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• Detection and Targeting of Splicing Deregulation in Pediatric Acute Myeloid Leukemia Stem Cells

  This study evaluates the gene expression and splicing changes between pediatric patients with and without Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) and pediatric and adult patients with AML. We obtained bone marrow or peripheral blood from patients and isolated CD34+ stem and/or progenitor cells from pediatric patients with AML (10) or without AML (6) and adult patients with AML (5). In parallel, a targeted analysis for known, deleterious, genetic mutations in the KRAS, NRAS, and KMT2C genes identified 2, 5, and 6 AML patients with alterations, respectively. Additionally, Tapestri analysis further identified a mutation in the intronic region of the SF3B1 gene in multiple pediatric AML patients. RNA-Seq was performed on the purified cell populations at The Scripps Research Institute Next Generation Core on an Illumina NextSeq 500 sequencer with 150bp paired-end reads.These datasets revealed that, similar to adult AML, pediatric AML samples were enriched for Leukemia Stem Cells (LSC) markers. A deeper analysis showed widespread dysregulation of splicing in pediatric AML samples compared to age-matched non-leukemic samples. In addition, the splicing regulator RBFOX2 was downregulated with an accompanying increase in specific CD47 splice isoforms in the pediatric AML samples. Thus, the increased presence of LSCs in pediatric AML is possibly driven by global splicing deregulation, and the treatment with splicing modulators like Rebecsinib has a potential therapeutic value for eradicating LSCs in these patients.

  Study phs003196

• The Chromatin Landscape of Pathogenic Transcriptional Cell States in Rheumatoid Arthritis

  In this study, we characterized 24 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial tissue chromatin classes (i.e., cell states defined by chromatin accessibility) across 5 cell types (T, B/plasma, myeloid, stromal, and endothelial). We also investigated the transcription factors that may regulate these chromatin classes, their connections to transcriptional cell states in a proposed superstate model, and their interplay with RA pathology through associations with histological parameters and risk variants.As part of the Accelerating Medicines Partnership (AMP) network, we obtained 18 synovial tissue samples from 14 RA and 4 osteoarthritis (OA) patients for this study. Samples were collected from 7 clinical sites. We performed a 10x single cell ATAC-seq experiment on each sample.We further collected synovial tissue samples from 11 RA patients and 1 OA patient from 2 clinical sites; each sample was used for a 10x single cell multimodal ATAC and Gene Expression experiment.For additional support of the proposed superstate model, we also collected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 4 RA patients, sorted for 4 populations (CD4+CD127-CD25hi Tregs, CD4+CD127-CD25int Tregs, CD4+CD25-PD1+CXCR5- TPH, CD4+CD25-PD1+CXCR5+ TFH), tagged each population with a hashing antibody, and pooled populations for one multimodal sequencing run.The FASTQ files are available for controlled access via dbGaP. Additional data can be found on Synapse.The presence of pooled subjects inflates the automatically-generated subject count; the actual consented subject count for this data is 34.

  Study phs003417

• Prostate Cancer Upgrading Reference Set

  This study aimed to investigate clinical, demographic, and molecular features of men diagnosed with low-risk prostate cancer [ISUP Grade Group 1 (GG1)] at biopsy who underwent radical prostatectomy, and for whom an increased tumor grade (ISUP Grade Group 2 or above) was subsequently detected in the resected prostate. This phenomenon is termed upgrading. In collaboration with the Early Detection Research Network (EDRN), a blinded reference set was established to facilitate upgrading biomarker detection and validation. A prospective, multi-institutional, cohort of men with the GG1 prostate cancer and intention to undergo prostatectomy was recruited. Biospecimens (blood, urine) were collected and this biorepository comprises the official EDRN Upgrading Reference Set (URS). Recording of case-control status (case = upgrading at prostatectomy, control = no upgrading at prostatectomy) was coordinated by the Data Management and Coordinating Center (DMCC) of the EDRN, who ensured blinding of all participating researchers. A subset of the reference set (n = 192) was chosen to undergo whole genome sequencing (WGS) for the investigation of a germline genomic biomarker of upgrading. Variant calls from all sequenced URS whole genomes are available through dbGaP, with the exception of one sample for which sequencing was not successful. Among investigated clinical features, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) density and percent of cancer in pre-prostatectomy positive biopsy cores were significantly associated with upgrading. Two polygenic risk score-based biomarkers were computed in the genetic sub-cohort and tested against case-control status. Neither was predictive of upgrading.

  Study phs003670

• Single cell transcriptomics in expanded Tregs of APS-1 patients

  Aim of study: Exploring single cell transcriptomics in expanded Tregs of with autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 (APS-1) patients (global gene expression, immune panel, TCR). N= 9 APS-1 patients and 9 healthy controls Protocol 1. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) were isolated from EDTA-blood, activated with anti-CD3/CD28 and IL2, expanded in cell culture for 14 days and stored at -150℃ in AB serum or FBS + 5% DMSO until use. 2. Cells were thawed, run through a Live/Dead column and carefully counted. 10000 Tregs were used as input for the 10x protocol. 3. cDNA was generated and amplified using Single Cell VDJ 5’ Gel Beads, Chromium Next GEM Chip K Single cell Kit, Next GEM Single Cell 5’ GEM Kit v2 and 5’ Feature Barcode Kit (all from 10x genomics). 4. Gene expression (GEX) libraries were generated by using the Library Construction Kit from 10x genomics. 5. T-cell receptor (TCR) libraries were generated using the Single Cell Human TCR Amplification Kit and the Library Construction Kit from 10x genomics. 6. 10x Genomics Target Hybridization Kit and Human Immunology Panel was used with GEX libraries. Only 8 patient samples and 8 control samples were used for the immune panel. 7. All libraries have a unique sample index (Dual Index TT Set A). 8. All samples were sequenced on Illumina NovaSeq 6000 on a NovaSeq S2 flow cell.

  Study EGAS50000000181

• Noninvasive prenatal molecular karyotyping from maternal plasma

  Fetal DNA is present in the plasma of pregnant women. Massively parallel sequencing of maternal plasma DNA has been used to detect fetal trisomies 21, 18, 13 and selected sex chromosomal aneuploidies noninvasively. Case reports describing the detection of fetal microdeletions from maternal plasma using massively parallel sequencing have been reported. However, these previous reports were either polymorphism-dependent or used statistical analyses which were confined to one or a small number of selected parts of the genome. In this report, we reported a procedure for performing noninvasive prenatal karyotyping at 3 Mb resolution across the whole genome through the massively parallel sequencing of maternal plasma DNA. This method has been used to analyze the plasma obtained from 6 cases. In 5 cases, fetal microduplications or microdeletions have been detected successfully from maternal plasma. The two cases with fetal microduplications represented the first noninvasive prenatal detection of such changes from maternal plasma. In the remaining case, the plasma DNA sequencing result was consistent with the pregnant mother being a carrier of a microduplication. Simulation analyses were performed for determining the number of plasma DNA molecules that would need to be sequenced and aligned for enhancing the diagnostic resolution of noninvasive prenatal karyotyping to 2 Mb and 1 Mb. In conclusion, noninvasive prenatal molecular karyotyping from maternal plasma by massively parallel sequencing is feasible and would enhance the diagnostic spectrum of noninvasive prenatal testing.

  Study EGAS00001000439

• The spatio-temporal evolution of lymph node spread in early breast cancer

  Purpose: The most significant prognostic factor in early breast cancer is lymph node involvement. This stage between localised and systemic disease is key to understanding breast cancer progression, however our knowledge of the evolution of lymph node malignant invasion remains limited, as most currently available data derive from primary tumours. Experimental design: In 11 treatment-naïve node positive early breast cancer patients without clinical evidence of distant metastasis, we investigated lymph node evolution using spatial multi-region sequencing (n=78 samples) of primary and lymph node deposits and genomic profiling of matched longitudinal circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA). Results: Linear evolution from primary to lymph node was rare (1/11) whereas the majority of cases displayed either early divergence between primary and nodes (4/11), or no detectable divergence (6/11) where both primary and nodal cells belonged to a single recent expansion of a metastatic clone. Divergence of metastatic subclones was driven in part by APOBEC. Longitudinal ctDNA samples from 2 subjects taken peri-operatively reflected the two major evolutionary patterns and demonstrate that private mutations can be detected even from early metastatic nodal deposits. Moreover, node removal resulted in disappearance of private lymph node mutations in ctDNA.Conclusions: This study sheds new light on a crucial evolutionary step in the natural history of breast cancer, demonstrating early establishment of axillary lymph node metastasis in a substantial proportion of patients.

  Study EGAS00001002947

• Efficacy of JAK/STAT pathway inhibition in murine xenograft models of early T-cell precursor (ETP) acute lymphoblastic leukemia

  Early T-cell precursor (ETP) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a recently described subtype of T-ALL characterized by a unique immunophenotype and genomic profile as well as a high rate of induction failure. Frequent mutations in cytokine receptor and JAK/STAT signaling pathways led us to hypothesize that ETP-ALL is dependent on JAK/STAT signaling. Here we demonstrate aberrant activation of the JAK/STAT pathway in ETP-ALL blasts relative to non-ETP T-ALL. Moreover, ETP-ALL showed hyperactivation of STAT5 in response to IL7, an effect that was abrogated by the JAK1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib. In vivo, ruxolitinib displayed activity in 6/6 patient-derived murine xenograft models of ETP-ALL, with profound single-agent efficacy in 5 models. Ruxolitinib treatment decreased peripheral blast counts relative to pre-treatment levels and compared to control (P<0.01) in 5/6 ETP-ALL xenografts, with marked reduction in mean splenic blast counts (P<0.01) in 6/6 samples. Surprisingly, both JAK/STAT pathway activation and ruxolitinib efficacy were independent of the presence of JAK/STAT pathway mutations, raising the possibility that the therapeutic potential of ruxolitinib in ETP-ALL extends beyond those cases with JAK mutations. These findings establish the preclinical in vivo efficacy of ruxolitinib in ETP-ALL, a biologically distinct subtype for which novel therapies are needed.

  Study EGAS00001001146

• Collaborative Cohort of Cohorts for COVID-19 Research (C4R): Framingham Heart Study (FHS)

  Cohort DescriptionIn 1948, the researchers recruited 5,209 men and women between the ages of 30 and 62 from the town of Framingham, Massachusetts, and began the first round of extensive physical examinations and lifestyle interviews that they would later analyze for common patterns related to CVD development. Since 1948, the subjects have returned to the study every two years for an examination consisting of a detailed medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests, and in 1971, the study enrolled a second-generation cohort -- 5,124 of the original participants' adult children and their spouses -- to participate in similar examinations. The second examination of the Offspring cohort occurred eight years after the first examination, and subsequent examinations have occurred approximately every four years thereafter. In 1994, the need to establish a new study reflecting a more diverse community of Framingham was recognized, and the first Omni cohort of the Framingham Heart Study, consisting of 506 participants, was enrolled. In April 2002 4095 third generation of participants, the grandchildren of the original cohort, were added. In 2003, 103 spouses of the offspring Cohort (NOS), and a second group of 410 Omni participants were enrolled. Through 2019, the original cohort has completed a total of 32 exams, the Offspring cohort 9 exams, the OMNI1 cohort 4 exams, and GEN3, NOS and OMNI2 cohorts each have completed 3 exams. The FHS is a joint project of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute and Boston University.Data Being Submitted Wave 1 questionnaire data includes 3967 variables for up to 3112 FHS participants in C4R.Wave 2 questionnaire data includes 448 variables for up to 2337 FHS participants in C4R.Dried Blood Spot/Serosurvey data includes 7 variables for up to 2189 FHS participants in C4R.Derived data includes 43 variables for up to 3151 FHS participants in C4R.Phenotype data includes 113 variables for up to 3151 FHS participants in C4R.

  Study phs002911

• Assessing the impact of low frequency coding variants on disease risk using the Exomechip

  Following several rounds of Genome Wide Association (GWA) scans and subsequent meta-analyses of results multiple risk loci have been identified for many common diseases. However, in most instances the implicated common variants identified so far explain only a modest fraction of the genetic risk. In parallel to our efforts to identify the causative variants in the known loci it is necessary to assess the full spectrum of sequence variants for disease risk and in particular low frequency and rare variants that have not been tested in a comprehensive way so far. To this end an international effort by investigators who have performed whole exome sequencing in circa 12,000 individuals have assembled a set of ~250,000 exonic variants of low frequency – defined as seen in at least two studies and a minimum of three individuals (non-sysnonymous) or two individuals for SNPs altering splice sites / stop codons. The SNP content from the exome studies was complemented with additional interesting SNP sets totalling 25,000 markers (GWA tag SNPs, grid of common variants, HLA, Mitochondrial, Y-chromosome etc) and were used to generate a custom iSELECT array, the exome chip. Adequately powered association studies to test low frequency variants for association to disease risk are still very expensive if conducted by whole exome sequencing. The exome chip provides a cost efficient way to undertake such an experiment and the Wellcome Trust Cases Control Consortium will be applying this approach to eight diseases, type 1 and type 2 diabetes, coronary artery disease, hypertension, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, bipolar, and ankylosing spondylitis. The first objective will be to generate a large set of at least 10,000 common UK controls as analysis of lower frequency variants will require large sample sizes. This includes ~6000 samples from the 1958 Birth Cohort.

  Study EGAS00001000584

• Temporal Lobe Epilepsy and Retrotransposons

  Idiopathic (cryptogenic) epilepsy is a common, chronic group of brain disorders, affecting 1-2% of the US population, creating a significant public health problem because of the associated morbidity and mortality. One subtype of this complex group of brain disorders, temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), is particularly burdensome, because a substantial fraction of patients do not respond to anticonvulsant medications. If the seizure focus can be localized by imaging and/or EEG, the TLE patient often elects to have a partial resection of the affected temporal lobe, because they have daily seizures, despite multiple pharmacotherapy regimens. Although genetic risk is thought to play a role in TLE, identification of common risk alleles has had limited success. In the past 5 years, data have accumulated to prove that neuronal embryogenesis is accompanied by activation of LINE1 (L1) retrotransposons (RTPs) to an unexpected degree, such that developing neurons may accumulate de novo L1 insertions. This results in a substantial mosaicism within populations of CNS neurons. While most of these somatic de novo L1s will have little effect on neuronal function (perhaps because they occur in gene deserts or in large introns or in genes not required for that cell's function), some may interfere with normal neuronal activity because they have inserted into a gene needed by that particular neuron for normal function. If one or more functional de novo L1s occur early in CNS development, all the daughter neurons that derive from that neuronal precursor will also carry the L1 insertion, perhaps leading to a dysfunctional population of neurons destined to become an epileptic focus. This study leveraged CNS tissue (obtained at craniotomy) from patients with intractable TLE, who have undergone a therapeutic partial resection of one temporal lobe. Using fluorescence-assisted cell sorting of temporal lobe neuronal nuclei, followed by high-throughput sequencing and alignment to the reference genome, detection of de novo L1s will be done. In this manner, it is expected that de-novo intragenic L1s, contributing to idiopathic TLE, will be discovered.

  Study phs002067