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• Cellular indexing of transcriptomes and epitopes sequencing of peritoneal fluid from patients with achalasia

  The data published here contains cellular indexing of transcriptomes and epitopes sequencing (CITEseq) using the oligo-tagged TotalSeq™-B Human Universal Cocktail, V1.0 from BioLegend on peritoneal fluid (PF) from patients with achalasia. Sequencing was performed in a paired-ended fashion on the NovaSeq6000. Below an overview of the epitopes to oligotags as obtained from BioLegend: DNA_ID Description clone Sequence Ensembl ID B0006 anti-human CD86 IT2.2 GTCTTTGTCAGTGCA ENSG00000114013 B0007 anti-human CD274 (B7-H1, PD-L1) 29E.2A3 GTTGTCCGACAATAC ENSG00000120217 B0020 anti-human CD270 (HVEM, TR2) 122 TGATAGAAACAGACC ENSG00000157873 B0023 anti-human CD155 (PVR) SKII.4 ATCACATCGTTGCCA ENSG00000073008 B0024 anti-human CD112 (Nectin-2) TX31 AACCTTCCGTCTAAG ENSG00000130202 B0026 anti-human CD47 CC2C6 GCATTCTGTCACCTA ENSG00000196776 B0029 anti-human CD48 BJ40 CTACGACGTAGAAGA ENSG00000117091 B0031 anti-human CD40 5C3 CTCAGATGGAGTATG ENSG00000101017 B0032 anti-human CD154 24-31 GCTAGATAGATGCAA ENSG00000102245 B0033 anti-human CD52 HI186 CTTTGTACGAGCAAA ENSG00000169442 B0034 anti-human CD3 UCHT1 CTCATTGTAACTCCT ENSG00000167286 B0046 anti-human CD8 SK1 GCGCAACTTGATGAT ENSG00000153563 B0047 anti-human CD56 (NCAM) 5.1H11 TCCTTTCCTGATAGG ENSG00000149294 B0050 anti-human CD19 HIB19 CTGGGCAATTACTCG ENSG00000177455 B0052 anti-human CD33 P67.6 TAACTCAGGGCCTAT ENSG00000105383 B0053 anti-human CD11c S-HCL-3 TACGCCTATAACTTG ENSG00000140678 B0058 anti-human HLA-A,B,C W6/32 TATGCGAGGCTTATC ENSG00000206503 B0063 anti-human CD45RA HI100 TCAATCCTTCCGCTT ENSG00000081237 B0064 anti-human CD123 6H6 CTTCACTCTGTCAGG ENSG00000185291 B0066 anti-human CD7 CD7-6B7 TGGATTCCCGGACTT ENSG00000173762 B0068 anti-human CD105 43A3 ATCGTCGAGAGCTAG ENSG00000106991 B0070 anti-human/mouse CD49f GoH3 TTCCGAGGATGATCT ENSG00000091409 B0071 anti-human CD194 (CCR4) L291H4 AGCTTACCTGCACGA ENSG00000183813 B0072 anti-human CD4 RPA-T4 TGTTCCCGCTCAACT ENSG00000010610 B0073 anti-mouse/human CD44 IM7 TGGCTTCAGGTCCTA ENSG00000026508 B0081 anti-human CD14 M5E2 TCTCAGACCTCCGTA ENSG00000170458 B0083 anti-human CD16 3G8 AAGTTCACTCTTTGC ENSG00000203747 B0085 anti-human CD25 BC96 TTTGTCCTGTACGCC ENSG00000134460 B0087 anti-human CD45RO UCHL1 CTCCGAATCATGTTG ENSG00000081237 B0088 anti-human CD279 (PD-1) EH12.2H7 ACAGCGCCGTATTTA ENSG00000188389 B0089 anti-human TIGIT (VSTM3) A15153G TTGCTTACCGCCAGA ENSG00000181847 B0090 Mouse IgG1, κ isotype MOPC-21 GCCGGACGACATTAA B0091 Mouse IgG2a, κ isotype MOPC-173 CTCCTACCTAAACTG B0092 Mouse IgG2b, κ isotype MPC-11 ATATGTATCACGCGA B0095 Rat IgG2b, κ isotype RTK4530 GATTCTTGACGACCT B0100 anti-human CD20 2H7 TTCTGGGTCCCTAGA ENSG00000156738 B0101 anti-human CD335 (NKp46) 9E2 ACAATTTGAACAGCG ENSG00000189430 B0124 anti-human CD31 WM59 ACCTTTATGCCACGG ENSG00000261371 B0127 anti-Human Podoplanin NC-08 GGTTACTCGTTGTGT ENSG00000162493 B0134 anti-human CD146 P1H12 CCTTGGATAACATCA ENSG00000076706 B0136 anti-human IgM MHM-88 TAGCGAGCCCGTATA ENSG00000211899 B0138 anti-human CD5 UCHT2 CATTAACGGGATGCC ENSG00000110448 B0141 anti-human CD195 (CCR5) J418F1 CCAAAGTAAGAGCCA ENSG00000160791 B0142 anti-human CD32 FUN-2 GCTTCCGAATTACCG ENSG00000143226 B0143 anti-human CD196 (CCR6) G034E3 GATCCCTTTGTCACT ENSG00000112486 B0144 anti-human CD185 (CXCR5) J252D4 AATTCAACCGTCGCC ENSG00000160683 B0145 anti-human CD103 (Integrin αE) Ber-ACT8 GACCTCATTGTGAAT ENSG00000083457 B0146 anti-human CD69 FN50 GTCTCTTGGCTTAAA ENSG00000110848 B0147 anti-human CD62L DREG-56 GTCCCTGCAACTTGA ENSG00000188404 B0149 anti-human CD161 HP-3G10 GTACGCAGTCCTTCT ENSG00000111796 B0151 anti-human CD152 (CTLA-4) BNI3 ATGGTTCACGTAATC ENSG00000163599 B0152 anti-human CD223 (LAG-3) 11C3C65 CATTTGTCTGCCGGT ENSG00000089692 B0153 anti-human KLRG1 (MAFA) SA231A2 CTTATTTCCTGCCCT ENSG00000139187 B0154 anti-human CD27 O323 GCACTCCTGCATGTA ENSG00000139193 B0155 anti-human CD107a (LAMP-1) H4A3 CAGCCCACTGCAATA ENSG00000185896 B0156 anti-human CD95 (Fas) DX2 CCAGCTCATTAGAGC ENSG00000026103 B0158 anti-human CD134 (OX40) Ber-ACT35 (ACT35) AACCCACCGTTGTTA ENSG00000186827 B0159 anti-human HLA-DR L243 AATAGCGAGCAAGTA ENSG00000204287 B0160 anti-human CD1c L161 GAGCTACTTCACTCG ENSG00000158481 B0161 anti-human CD11b ICRF44 GACAAGTGATCTGCA ENSG00000169896 B0162 anti-human CD64 10.1 AAGTATGCCCTACGA ENSG00000150337 B0163 anti-human CD141 (Thrombomodulin) M80 GGATAACCGCGCTTT ENSG00000178726 B0164 anti-human CD1d 51.1 TCGAGTCGCTTATCA ENSG00000158473 B0165 anti-human CD314 (NKG2D) 1D11 CGTGTTTGTTCCTCA ENSG00000213809 B0167 anti-human CD35 E11 ACTTCCGTCGATCTT ENSG00000203710 B0168 anti-human CD57 Recombinant QA17A04 AACTCCCTATGGAGG ENSG00000109956 B0170 anti-human CD272 (BTLA) MIH26 GTTATTGGACTAAGG ENSG00000186265 B0171 anti-human/mouse/rat CD278 (ICOS) C398.4A CGCGCACCCATTAAA ENSG00000163600 B0174 anti-human CD58 (LFA-3) TS2/9 GTTCCTATGGACGAC ENSG00000116815 B0176 anti-human CD39 A1 TTACCTGGTATCCGT ENSG00000138185 B0179 anti-human CX3CR1 K0124E1 AGTATCGTCTCTGGG ENSG00000168329 B0180 anti-human CD24 ML5 AGATTCCTTCGTGTT ENSG00000272398 B0181 anti-human CD21 Bu32 AACCTAGTAGTTCGG ENSG00000117322 B0185 anti-human CD11a TS2/4 TATATCCTTGTGAGC ENSG00000005844 B0187 anti-human CD79b (Igβ) CB3-1 ATTCTTCAACCGAAG ENSG00000007312 B0189 anti-human CD244 (2B4) C1.7 TCGCTTGGATGGTAG ENSG00000122223 B0206 anti-human CD169 7-239 TACTCAGCGTGTTTG ENSG00000088827 B0214 anti-human/mouse integrin β7 FIB504 TCCTTGGATGTACCG ENSG00000139626 B0215 anti-human CD268 (BAFF-R) 11C1 CGAAGTCGATCCGTA ENSG00000159958 B0216 anti-human CD42b HIP1 TCCTAGTACCGAAGT ENSG00000203618 B0217 anti-human CD54 HA58 CTGATAGACTTGAGT ENSG00000090339 B0218 anti-human CD62P (P-Selectin) AK4 CCTTCCGTATCCCTT ENSG00000174175 B0219 anti-human CD119 (IFN-γ R α chain) GIR-208 TGTGTATTCCCTTGT ENSG00000027697 B0224 anti-human TCR α/β IP26 CGTAACGTAGAGCGA B0236 Rat IgG1, κ isotype RTK2071 ATCAGATGCCCTCAT B0238 Rat IgG2a, κ Isotype RTK2758 AAGTCAGGTTCGTTT B0242 anti-human CD192 (CCR2) K036C2 GAGTTCCCTTACCTG ENSG00000121807 B0246 anti-human CD122 (IL-2Rβ) TU27 TCATTTCCTCCGATT ENSG00000100385 B0352 anti-human FcεRIα AER-37 (CRA-1) CTCGTTTCCGTATCG ENSG00000179639 B0353 anti-human CD41 HIP8 ACGTTGTGGCCTTGT ENSG00000005961 B0355 anti-human CD137 (4-1BB) 4B4-1 CAGTAAGTTCGGGAC ENSG00000049249 B0358 anti-human CD163 GHI/61 GCTTCTCCTTCCTTA ENSG00000177575 B0359 anti-human CD83 HB15e CCACTCATTTCCGGT ENSG00000112149 B0363 anti-human CD124 (IL-4Rα) G077F6 CCGTCCTGATAGATG ENSG00000077238 B0364 anti-human CD13 WM15 TTTCAACGCCCTTTC ENSG00000166825 B0367 anti-human CD2 TS1/8 TACGATTTGTCAGGG ENSG00000116824 B0368 anti-human CD226 (DNAM-1) 11A8 TCTCAGTGTTTGTGG ENSG00000150637 B0369 anti-human CD29 TS2/16 GTATTCCCTCAGTCA ENSG00000150093 B0370 anti-human CD303 (BDCA-2) 201A GAGATGTCCGAATTT ENSG00000198178 B0371 anti-human CD49b P1E6-C5 GCTTTCTTCAGTATG ENSG00000164171 B0373 anti-human CD81 (TAPA-1) 5A6 GTATCCTTCCTTGGC ENSG00000110651 B0384 anti-human IgD IA6-2 CAGTCTCCGTAGAGT ENSG00000211898 B0385 anti-human CD18 TS1/18 TATTGGGACACTTCT ENSG00000160255 B0386 anti-human CD28 CD28.2 TGAGAACGACCCTAA ENSG00000178562 B0389 anti-human CD38 HIT2 TGTACCCGCTTGTGA ENSG00000004468 B0390 anti-human CD127 (IL-7Rα) A019D5 GTGTGTTGTCCTATG ENSG00000168685 B0391 anti-human CD45 HI30 TGCAATTACCCGGAT ENSG00000081237 B0393 anti-human CD22 S-HCL-1 GGGTTGTTGTCTTTG ENSG00000012124 B0394 anti-human CD71 CY1G4 CCGTGTTCCTCATTA ENSG00000072274 B0396 anti-human CD26 BA5b GGTGGCTAGATAATG ENSG00000197635 B0398 anti-human CD115 (CSF-1R) 9-4D2-1E4 AATCACGGTCCTTGT ENSG00000182578 B0404 anti-human CD63 H5C6 GAGATGTCTGCAACT ENSG00000135404 B0406 anti-human CD304 (Neuropilin-1) 12C2 GGACTAAGTTTCGTT ENSG00000099250 B0407 anti-human CD36 5-271 TTCTTTGCCTTGCCA ENSG00000135218 B0408 anti-human CD172a (SIRPα) 15-414 CGTGTTTAACTTGAG ENSG00000198053 B0419 anti-human CD72 3F3 CAGTCGTGGTAGATA ENSG00000137101 B0420 anti-human CD158 (KIR2DL1/S1/S3/S5) HP-MA4 TATCAACCAACGCTT ENSG00000125498 B0446 anti-human CD93 VIMD2 GCGCTACTTCCTTGA ENSG00000125810 B0575 anti-human CD49a TS2/7 ACTGATGGACTCAGA ENSG00000213949 B0576 anti-human CD49d 9F10 CCATTCAACTTCCGG ENSG00000115232 B0577 anti-human CD73 (Ecto-5'-nucleotidase) AD2 CAGTTCCTCAGTTCG ENSG00000135318 B0579 anti-human CD9 HI9a GAGTCACCAATCTGC ENSG00000010278 B0581 anti-human TCR Vα7.2 3C10 TACGAGCAGTATTCA B0582 anti-human TCR Vδ2 B6 TCAGTCAGATGGTAT B0591 anti-human LOX-1 15C4 ACCCTTTACCGAATA ENSG00000173391 B0592 anti-human CD158b (KIR2DL2/L3, NKAT2) DX27 GACCCGTAGTTTGAT ENSG00000243772 B0599 anti-human CD158e1 (KIR3DL1, NKB1) DX9 GGACGCTTTCCTTGA ENSG00000167633 B0822 anti-human CD142 NY2 CACTGCCGTCGATTA ENSG00000117525 B0830 anti-human CD319 (CRACC) 162.1 AGTATGCCATGTCTT ENSG00000026751 B0864 anti-human CD352 (NTB-A) NT-7 AGTTTCCACTCAGGC ENSG00000162739 B0867 anti-human CD94 DX22 CTTTCCGGTCCTACA ENSG00000134539 B0871 anti-human CD162 KPL-1 ATATGTCAGAGCACC ENSG00000110876 B0896 anti-human CD85j (ILT2) GHI/75 CCTTGTGAGGCTATG ENSG00000104972 B0897 anti-human CD23 EBVCS-5 TCTGTATAACCGTCT ENSG00000104921 B0902 anti-human CD328 (Siglec-7) 6-434 CTTAGCATTTCACTG ENSG00000168995 B0918 anti-human HLA-E 3D12 GAGTCGAGAAATCAT ENSG00000204592 B0920 anti-human CD82 ASL-24 TCCCACTTCCGCTTT ENSG00000085117 B0944 anti-human CD101 (BB27) BB27 CTACTTCCCTGTCAA ENSG00000134256 B1046 anti-human CD88 (C5aR) S5/1 GCCGCATGAGAAACA ENSG00000197405 B1052 anti-human CD224 KF29 CTGATGAGATGTCAG ENSG00000100031

  Dataset EGAD50000000252

• Korea Epigenome Project(KEP), Korea National Research Institute of Health(KNIH)

  The KEP was launched in 2012 to produce 50 epigenomic sets on Korean chronic diseases related target cells with the participation on Internationsl Human Epigenome Consortium(IHEC) of which focus is constructing 1000 reference epigenome map on 250 human cell type. The objective of the KEP was to provide a comprehensive epigenomic map of Korean chronic disease-related target tissues. Single cells were isolated from the pancreas, fat and kidney. Islet, ductal, acinar, and beta cells from the pancreas were purified into a single homogenous cell type using flow-assisted cell sorting technique. Adipocytes and pre-adipocytes were purified from fat, using Percoll gradient centrifugation technique. Mesangial, distal tubule, proximal tubule, podocytes, and collecting duct cells from the kidney were collected using mechanical sieving and immunostaining methods. Each cell type was derived from normal tissue or those with diabetes, obesity, or chronic kidney disease. Sixty reference epigenome datasets of pancreatic, fat, kidney cells were produced. Cell types such as the islets, and beta from the pancreas, adipocytes, pre-adipocytes from fat tissue, podocyte, mesangial, tubules from kidney were used for primary target to produce a Korean metabolic reference epigenome. And the bisulfite converted-whole genome sequencing, Infinium 450k DNA methylation bead array, mRNA, miRNA-Sequencing were performed to produce a comprehensive epigenomic map. The aim of roadmap reports is preparation of Long-term and Mid-term Technology Roadmaps for Korean Human Epigenome Project towards a competitive execution of International Epigenome Project and successful expansion of the research outcomes. Roadmap reports reviewed on recent technological development of DNA methylation and histone modification analysis, emerging new trends in epigenome medicine, plans for hardware and software analysis systems aimed to epigenome analysis, medical expert opinion on target cells and isolation scheme, bioinformatics expert opinion on analytical tools, new ideas for a putative epigenome studies, trends in single cell epigenome analysis. In conclusion, roadmap report suggested several projects for the future KNIH epigenome research in collaboration with epigenome research group. These are including refocusing the goals of KNIH-driven research in identification of disease mechanism, development of new studies on GWAS-EWA, higher priority on the epigenomic studies of human primary cells, establishment of collaborative relationship with tissue banking centers, establishment of mapping centers and data analysis portals, establishment of Korean Epigenome Research Consortium, establishment of steering committee governing both research and funding, launching of additional funding for epigenomic researches.

  Study EGAS00001001774

• Short-term fasting before living kidney donation has an immune-modulatory effect

  Background: Short-Term Fasting (STF) is an intervention reducing the intake of calories, without causing undernutrition or micronutrient-related malnutrition. It aims to systemically improve resilience against acute stress. Several (pre-)clinical studies have suggested protective effects of STF, marking the systemic effects STF can induce in respect to surgery and ischemia-reperfusion injury. In addition, STF also affects the number of circulating immune cells. We aim to determine the effect of STF on the abundance and phenotype of different immune cell populations. Methods: Thirty participants were randomly selected from the FAST clinical trial, including living kidneys donors, randomised to a STF-diet or control arm. In an observational cohort sub-study we prospectively included 30 patients who donated blood samples repeatedly during study runtime. Using flow cytometry analyses, immune cell phenotyping was performed on peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Three panels were designed to investigate the presence and activation status of peripheral T cells, B cells, dendritic cells (DCs) and myeloid cells. Results: Eight participants were excluded due to sample constraints. Baseline characteristics showed no significant differences, except for fasting duration. Weight changes were minimal and non-significant across different time intervals, with slight trends towards long-term weight loss pre-surgery. Glucose, insulin, and β-hydroxybutyrate levels differed significantly between groups, reflecting adherence to the fasting diet. Flow cytometry analysis revealed no baseline differences between groups, with high variability within each group. We observed significant changes in immune cell populations due to fasting, particularly in B cells, T cells, and DCs. Discussion: In this study, we found that STF changes the levels and phenotype of immune cells, reducing abundance and activation of T cells and regulatory T cells, increased presence of (naïve) B cells, and elevation of type 1 conventional DCs. Further research should focus on the clinical implications of the changes in immune cell populations and significance of these observed immunological changes. Background: Short-Term Fasting (STF) is an intervention reducing the intake of calories, without causing undernutrition or micronutrient-related malnutrition. It aims to systemically improve resilience against acute stress. Several (pre-)clinical studies have suggested protective effects of STF, marking the systemic effects STF can induce in respect to surgery and ischemia-reperfusion injury. In addition, STF also affects the number of circulating immune cells. We aim to determine the effect of STF on the abundance and phenotype of different immune cell populations. Methods: Thirty participants were randomly selected from the FAST clinical trial, including living kidneys donors, randomised to a STF-diet or control arm. In an observational cohort sub-study we prospectively included 30 patients who donated blood samples repeatedly during study runtime. Using flow cytometry analyses, immune cell phenotyping was performed on peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Three panels were designed to investigate the presence and activation status of peripheral T cells, B cells, dendritic cells (DCs) and myeloid cells. Results: Eight participants were excluded due to sample constraints. Baseline characteristics showed no significant differences, except for fasting duration. Weight changes were minimal and non-significant across different time intervals, with slight trends towards long-term weight loss pre-surgery. Glucose, insulin, and β-hydroxybutyrate levels differed significantly between groups, reflecting adherence to the fasting diet. Flow cytometry analysis revealed no baseline differences between groups, with high variability within each group. We observed significant changes in immune cell populations due to fasting, particularly in B cells, T cells, and DCs. Discussion: In this study, we found that STF changes the levels and phenotype of immune cells, reducing abundance and activation of T cells and regulatory T cells, increased presence of (naïve) B cells, and elevation of type 1 conventional DCs. Further research should focus on the clinical implications of the changes in immune cell populations and significance of these observed immunological changes.

  Study EGAS00001008034

• Clonal dynamics of normal haematopoiesis across the human lifespan

  Age-related loss of function in the human haematopoietic system is well documented, manifesting as reduced regenerative capacity, age-related cytopenias and immune dysfunction. However, the cellular and population level changes that underpin both this functional decline and the increased risk of clonal haematopoiesis and blood cancer in the elderly remain elusive. Here we performed whole genome sequencing on >3350 single haematopoietic stem cell / multipotent progenitors (HSC/MPP) derived colonies across 10 haematologically normal subjects aged 0 to 81. We found that HSC/MPPs accumulated 17 single nucleotide variants per year post birth and had a reduction in telomere length of 50bp per year throughout young adult life. We reconstructed phylogenies of the sampled HSC/MPPs to interrogate changes in clonal dynamics through life. Haematopoiesis in adults aged less than 65 was predominantly polyclonal, with few known driver mutations. In contrast, individuals aged over 75 displayed a profound change in clonal structure, with frequent clonal expansions, many unexplained by known driver mutations. The ratio of non-synonymous to synonymous mutations revealed widespread positive selection, estimating around 1000 driver mutations in the dataset (10-fold more than the number of known drivers). We identified novel genes ZNF318 and HIST2H3D as being under positive selection, despite not being enriched in myeloid malignancies. Our data show that HSC clonal dynamics is more complex than previously thought. One implication is that by old age, the majority of HSCs carry at least one of a number of largely undescribed driver mutations, which may underlie aspects of their functional decline.

  Dataset EGAD00001007851

• SABE_1171_WGS_BAM

  Whole-genome sequencing BAM files of a census-based elderly cohort of Brazilians (n=1171)

  Dataset EGAD00001008640

• panALL exome data set

  Exome sequencing of panALL exome data set, total of 1948 samples

  Dataset EGAD00001008193

• LBC1936 fastq files

  1075 members of the LBC1936 were sequenced using the Illumina HiSeq X platform. This dataset contains the paired fastq files.

  Dataset EGAD00001008774

• CD_prognosis_UKB

  Crohn's disease DNA samples genotyped using UK Biobank Axiom array

  Dataset EGAD00010001155

• Institut Curie Neuroblastoma Whole Genome Sequencing Diagnosis Relapse

  Neuroblastoma, a clinically heterogeneous pediatric cancer, is characterized by distinct genomic profiles but few recurrent mutations. As neuroblastoma is expected to have high degree of genetic heterogeneity, study of neuroblastoma's clonal evolution with deep coverage whole-genome sequencing of diagnosis and relapse samples will lead to a better understanding of the molecular events associated with relapse. Samples were included in this study if sufficient DNA from constitutional, diagnosis and relapse tumors was available for WGS. Whole genome sequencing was performed on trios (constitutional, diagnose and relapse DNA) from eight patients using Illumina Hi-seq2500 leading to paired-ends (PE) 90x90 for 6 of them and 100x100 for two. Expected coverage for sample NB0175 100x100bp was 30X for tumor and constitutional samples. For the seven other patients expected coverage was 80X for tumor samples with PE 100x100, 100X in the other tumor samples and 50X for all constitutional samples (see table 1). Following alignment with BWA (Li et al., Oxford J, 2009 Jul) allowing up to 4% of mismatches, bam files were cleaned up according to the Genome Analysis Toolkit (GATK) recommendations (Van der Auwera et al., Current Protocols in Bioinformatics, 2013, picard-1.45, GenomeAnalysisTK-2.2-16). Variant calling was performed in parallel using 3 variant callers: GenomeAnalysisTK-2.2-16, Samtools-0.1.18 and MuTect-1.1.4 (McKenna et al., Genome Res, 2010; Li et al., Oxford J, 2009 Aug; Cibulskis et al., Nature, 2013). Annovar-v2012-10-23 with cosmic-v64 and dbsnp-v137 were used for the annotation and RefSeq for the structural annotation. For GATK and Samtools, single nucleotide variants (SNVs) with a quality under 30, a depth of coverage under 6 or with less than 2 reads supporting the variant were filter out. MuTect with parameters following GATK and Samtools thresholds have been used to filter our irrelevant variants. .SNVs within and around exons of coding genes overlapping splice sites.. Then,variants reported in more than 1% of the population in the 1000 genomes (1000gAprl_2012) or Exome Sequencing Project (ESP6500) have been discarded in order to filter polymorphisms. Finally, synonymous variants were filtered out. MuTect focuses on somatic by filtering with constitutional sample. Mpileup comparison between constitutional and somatic DNAs allowed us to focus also on tumor specific SNVs with GATK and Samtools. Finally, every SNV called by our pipeline and also supported in any constitutional samples were filtered our in order to prevent putative constitutional DNA coverage deficiency. Then we analyzed CNVs (copy number variants) with HMMcopy-v0.1.1 (Gavin et al., Genome Res, 2012) and control-FREEC-v6.7 (Boeva et al., Bioinformatics 2011) with a respective window of 2000bp and 1000 bp, and auto-correction of normal contamination of tumor samples for Control-FREEC. Finally we explored Structural variants (SVs) including deletions, inversions, tandem duplications and translocations using DELLY-v0.5.5 with standard parameters (Rausch et al., Oxford J, 2012). In tumors, at least 10 supporting reads were required to make a call and 5 supporting reads for the sample NB0175 with a coverage of only 40X (see table 2). To predict SVs in constitutional samples for subsequent somatic filtering, only 2 supporting reads were required in order not to miss one. To identify somatic events, all the SVs in each normal sample were first flanked by 500 bp in both directions and any SVs called in a tumor sample which was in the combined flanked regions of respective normal sample was removed (see graph 1). Deletions with more than 5 genes impacted or larger than 1Mb and inversions or tandem duplications covering more than 4 genes, were removed. We focused on exonic and splicing events for deletions, inversions, and tandem duplications. For translocation, we keep all SVs that occurred in intronic, exonic, 5'UTR, upstream or splicing regions. Bioinformatics detection of variations with Deep sequencing approach Once PE reads merged and adaptors trimmed by SeqPrep with default parameters, merged reads were aligned via the BWA (Li H. and Durbin R. 2009 PMID 19451168) allowing up to 1 differences in the 22-base-long seeds and reporting only unique alignments. Only reads having a mapping quality 20 or more have been further analysed. Variant calling software was not used, since we aimed to predict variations at low frequencies, observed in less than 1% of reads. Such variants require a custom approach. Using DepthOfCoverage functions of the Genome Analysis Toolkit (GATK) v2.13.2 (McKenna A, et al., 2010 Genome Research PMID: 20644199), we focused on high quality coverage of bases A, C, G and T at the targeted variant position. Depth of coverage of each base following a mapping quality higher than 20 and a base quality higher than 10 have been taken into account in order to focus only on high quality data. Aiming to determine the background level of variability at the studied regions, 10 control samples were included in the analysis. The same approach and filtering criteria have been applied as introduced above over the entire amplicons. In order to highlight variants, for each sample the frequencies of each bases at each amplicon position were then compared to those observed in the set of controls. Statistical analyses were performed with the R statistical software (http://www.R-project.org). Fisher’s exact two-sided tests with a Bonferroni correction were performed to compare percentages of bases between the data sets, i.e. for a given base between a case and the controls. Finally, significant variations were filtered-in once (i) a significant increase in the percentage of avariant base and (ii) a significant decrease in the percentage of it's reference base following our p.values criteria was observed (p.val < 0.05).

  Study EGAS00001001184

• WGS samples for study EGAS00001001623

  Dataset EGAD00001001856