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• ExHiBITT shows that microbiome from colon biopsies, caecal fluid from colonoscopies and faecal samples shape different microbiome-host interactions

  The objective of the colonoscopy study is to carry out the 16s sequencing of colon biopsies and faecal samples provided in ExHiBITT study to compare potential fluctuations in the microbiota of different sites.

  Study EGAS00001007313

• Resistance to MAPK-inhibitor induces internal duplication in BRAF_Oscar Krijsman

  2 BRAFV600E cell lines that have been made resistance to 1. the BRAF inhibitor PLX4720 and 2. the combination therapy of dabrafenib and trametinib seem to have a internal duplication in the kinase domain. We would like to know if this is caused by a translocation.

  Dataset EGAD00001001846

• ENU-HT-29 BRAF Triple Therapy Clones

  KRAS mutant CRC is currently in clinical trial with a combination of a MEK and Akt inhibitor. These patients will likely develop resistance to this combination. We aim to identify the mechanisms of resistance via ENU mutagenesis, with a view to identifying additional therapeutics which have the ability to overcome this resistance.

  Dataset EGAD00001002066

• Dental Caries: Whole Genome Association and Gene x Environment Studies

  Dental caries (also known as tooth decay) remains the most common chronic disease of childhood, five times more common than asthma and seven times more common than environmental allergies, with more than 40% of children exhibiting caries when they enter kindergarten. In 2005, it was estimated that dental health care costs were approximately $84 billion, of which 60% or about $50 billion were related to treatment of dental caries. Although overall caries prevalence has declined over the last 40 years, dental caries in the primary dentition and mean caries rates in children ages 2-11 has increased markedly over the past 12 years. Childhood caries is a serious public health issue because of associated health problems and because disparities in oral health have led to substantially higher average disease prevalence among children in poverty and in under-served racial and ethnic groups. These issues are of such concern that in 2005, the American Academy of Pediatrics made children's oral health one of their top areas of focus, as it is for the majority of the NIDCR "Disparities Centers". The etiology of dental caries has been studied for many years. Multiple factors contribute to a person's risk for caries, including: 1) environmental factors such as diet, oral hygiene, fluoride exposure and the level of colonization of cariogenic bacteria and 2) host factors such as salivary flow, salivary buffering capacity, position of teeth relative to each other, surface characteristics of tooth enamel and depth of occlusal fissures on posterior teeth. In spite of all that is known about this disease, there are still individuals who appear to be more susceptible to caries and those who are extremely resistant, regardless of the environmental risk factors to which they are exposed, implying that genetic factors also play an important role in caries etiology. This conclusion is supported by studies in both humans and animals, with the most compelling evidence coming from studies of twins reared apart in which investigators found significant resemblance within monozygotic (MZ) but not dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs for percentage of teeth and surfaces restored or carious and estimated the genetic contribution to caries as 40%. Other recent studies of twins reared together estimated the heritability for caries, adjusted for age and gender, as ranging from 45-64%. Despite the strong evidence of a genetic component to risk for dental caries, there have been only a few studies of candidate genes in caries, and no published genome-wide scans. A comprehensive genome wide search is the only approach that will allow us to identify those genetic regions likely to harbor genes increasing the risk for dental caries, and eventually to identify the etiologic genes and to explore the interaction of those genes with microbiological, dietary, fluoride, and behavioral factors that are known to be associated with caries risk and progression. Therefore, the goal of this study is to perform genome-wide association (GWA) studies of dental caries with a large panel of SNP's (610,000) in families and individuals ascertained through multiple US sites (University of Pittsburgh and University of Iowa). The v2 release of this study includes 96 additional individuals who were genotyped with the CCDG: Dental Caries and CL/P in Guatemala project (dbGaP accession number phs000440) to augment the data initially presented here. These subjects were genotyped on the Illumina 610 platform to make their data comparable. This study is part of the Gene Environment Association Studies initiative (GENEVA, http://www.genevastudy.org), which was developed through the trans-NIH Genes, Environment, and Health Initiative (GEI). The overarching goal is to identify novel genetic factors that contribute to dental caries through large-scale genome-wide association studies of well-characterized families and individuals at multiple sites in the U.S. Genotyping was performed at the Johns Hopkins University Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR). The study was supported by the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR, U01-DE018903). Data cleaning and harmonization were done at the GEI-funded GENEVA Coordinating Center at the University of Washington. Samples of some participants in this study were selected for further genomic analysis. These results will be available in the dbGaP CIDR study: Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia (COHRA) Genomic Studies of Oral Health and Disease (phs001591).

  Study phs000095

• Prevention and Early Treatment of Acute Lung Injury (PETAL) - Low Tidal Volume Universal Support Feasibility of Recruitment for Interventional Trial (LOTUS FRUIT) (PETAL-LOTUS FRUIT-BioLINCC)

  Data Access NOTE: Please refer to the “Authorized Access” section below for information about how access to the data from this accession differs from many other dbGaP accessions. Objectives: The two main goals of PETAL-LOTUS FRUIT were to conduct a prospective, observational study within all PETAL Network sites to determine the frequency of and outcomes from acute respiratory failure and the current usual care for tidal volume ventilation in patients with and without acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and to simulate the design and power of the proposed LOTUS trial. Background: A previous study demonstrated improved survival among patients with ARDS receiving tidal volume (Vt) targeted to 6 ml/kg of predicted body weight (PBW). As a result, low–tidal volume ventilation (LTVV) is now recommended for all patients with ARDS, although penetration of this evidence-based practice has been limited, especially early in mechanical ventilation. LTVV may also benefit patients without ARDS. Consequently, there has been increasing call to apply LTVV for all patients with acute respiratory failure upon initiation of mechanical ventilation. The PETAL Network considered performing a pragmatic stepped-wedge, cluster-randomized, controlled, hybrid implementation trial to examine systematic implementation of a default 6 ml/kg PBW LTVV strategy in patients with acute respiratory failure requiring intubation to improve adherence to LTVV and decrease mortality in acute respiratory failure. Trial planning may be better estimated by simulation than routine, simplistic calculations, but such simulations require detailed data of initial parameters. Participants: 2848 patients from 49 hospitals were enrolled. Enrollment varied by hospital, ranging from 4 to 100 patients, the maximum enrollment allowed per site. Design: PETAL-LOTUS FRUIT was a multicenter, prospective, observational cohort study of patients with acute respiratory failure on mechanical ventilation in the PETAL Network hospitals. For all patients, baseline demographic data, the hospital location, indication for intubation (hypoxemic or hypercapnic respiratory failure or both, altered level of consciousness, or surgery), type of intensive care unit (ICU), and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score in the first 24 hours after intubation were collected. Baseline ventilator data immediately after intubation, arterial blood gas results and oxygen saturation as measured by pulse oximetry, and presence of ARDS was also collected for all patients. ARDS was defined as a ratio of arterial oxygen tension to fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) less than or equal to 300 with a chest radiograph within 24 hours of the qualifying ratio of arterial oxygen tension to FiO2 that had bilateral infiltrates unexplained by mass, collapse, or effusion. For the first 50 patients enrolled at each hospital, daily data on ventilator mode, Vt, and presence of ARDS for the first 3 days after intubation was collected. Vt indexed to PBW was calculated from the set Vt for patients on ventilator mode with volume settings. For patients on pressure ventilation modes, Vt was calculated from the ratio of minute ventilation (in ml/min) to the respiratory rate. Enrolled patients were followed until hospital discharge or 28 days for clinical outcomes including mortality, ventilator-free days, and length of stay. To determine the possible improvement in mortality that could be observed with a reduction in Vt from current usual care in the PETAL-LOTUS FRUIT cohort to 6 ml/kg PBW, mortality was estimated as a function of initial Vt. Five models based on data from three distinct patient populations were used. 500 simulations of a stepped-wedge, cluster-randomized clinical trial using the model with greatest predicted benefit for lowering the Vt to 6 ml/kg PBW in PETAL-LOTUS FRUIT sites were performed. Conclusions: Use of initial tidal volumes less than 8 ml/kg predicted body weight was common at hospitals participating in the PETAL Network. After considering the size and budgetary requirement for a cluster-randomized trial of LTVV versus usual care in acute respiratory failure, the PETAL Network deemed the proposed trial infeasible (PMID: 30407869).

  Study phs003791

• Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) - PATHWAYS - Global Alliance to Prevent Prematurity and Stillbirth (GAPPS)

  Pregnant women are exposed daily to multiple chemical and non-chemical stressors, including air pollutants, phthalates, and psychosocial stress. The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease model (DOHaD) states that exposure to these stressors in pregnancy affects fetal development in a manner that impacts offspring health across the life course. Yet epidemiologic data in these areas is limited, particularly with U.S. samples. It is also poorly understood whether these exposures prenatally affect childhood neurodevelopment and airway health in an independent or combined manner, and likely moderators of effects, such as the sex of the child, are infrequently addressed. We propose to unify three diverse extant pregnancy cohorts: TIDES (N=717, 2010-12), GAPPS (N=1133, 2012-16), and CANDLE (N=1385, 2007-11), for a combined sample size of 3235 mother-child dyads in the PATHWAYS study. PATHWAYS will investigate how chemical (air pollutants and phthalates) and non-chemical (psychosocial stress) exposures during pregnancy are related to placental gene expression (transcriptome) and childhood neurodevelopment and airway health (at ages 4-6, 8-9, and 10-11 years). Each cohort has rich resources of prenatal data and banked specimens (urine, blood, and placenta) that will be harmonized for the PATHWAYS study and will contribute to the ECHO consortium. We will develop a national model with high spatiotemporal resolution of key air pollutants and assess urinary markers of maternal exposure. A composite measure will capture multilevel maternal psychosocial stress across pregnancy, and urinary phthalate and blood stress hormone [Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH)] levels in the second and third trimesters will provide individual assessment of those exposures in potential critical periods. We will characterize the placental transcriptome using RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) and will assess neurodevelopment and airway health prospectively into middle childhood. PATHWAYS will examine how these prenatal exposures are related to the placental transcriptome and child health outcomes in main effect and interactive models, with emphasis on sex-specific associations. For both neurodevelopment and airway health, we propose to measure both phenotypic precursors of health outcomes (i.e., fluid cognition, lung function growth), which yield dimensional tests of proposed associations, as well as clinically meaningful and policy relevant outcomes (i.e., asthma, mental health). Our study is powered to assess interactive effects of chemical and non-chemical stressors and will be the first study to characterize how prenatal environmental exposures relate to placental transcriptome pathways in relation to childhood health outcomes. This represents a significant scientific advance in testing DOHaD hypotheses. Major contributions to the ECHO Consortium include: 1) the development of a state of the art national model of air pollution, 2) a large, diverse pregnancy cohort with extensive biorepositories and extant prenatal and postnatal biomarkers, placental transcriptome, psychosocial and environmental data, and 3) an experienced, interdisciplinary team that will contribute meaningfully to the ECHO program of work.The sequencing data in this submission pertain only to the 408 subjects from the GAPPS study for whom placental tissue transcriptomics was performed.

  Study phs003620

• Whole Genomic Sequencing of Nine Primary Colorectal Adenocarcinoma Tumor/Germline Pairs

  This study was the first-known effort to complete the complete genome sequencing of primary colorectal adenocarcinomas and the matched germline genome. Nine colorectal adenocarcinomas selected on the basis of having chromosomal instability were subjected to 'shotgun' Illumina sequencing with 101-bp paired end reads to an approximate goal of 30x coverage of tumor and of normal. From these sequences, we used various computational techniques to identify somatic point mutations, insertion/deletions and structural rearrangements in these tumors. From these data, we identified new insights into the rates of background mutations in these cancers, new spectrums of structural alterations including the identification of a novel in-frame fusion gene.

  Study phs000374

• Neurogenetic Investigations of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

  Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a disabling early-onset neuropsychiatric disorder with a clear genetic contribution to risk but unclear underlying pathophysiology, which has hindered the development of new treatments and interventions. This study uses high-throughput sequencing approaches to identify OCD risk genes, detect gene expression differences in OCD, and determine epigenetic signatures driving gene expression in OCD brain. These studies will improve our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of OCD and identify points of traction for mechanistic studies in model systems, ultimately leading to novel therapeutics, and reducing the significant morbidity and mortality associated with this disabling illness. Furthermore, insights gained in these studies can inform gene discovery approaches to other complex neuropsychiatric disorders.

  Study phs001929

• Sequence Analysis of Mutations and Translocations Across Breast Cancer Subtypes

  This study combined whole exome (103 samples) and whole genome (22 samples) sequencing over a total of 108 breast tumors and matched normal DNA to identify novel mutations and translocations. Samples were subjected to paired-end Illumina sequencing with goal of 30x coverage of tumor/normal for whole genomes and 100x tumor/normal coverage for whole exomes. From these sequences, we used various computational techniques to identify somatic point mutations, insertion/deletions and structural rearrangements in these tumors. From these data, we identified new insights into the rates of background mutations in these cancers, novel recurrent mutated genes, and multiple gene rearrangements. One of these rearrangements appears to be a recurrent event in breast cancer.

  Study phs000369

• National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Amish Mennonite Bipolar Genetics Study (AmBiGen)

  Bipolar affective disorder is a severe, heritable condition affecting about one percent of the population. The mode of inheritance is poorly understood and probably involves multiple loci of small to moderate effect. In this project, we use genetic mapping and sequencing methods to identify genetic markers and variations that contribute to the risk of bipolar disorder. Individuals diagnosed with bipolar disorder are studied, along with their relatives. Phenotypic information obtained from clinical interviews and family history is correlated with genotypic information obtained from genetic marker and sequencing methods. The goal is to identify genes involved in bipolar disorder and related conditions so that better methods of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention can be developed.

  Study phs000899

• Epilepsy Genetics Initiative

  The Epilepsy Genetics Initiative (EGI) was created in 2014 with the goal of amassing a database of clinically-generated exome sequence data for patients with epilepsy who have had diagnostic whole exome sequencing. Most of the subjects enrolled in the study did not receive a secure genetic diagnosis from their initial sequencing. Following participant/family consent, EGI transfers raw data from the respective clinical lab to the Institute for Genomic Medicine at Columbia University Medical Center. The strategy of the initiative has been to carry out systematic reanalysis of data to identify new diagnoses that were not possible or missed at the time of initial sequencing and to aid in novel gene discovery in epilepsy.

  Study phs001551

• Depth of Response Correlates with Improved Outcomes for Early Interception in a High-Risk Smoldering Multiple Myeloma Clinical Trial Using the Combination of Ixazomib, Lenalidomide, and Dexamethasone

  Early treatment of patients with high-risk smoldering myeloma (HRSMM) has been shown to delay progression to multiple myeloma (MM), but not all patients respond well. Identifying biological predictors of response and resistance to treatment can help optimize treatment selection for patients and improve outcomes. Here, we investigate tumor and immune biomarkers of response to ixazomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone treatment (I-PRISM study) that can be measured at diagnosis. We performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq), coupled with B cell receptor and T cell receptor sequencing, on CD138+ tumor and CD138- immune cells, respectively, from the bone marrow of 20 patients enrolled in the I-PRISM study.

  Study phs003827

• University of Zurich (UZH) - Snedeker lab

  Authorised Personnel: The individuals at the User Institution to whom University of Zurich (UZH) grants access to the Data. This includes the User, the individuals listed in Appendix II and any other individuals for whom the User Institution subsequently requests access to the Data. Details of the initial Authorised Personnel are set out in Appendix II. Data: The managed access datasets to which the User Institution has requested access. Data Producers: UZH and the collaborators listed in Appendix I responsible for the development, organisation, and oversight of these Data. External Collaborator: A collaborator of the User, working for an institution other than the User Institution. Project: The project for which the User Institution has requested access to these Data. A description of the Project is set out in Appendix II. Publications: Includes, without limitation, articles published in print journals, electronic journals, reviews, books, posters and other written and verbal presentations of research. Research Participant: An individual whose data form part of these Data. Research Purposes: Shall mean research that is seeking to advance the understanding of genetics and genomics, including the treatment of disorders, and work on statistical methods that may be applied to such research. User: The principal investigator for the Project. User Institution(s): The Institution that has requested access to the Data. UZH: University of Zurich, Raemistrasse 71, 8001 Zurich, Switzerland

  Dac EGAC50000000817

• Comprehensive molecular and clinicopathological profiling of glioma

  Various molecular profiles are needed to classify malignant brain tumors, including gliomas, based on the latest classification criteria of the World Health Organization, and their poor prognosis necessitates new therapeutic targets. The Todai OncoPanel 2 RNA Panel (TOP2-RNA) is a custom-target RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) using the junction capture method to maximize the sensitivity of detecting 455 fusion gene transcripts and analyze the expression profiles of 1,390 genes. This study aimed to classify gliomas and identify their molecular targets using TOP2-RNA. A total of 124 frozen samples of malignant gliomas were subjected to TOP2-RNA for classification based on their molecular profiles and the identification of molecular targets.

  Study JGAS000671

• Illumina HiSeqX and HiSeq 2000 whole genome sequence data on 3,001 ALS samples including 212 with known C9orf72 repeat expansions

  Whole genome sequence (WGS) data was generated on 3,001 samples previously quantified for the presence of the C9orf72 repeat expansion (212 expanded and 2,789 wild type), These samples were sequenced using a combination of 2x100bp reads on an Illumina HiSeq2000 and 2x150bp reads on an Illumina HiSeqX sequencer. The repeat expansions were called using ExpansionHunter to demonstrate the ability to call large repeats from high throughput, WGS data. Provided here are all read pairs where at least one of the reads aligns within 1kb of the C9orf72 repeat expansion in addition to reads aligned in pre-determined off target locations where the aligners are known to mis-align reads.

  Study EGAS00001002598

• ProjectMinE :llumina HiSeqX and HiSeq 2000 whole genome sequence data on 3,001 ALS samples including 212 with known C9orf72 repeat expansions

  Whole genome sequence (WGS) data was generated on 3,001 samples previously quantified for the presence of the C9orf72 repeat expansion (212 expanded and 2,789 wild type), These samples were sequenced using a combination of 2x100bp reads on an Illumina HiSeq2000 and 2x150bp reads on an Illumina HiSeqX sequencer. The repeat expansions were called using ExpansionHunter to demonstrate the ability to call large repeats from high throughput, WGS data. Provided here are all read pairs where at least one of the reads aligns within 1kb of the C9orf72 repeat expansion in addition to reads aligned in pre-determined off target locations where the aligners are known to mis-align reads.

  Study EGAS00001003383

• Tumor Profiler Ovarian Study

  The Tumor Profiler Study is an observational trial combining a prospective diagnostic approach to assess the relevance of in-depth tumor profiling to support clinical decision-making with an exploratory approach to improve the biological understanding of the disease. Technologies used are digital pathology, targeted NGS, single-cell RNA, single-cell DNA, bulk RNA, bulk proteotyping, single-cell CyTOF, imaging mass cytometry, pharmacoscopy, 4i Drug Response Profiling, and cell-free DNA. These technologies were applied to 240 tumor samples collected over 3 years across three cancer indications: metastatic melanoma, metastatic epithelial ovarian cancer, and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Here, we publish the scRNA and scDNA data of the ovarian cancer cohort.

  Study EGAS50000000885

• Genomic Analysis of Primary Plasma Cell Leukemia reveals Complex Structural Alterations and High Risk Mutational Patterns

  Primary plasma cell leukemia (pPCL) is a rare and aggressive form of multiple myeloma (MM) that is characterized by circulating plasma cells. Overall survival remains poor despite advances of anti-MM therapy. In an attempt to identify key biological mechanisms that result in the aggressive pPCL phenotype we performed whole exome sequencing of 23 patients with pPCL. For matched non-tumor control for each patient to exclude germline variants we used CD34+ cells from stem cell harvest (n=20) or cells obtained from buccal swabs (n=3). Tumor samples were from bone marrow derived CD138+ cells. Tumor samples were compared to the germline control to identify somatic abnormalities.

  Study EGAS00001003834

• Multi-omic analysis of SDHB-related PCPG

  Hereditary SDHB-mutant pheochromocytomas (PC) and paragangliomas (PG) are rare tumours with a high propensity to metastasize although their clinical behaviour is unpredictable. To characterize the genomic landscape of these tumours and identify metastasis biomarkers, we performed multi-omic analysis on 94 tumours from 79 patients using six molecular methods including: whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of tumour and matched blood (n=94), whole transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) (n=91), small-RNA seq (n=90), DNA methylation profiling (n=93). Droplet-based (10x) single nuclei (sn)RNA-seq and snATAC-seq was applied to 9 and 7 cases, respectively. Additionally snATAC-seq was applied to one sample of normal adrenal medulla.

  Study EGAS50000000346

• Tumor Profiler Melanoma Study

  The Tumor Profiler Study is an observational trial combining a prospective diagnostic approach to assess the relevance of in-depth tumor profiling to support clinical decision-making with an exploratory approach to improve the biological understanding of the disease. Technologies used are digital pathology, targeted NGS, single-cell RNA, single-cell DNA, bulk RNA, bulk proteotyping, single-cell CyTOF, imaging mass cytometry, pharmacoscopy, 4i Drug Response Profiling, and cell-free DNA. These technologies were applied to 240 tumor samples collected over 3 years across three cancer indications: metastatic melanoma, metastatic epithelial ovarian cancer, and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Here, we publish the scRNA, scDNA, and bkRNA data of the melanoma cohort.

  Study EGAS50000000599

• HIPSD&R-seq enables scalable genomic copy number and transcriptome profiling

  Single-cell DNA-sequencing (scDNA-seq) enables decoding somatic cancer variation. Existing methods are hampered by low throughput or cannot be combined with transcriptome sequencing in the same cell. We propose HIPSD&R-seq (HIgh-throughPut Single-cell Dna and Rna-seq), a scalable yet simple and accessible assay to profile low-coverage DNA and RNA in thousands of cells in parallel. Our approach builds on a modification of the 10X Genomics platform for scATAC and multiome profiling. In applications to human cell models and primary tissue, we demonstrate the feasibility to detect rare clones and we combine the assay with combinatorial indexing to profile over 17,000 cells.

  Study EGAS50000000691

• Whole-genome-Sequencing of adult medulloblastoma

  Brain tumors constitute the childhood tumors with the highest mortality rates and survival is often associated with severe long-term sequelae due to intensive multimodal treatment regimens. Thus, the PedBrainTumor network aims at the identification of robust biomarkers for clinical management and novel molecular targets for therapeutic interventions. Using massively parallel whole-genome sequencing, and transcriptome and methylome sequencing for subsets of cases, we aim to decipher the molecular causes of medulloblastoma as well as low-grade astrocytoma, and to identify markers to stratify patients for specialized treatment. As the PedBrain network is affiliated with clinical trials in medulloblastoma and pilocytic astrocytoma, validation cohorts for the translation of key findings into clinical settings are readily available.

  Study EGAS00001000393

• T cell reactivity of MHC epitopes

  By using >36,000 immunogenicity assay results, we developed a method to identify peptide-MHC complexes whose structural alignment facilitates T cell reaction. Our method accurately predicted neoepitopes for MHC II as well as MHC I that were responsive to checkpoint blockade when applied to >1,200 samples of various tumor types and on-therapy melanoma samples. To investigate selection by spontaneous immunity at the single epitope level, we analyzed the frequency spectrum of >25 million mutations in >9,000 treatment-naïve tumors in association with >100 immune phenotypes. MHC II immunogenicity specifically lowered variant frequencies in tumors under high immune pressure particularly with high TCR clonality and MHC II expression.

  Study EGAS00001006445

• Sperm sequencing reveals extensive positive selection in the human germline -WGS

  Mutations that occur during human ageing in the cell lineages of sperm or eggs have the potential to be transmitted to offspring. In males, positive selection of driver mutations during spermatogenesis is known to increase the birth prevalence of certain developmental disorders and cancer predisposition syndromes. However, direct observation of the scope of this selection in sperm has been limited by the error rates of sequencing technologies. Using the duplex sequencing method known as NanoSeq, we sequenced bulk sperm samples from individuals aged 24 to 75 years. Our findings revealed a linear accumulation mutations per year and mutational signatures consistent with pedigree studies. Deep targeted and deep exome NanoSeq of sperm samples identified genes subject to significant positive selection in the male germline, which are linked to diverse cellular pathways including RAS/MAPK and BMP signaling. Strikingly, nearly all positively selected genes are associated with developmental or cancer predisposition disorders in children. We find that this effect drives an elevated risk of known likely disease-causing mutations in sperm across a wide age range. This implies that the disorders attributed to these genes likely exhibit elevated birth prevalence in human populations, particularly among older fathers. These findings shed light on the dynamics of germline mutations and highlight an increased disease risk for children born to fathers of advanced age.

  Dataset EGAD00001015592

• Sperm sequencing reveals extensive positive selection in the human germline -NanoSeq

  Mutations that occur during human ageing in the cell lineages of sperm or eggs have the potential to be transmitted to offspring. In males, positive selection of driver mutations during spermatogenesis is known to increase the birth prevalence of certain developmental disorders and cancer predisposition syndromes. However, direct observation of the scope of this selection in sperm has been limited by the error rates of sequencing technologies. Using the duplex sequencing method known as NanoSeq, we sequenced bulk sperm samples from individuals aged 24 to 75 years. Our findings revealed a linear accumulation mutations per year and mutational signatures consistent with pedigree studies. Deep targeted and deep exome NanoSeq of sperm samples identified genes subject to significant positive selection in the male germline, which are linked to diverse cellular pathways including RAS/MAPK and BMP signaling. Strikingly, nearly all positively selected genes are associated with developmental or cancer predisposition disorders in children. We find that this effect drives an elevated risk of known likely disease-causing mutations in sperm across a wide age range. This implies that the disorders attributed to these genes likely exhibit elevated birth prevalence in human populations, particularly among older fathers. These findings shed light on the dynamics of germline mutations and highlight an increased disease risk for children born to fathers of advanced age.

  Dataset EGAD00001015590