinical trials.

  Study EGAS00001004664

• Circulating tumor cells for comprehensive and multiregional non-invasive genetic characterization of multiple myeloma (arrays set)

  Multiple myeloma (MM) patients undergo repetitive bone marrow (BM) aspirates for genetic characterization. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are detectable in peripheral blood of virtually all MM cases and are prognostic, but their applicability for non-invasive screening has been poorly investigated. Here, we used next-generation flow cytometry to isolate matched CTCs and BM tumor cells from 42 patients and compare their genetic profile. In 8 cases, tumor cells from extramedullary plasmacytomas were also sorted and whole-exome sequencing performed in the three spatially-distributed clones. Noteworthy, ≥84% mutations present in BM and extramedullary clones were detectable in CTCs. Concordance between BM tumor cells and CTCs was high for chromosome arm-level copy-number alterations (≥94%) though not for translocations (43%). All high-risk genetic abnormalities except one t(4;14) were detected in CTCs whenever present in BM tumor cells. Altogether, these results support CTCs for non-invasive risk-stratification of MM patients based on their numbers and genetic profile.

  Study EGAS00001004314