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• Genomics characterization of primary central nervous system lymphoma

  Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare malignancy confined to the central nervous system (CNS). Despite low tendency of systemic dissemination, its prognosis is poor with median overall survival of 2?4 years. Due to its rarity, knowledge of genomic alterations underling PCNSL pathogenesis is severely limited. Here we performed whole-exome sequencing on 44 PCNSL and paired normal specimens, revealing high penetrance of nonsynonymous somatic mutations in PIM1 (95.5%), BTG2 (88.6%) and MYD88 (81.8%). Interestingly we found oncogenic mutations in GRB2, and this effect was cancelled when transformed cells are treated with inhibitors to downstream kinases MAP2K1/2. Further, when tumor cells carries MYD88 mutations, the same mutations were also found at low frequency in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNC), implying that MYD88 mutation?positive precancerous cells originate outside CNS and develop to lymphoma with additional genetic hits that fit the CNS environment.

  Study JGAS000021

• Comprehensive Genomic Data Deposition for Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Studies: Clinical Trials NCT02451982 and NCT02648282

  This submission includes specimens from 89 pancreatic cancer patients at Johns Hopkins Hospital, comprising 41 surgically resectable and 48 locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) cases. These samples originate from two clinical studies, NCT02451982 and NCT02648282, following the Johns Hopkins Medical Institution Institutional Review Board-approved registry protocol at the Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program. Written consent for specimen use, obtained from participants in the original studies, covers additional research, including this one. Biopsy specimens collected through endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle core biopsies or surgically resected tumors are included. NCT02451982 is a platform trial evaluating immunotherapy combinations for surgically resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma in the neo-adjuvant and adjuvant settings. It investigates the GVAX pancreatic cancer vaccine with immune-boosting cyclophosphamide, exploring immune cell trafficking and the impact of PD-1 blocking. NCT02648282 focuses on the efficacy and safety of combining cyclophosphamide, pembrolizumab, GVAX, and stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) in locally advanced pancreatic cancer, with an emphasis on anti-tumor activity. Both studies provide valuable insights into innovative pancreatic cancer treatment approaches.

  Study phs003600

• Center for Common Disease Genomics (CCDG)-Neuropsychiatric: A Study of the Genetic Causes of Complex Pediatric Disorders (CAG)

  In this study, we address the enormous challenges common complex diseases pose for genomic analysis and the enormous opportunities surmounting them offers for advancing healthcare. The common genetic disorders proposed for study here are believed to have extreme locus heterogeneity, requiring the analysis of large numbers of samples to comprehensively identify the genomic variants underlying them. We propose that a combination of deep population studies and joint analysis of SNPs, indels, and structural variants both in coding and noncoding regions will provide the next level of understanding of common genetic disorders. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) will be critical to this next-generation approach to the genomics of complex disease. WGS will need to be accompanied by the technical ability to generate and handle very large data sets, a particular focus and strength of NYGC. WGS will also need to be accompanied by new statistical tools and algorithms, which will be developed by the strong core group committed to this proposal. An overarching goal of this proposal, one that capitalizes on the power of WGS, is to identify disease-associated variants at the individual nucleotide level. In many cases pathogenic mutations fall in noncoding regions of the genome, which can only be fruitfully explored with WGS. A major effort was put into building new computational strategies to functionally annotate noncoding transcribed sequences, and to build new datasets to enable such strategies, opening new frontiers of understanding of disease-related regulatory variants.

  Study phs002004

• Genome-Wide Association Study of Anorexia Nervosa (Price Foundation, Klarman Family Foundation, Center for Applied Genomics at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Scripps Translational Sciences Institute Clinical Translational Science Award)

  Twin studies are consistent with substantial heritability in anorexia nervosa (AN), although detecting and confirming individual risk alleles has been difficult, due to small effects of single alleles and limited samples in prior studies. Methods: 1105 AN DNA samples obtained in a multisite study and 3733 pediatric patients of normal body weight were genotyped using the Illumina 610Q chip at The Center for Applied Genomics at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. Cases and controls were of European ancestry. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotypes were subjected to quality control procedures, including elimination of SNPs with: call rates < 95%, minor allele frequency < 5%, and if Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium testing yielded p < 0.0001. Samples were removed if not of European ancestry or if showing cryptic relatedness. Eight AN DNA samples were deleted for low call rate, and 51 AN samples were deleted for cryptic relatedness. The statistical program, PLINK, was used to calculate a P value for each SNP passing quality control using the Cochran-Armitage trend test. The PennCNV program was used to define copy number variation (CNV). Results: We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using with 1033 AN cases and 3733 controls (genomic inflation factor = 1.08). There were 11 SNPs with P<1X10-5 [(rsID, chromosome location, nearest gene, distance to nearest gene (base-pair), P value) rs6959888, 7q21.13, ZNF804B, 0, 1.63E-06; rs17725255, 20p11.23, CSRP2BP, 39396, 1.72E-06; rs10494067, 1p13.3, NTNG1, 0, 5.83E-06; rs2383378, 14q12, AKAP6, 0, 6.41E-06; rs410644, 5q14.1, SSBP2, 40462, 6.74E-06; rs4479806, 5p14.1, CDH9, 156926, 7.79E-06; rs957788, 13q33.3, FAM155A, 0, 8.11E-06; rs830998, 2q31.1, LRP2, 0, 8.68E-06; rs6782029, 3p25.3, VGLL4, 0, 9.04E-06; rs512089, 9p21.3, ELAVL2, 47984, 9.85E-06; rs3808986, 11q24.3, APLP2, 29217, 9.92E-6]. CNV analyses were performed on 1015 AN cases and 3532 controls. Overall frequencies of common or rare CNVs were similar between cases and controls. Specific rare and large (>500 kb, <1%) CNVs of interest included deletion of a large (~1.4Mbp) region of chr13q12 found in 2 AN samples and at a 10 fold lower frequency in a large sample (72,918) of subjects containing the genes SGCG, SACS, TNFRSF19, MIPEP, PCOTH, C1QTNF9B, SPATA13, MIR2276, and C1QTNF9, and an overlapping deletion and a duplication observed in 3 AN samples overlapping the CNTN6 and CNTN4 genes. Partially overlapping ~ 30 kb duplications were seen in 12 AN cases and in 1 control at the CDC5L gene on chromosome 6. Partially overlapping deletion of the 3' half of the PSTPIP1 gene was seen in 5 AN cases and no controls. Finally, a ~ 60 kb deletion of the PLEC1 gene was observed in 5 AN cases and in none of 3532 controls. Discussion: This is the first GWAS of AN. These preliminary results are consistent with absence of a major gene effect in AN. These results are consistent with genetic risk conveyed by multiple common alleles of small effect, as well as some uncommon CNVs of potentially larger effect. None of the implicated genes has a clear role in eating behavior. It must be emphasized that these results are preliminary and an additional ~ 400 AN cases will be analyzed as time and resources permit. These results require confirmation through study of independent populations of AN women.

  Study phs000679

• Polymorphisms in the mitochondrial genome are associated with bullous pemphigoid in Germans

  Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is the most prevalent autoimmune skin blistering disease and is characterized by the generation of autoantibodies against the hemidesmosomal proteins BP180 (type XVII collagen) and BP230. Most intriguingly, BP is distinct from other autoimmune diseases because it predominantly affects elderly individuals above the age of 75 years, raising the question why autoantibodies and the clinical lesions of BP emerges mostly in this later stage of life, even in individuals harboring known putative BP-associated germline gene variants. The mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) is a potential candidate to provide additional insights into the BP etiology; however, the mtDNA has not been extensively explored to date. Therefore, we sequenced the whole mtDNA of German BP patients (n=180) and age- and sex-matched healthy controls (n=188) using next generation sequencing (NGS) technology, followed by the replication study using Sanger sequencing of an additional independent BP (n=89) and control cohort (n=104). While the BP and control groups showed comparable mitochondrial haplogroup distributions, the haplogroup T exhibited a tendency of higher frequency in BP patients suffering from neurodegenerative diseases (ND) compared to BP patients without ND (p= 0.1448, Fisher’s exact test). A total of four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the mtDNA, namely, m.16263T>C, m.11914G>A, m.16051A>G, and m.16162A>G, were found to be significantly associated with BP based on the meta-analysis of our NGS data and the Sanger sequencing data (p=0.0017, p=0.0132, p=0.0129, and p=0.0076, respectively, Peto’s test). In summary, our study is the first to interrogate the whole mtDNA in BP patients and controls and to implicate multiple novel mtDNA variants in disease susceptibility. Studies using larger cohorts and more diverse populations are warranted to explore the functional consequences of the mtDNA variants identified in this study on immune and skin cells to understand their contributions to BP pathology.

  Study EGAS00001003932

• TSO500 STJAN33, BRAF mutated CUP

  The data set contains FASTQ files (filetype) of a NEXTSEQ550DX run (instrument). De FASTQ files are from DNA and RNA sample. The Library prep is a NGS TSO500 library prep (Illumina) (technology). A Study to Examine the Clinical Value of Comprehensive Genomic Profiling Performed by Belgian NGS Laboratories: a Belgian Precision Study of the BSMO in Collaboration With the Cancer Centre (BALLETT) This 2-year study involves the consortium of 9 cooperating Belgian NGS laboratories and will enroll 936 metastatic or locally advanced cancer patients coming from 13 different Belgian hospitals and cancer centers. Upon inclusion, all cancer patients will be offered 'comprehensive genomic profiling' (CGP) using Illumina's TSO500 NGS panel. This targeted NGS panel of 523 genes allows for the detection of single nucleotide variants, small indels, copy number variations and fusions, as well as for the determination of the 'tumor mutational burden' (TMB) and the 'microsatellite-instability' status (MSI). Both the wet lab execution of the CGP as well as the biological and clinical classification of the variants will be performed in a fully standardized way among the 9 participating Belgian local NGS laboratories.

  Dataset EGAD50000000689

• Gene Expression and Biomarker Utility in Post-Mortem Samples

  The FAA Functional Genomics Team examined the feasibility of analyzing gene expression profiles using post-mortem brain, lung, muscle, and blood samples collected from aviation accident fatalities, with the goal of validating post-mortem extracted RNA for use in RNA sequencing. We compared the RNA sequencing results obtained from THC-positive and THC-negative samples to determine whether RNA sequencing on samples collected from aviation accident fatalities was possible and if any differences in gene expression associated with THC consumption were detectable post-mortem. The study population included 57 males of indeterminant age who perished in general aviation accidents and for whom post-mortem toxicological testing identified delta-9-THC or its primary or secondary metabolites, as well as negative controls. We determined that RNA sequencing on post-mortem aviation accident fatality samples is possible, and further identified genes showing differential expression in lung and muscle between THC-positive and THC-negative samples. We conclude that post-mortem tissue samples collected from aviation accident fatalities are suitable for gene expression profiling, but caution researchers that such samples have low RNA integrity numbers and some degree of microbial contamination is both probable and to be expected. Raw sequencing files (.fastq) from this study are available in dbGaP.

  Study phs003546

• Mitochondrial DNA deletion detection in POLG patients

  Accumulation of deletions in the mitochondrial genome is a pathological hallmark of both aging and a broad range of neurometabolic disorders. Prior mtDNA deletion studies have been limited by reliance upon either long range PCR or NGS strategies that target specific regions of the mitochondrial genome. We developed an ultrasensitive high throughput sequencing process (LostArc) to identify and quantify all deletions in circular DNA molecules while minimizing interference from linear DNA and PCR artefacts. We applied this process to skeletal muscle biopsies from 19 unaffected individuals (aged 17 to 93 years) and from 22 patients with heritable mitochondrial disease (17 to 80 years) bearing pathogenic variants in POLG, the nuclear gene encoding the catalytic subunit of the mitochondrial replicative DNA polymerase ɣ (Pol ɣ). To our astonishment, LostArc revealed 35 million mtDNA deletions with ~470,000 unique deletion spans. This unprecedented volume of data enabled detailed and highly informative bioinformatics analyses. We show that ablation of mtDNA is sufficient to explain skeletal muscle phenotypes associated with aging and POLG-derived disease, with a clear threshold separating symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering and principle component analysis reveal distinct age- and disease-correlated deletion patterns that implicate DNA replication by Pol ɣ in the formation of mtDNA deletions. Deletion patterns also point to active mtDNA replication but little or no purifying selection against deleted mtDNA by mitophagy in postmitotic muscle fibers. Monte Carlo simulations of varied hypotheses for deletion formation, based in part on competing models of mtDNA replication, suggest the observed patterns are most consistent with deletions initiated by replication fork stalling during strand displacement mtDNA synthesis. Note that sequence data for HEK293 can be found under BioProject PRJNA642884.

  Study phs002052

• Breast Cancer in Blacks: Impact of Genomics, Healthcare Use and Lifestyle on Outcomes (BRIGHT)

  Young Black females bear a disproportionate burden of breast cancer (BC) mortality compared to White females and are underrepresented in clinical studies. It remains critical to understand factors that contribute to the high mortality from BC among young Black females in order to improve outcomes. The higher BC mortality rate among young Black females with breast cancer is partially attributed to the disproportionately higher proportions who develop the aggressive triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). In addition to biologic factors, timely access to care, and lifestyle factors contribute to this disparity. Consequently, we sought to evaluate the interplay between biologic and non-biologic contributors to BC outcomes (i.e., BC disease-free survival (DFS)), and to better characterize the highly aggressive TNBC among young Black females based on distinct molecular subtypes. Ultimately, it is critical to assess both biologic and non-biologic factors to fully understand and address existing health disparities in this population. Through prior and subsequent recruitment of a population-based study of young Black females diagnosed with invasive breast cancer spanning 2009-2016, we: 1) assessed the contribution of biologic and non-biologic factors on BC-DFS observed among young Black females with BC, and 2) investigated molecular features of the subgroup with TNBC. Through this study, consented participants were asked to provide a saliva sample from which DNA was extracted for germline analyses, including germline inherited cancer genetic testing and Infinium Expanded Multi-Ethnic Genotyping Array. Breast cancer tumor specimens were also collected, and tumor RNA was extracted from viable FFPE tumor samples. Tumor RNA analyses included gene expression profiling through NanoString PAM50.Data that will be available through dbGaP for this study include SNP array data and PAM50 data.

  Study phs003466

• Tumor Fraction Guided Cell-Free DNA Profiling in Metastatic Cancer Patients

  Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) profiling is increasingly used to guide cancer care, yet mutations are not always identified. The ability to detect somatic mutations in plasma depends on both assay sensitivity and the fraction of circulating DNA in plasma that is tumor-derived (i.e cfDNA tumor fraction). We hypothesized that cfDNA tumor fraction could inform the interpretation of negative cfDNA results and guide the choice of subsequent assays of greater genomic breadth or depth. Plasma samples collected from 118 metastatic cancer patients were analyzed with cf-IMPACT, a modified version of the FDA-authorized MSK-IMPACT tumor test that can detect genomic alterations in 410 cancer-associated genes. Shallow whole genome sequencing (sWGS) was also performed in the same samples to estimate cfDNA tumor fraction based on genome-wide copy number alterations using z-score statistics. The results show that cfDNA tumor fraction can inform the interpretation of negative cfDNA results and guide the selection of subsequent sequencing platforms that are most likely to identify clinically-relevant genomic alterations.

  Study phs002290

• Genome-wide Association Study of Adiposity in Samoans

  The research goal of this study is to identify genetic variation that increases susceptibility to obesity and cardiometabolic phenotypes among adult Samoans using genome-wide association (GWAS) methods. DNA from peripheral blood and phenotypic information were collected from 3,119 adult Samoans, 23 to 70 years of age. The participants reside throughout the independent nation of Samoa, which is experiencing economic development and the nutrition transition. Genotyping was performed with the Affymetrix Genome-Wide Human SNP 6.0 Array using a panel of approximately 900,000 SNPs. Anthropometric, fasting blood biomarkers and detailed dietary, physical activity, health and socio-demographic variables were collected. We are replicating the GWAS findings in an independent sample of 2,500 Samoans from earlier studies. After replication of genomic regions and informative SNPs in those regions, we will determine sequences of the important genes, and determine the specific genetic variants in the sequenced genes that are associated with adiposity and related cardiometabolic conditions. We will also identify gene by environment interactions, focusing on dietary intake patterns and nutrients.

  Study phs000914

• National Eye Institute (NEI) Primary Open-Angle African American Glaucoma Genetics (POAAGG) Study

  The purpose of the POAAGG study is to investigate the genetic architecture of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) in African Americans. This population is up to eight times more likely to develop glaucoma than non-Hispanic whites, yet no large-scale genetics studies have specifically addressed this ethnic group. The POAAGG study aims to enroll 7765 patients, consisting of a discovery cohort of 5500 subjects (2000 cases and 3500 controls) and a validation cohort of 2265 subjects (1000 cases and 1265 controls). The study population consists of self-identified blacks (African Americans, African descent, or African Caribbean), 35 years or older, identified from the Philadelphia region. Subjects are recruited from the Scheie Eye Institute and its research sites in Philadelphia, PA, as well as from the Penn Medicine Biobank. Fellowship-trained glaucoma specialists classify each subject as a case, control, or glaucoma suspect based on specified criteria. As of 02/01/2017, a total of 8187 subjects have been recruited to the POAAGG study, including 2522 cases, 4545 controls, and 1120 suspects. A comprehensive genetic analysis of POAG, including a genome-wide association analysis, is currently underway. The GWAS was conducted on the Illumina Infinium Multi Ethnic Genotyping Array (MEGA), which contained custom content tailored to POAG and African Americans. A comprehensive genetic analysis of quantitative traits associated with POAG is also in progress. Over 90% of cases have full phenotypic information, including intraocular pressure, cup-to-disc ratio, central corneal thickness, retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, visual acuity, and visual fields.

  Study phs001312

• Antisense long non-coding RNAs are deregulated in skin tissue of patients with systemic sclerosis

  Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disease characterized by fibrosis of skin and multiple organs of which the pathogenesis is poorly understood. Here we studied differentially expressed coding and non-coding genes in relation to SSc pathogenesis with a specific focus on antisense non-coding RNAs. Skin biopsy-derived RNAs from fourteen early SSc patients and six healthy individuals were sequenced with ion-torrent and analysed using DEseq2. Overall, 4901 genes with a fold change >1.5 and a false discovery rate < 5% were detected in patients versus controls. Upregulated genes clustered in immunological, cell adhesion and keratin-related processes. Interestingly, 676 deregulated non-coding genes were detected, 257 of which were classified as antisense genes. Sense genes expressed opposite of these antisense genes were also deregulated in 42% of the observed sense-antisense gene pairs. The majority of the antisense genes had a similar effect sizes in an independent North American dataset with three genes (CTBP1-AS2, OTUD6B-AS1 and AGAP2-AS1) exceeding the study-wide Bonferroni-corrected ρ-value (PBonf<0.0023, Pcombined = 1.1x10-9, 1.4x10-8, 1.7x10-6, respectively). In this study, we highlight that together with coding genes, (antisense) long non-coding RNAs are deregulated in skin tissue of SSc patients suggesting a novel class of genes involved in pathogenesis of SSc.

  Study EGAS00001002751

• Next_gen_seq_of_eye_cancers

  Retinoblastoma (RB), the commonest eye cancer in children was the first cancer for which a genetic cause was identified: the Rb1 gene is a tumour suppressor gene that is mutated in RB. The Rb1 gene defect alone does not predict the clinical outcome. We propose to study other possible mechanisms: 1. Stepwise further mutations occur in RB, increasing its carcinogenesis. We will sequence the whole genome in RB tissue, and relate the different genes expressed to the treatments used. 2. Extracellular matric proteins contribute to a tumour permissive environment for RB to continue to grow. This includes Samll Leucine Rich Proteoglycans (SLRP), a family of 15 secreted extracellular matrix proteins involved in eye development. 3. Cancer stem cells (CSC), a subpopulation of treatment resistant cells, drive RB tumours, and whether these stem cells can be manipulated for new therapies. The aim of this study is to assist finding targeted diagnostic techniques and treatments for RB.

  Study EGAS00001002309

• Genomics of Brain Metastases

  Brain metastases are the most frequently occurring intracranial tumors in adults. Median survival after the diagnosis of a brain metastasis is in the order of a few months. Despite its large burden of disease and devastating clinical sequelae, we continue to have a limited understanding of the molecular mechanisms driving brain metastasis. We subjected 86 trios consisting of primary tumor, brain metastasis, and matched normal tissue to whole exome sequencing (WES). To analyze the data, we developed novel computational tools to perform an integrative analysis of somatic single nucleotide variants (SSNVs) and somatic copy-number alterations (SCNAs). This analysis allowed us to estimate the clonal architecture of the primary and metastatic samples of each patient, and to reconstruct a phylogenetic tree relating all of the subclones.

  Study phs000730

• Genomics of Glomerular Disorders

  The purpose of the "Genomics of Glomerular Disorders" study is to identify genetic contributions to primary glomerulopathies. This repository includes a total of N = 4,238 patients with a kidney biopsy diagnosis of a primary glomerular disorder across the following categories: focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS, N = 583), Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis (HSPN, N = 403), IgA nephropathy (IgAN, N = 1,555), membranous nephropathy (MN, N = 1,003), and minimal change disease (MCD, N = 694). The dataset includes a total of 2,290 patients recruited into the Cure Glomerulonephropathy (CureGN) study and another 1,948 patients from the Columbia University CKD Biobank (i.e., non-CureGN patients). The sample sizes by phenotype are counted based on enrollment diagnoses. The repository includes 3,958 WGS samples and 2,129 RNA-seq samples.

  Study phs002480

• Fixation effects on variant-calling in a clinical resequencing panel

  Formalin fixation is the standard method for preservation of tissue for diagnostic purposes, including pathological review and molecular assays. However, this method is known to cause artifacts that can affect the accuracy of molecular genetic tests. We assessed the applicability of alternative fixatives to determine whether these perform significantly better on next-generation sequencing assays, and whether adequate morphology is retained for primary diagnosis, in a prospective study using a clinical-grade laboratory-developed targeted resequencing assay. We examined and quantified several parameters relating to sequencing quality and variant-calling from tumor and normal colon epithelial tissues. We identify one alterative fixative, Sakura Universal Molecular Fixative that suppresses many formalin-related artifacts while retaining adequate morphology for pathological review.

  Study EGAS00001003507

• SardiNIA Medical Sequencing Discovery Project

  The SardiNIA Medical Sequencing Discovery Project studies the genetics of blood lipid levels and personality in a Sardinian population cohort. The project has generated draft genome sequences for approximately 2,000 individuals using whole genome shotgun sequencing. The draft sequences will allow investigators to evaluate the contribution of common and rare single nucleotide polymorphisms, short insertions and deletions, large copy number polymorphisms and other structural variants to blood levels of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) and triglycerides (TG), all of which are key risk factors for cardiovascular disease, and to the 5 domains of personality as assessed by the NEO-PI-R questionnaire. The two traits represent different ends of the spectrum of medically interesting complex traits. Blood lipid levels are a risk factor for cardiovascular disease for which genetic studies have been very successful. In contrast, personality traits and other behavioral phenotypes represent a set of phenotypes that have proven more challenging to dissect using standard genetic tools. In both cases, we expect whole genome sequencing to improve our understanding of the underlying biology. The isolated Sardinian population is ideal for this type of study for several reasons, in particular because: (i) the bottleneck that occurred after colonization of the island attenuated natural selection against alleles with phenotypic consequences, increasing the odds that functional alleles will reach modest frequencies (0.5 - 5.0%) and will be detected in the present study and (ii) sharing of long haplotype stretches surrounding rare variants will facilitate imputation based analyses of shotgun sequence data, which improve the accuracy of individual genotype calls and thus increase power. This research helps advance NIH's mission by furthering our understanding of the genetic factors contributing to blood lipid levels and coronary heart disease and to personality, behavior and mental health. In addition, these data should facilitate development of analysis tools and strategies that can be used to study the genomes of hundreds to thousands of individuals and further our understanding of the genetics and biology of many different traits and conditions.

  Study phs000313

• Genetic Basis of Cryptorchidism

  Non-syndromic cryptorchidism is a common malformation, but the genetic loci that increase susceptibility to cryptorchidism remain unknown. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was completed to determine whether common allelic variants are associated with susceptibility to cryptorchidism. Two sets of discovery groups were genotyped. Group 1 (559 cases and 1772 controls) was genotyped with HumanHap550v1.0, HumanHap550v3.0 or Human610-quad v1.0. Group 2 (353 cases and 1149 controls) was genotyped with HumanOmniExpress-12v1 or HumanOmniExpress-12v1-1. The sample and marker QCs were performed separately using PLINK (v1.07; http://pngu.mgh.harvard.edu/purcell/plink/) and logistic regression analyses were performed with first and second multidimensional scaling (MDS) components as covariates.

  Study phs000986

• Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (Echocardiogram Image Repository)

  The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) is a study of the characteristics of subclinical cardiovascular disease (disease detected non-invasively before it has produced clinical signs and symptoms) and the risk factors that predict progression to clinically overt cardiovascular disease or progression of the subclinical disease. MESA researchers study a diverse, population-based sample of 6,814 asymptomatic men and women aged 45-84. Thirty-eight percent of the recruited participants are white, 28 percent African-American, 22 percent Hispanic, and 12 percent Asian, predominantly of Chinese descent. Echocardiogram Image Repository includes Echocardiogram Images performed during MESA Exam 6 conducted between 2016 and 2018.

  Study phs003702

• Jeju Genome Project

  The Jeju Genome Project (JGP) is a multi-omics resource for precision medicine in a geographically distinct South Korean population. It comprises 5,309 participants (3,001 community-based; 2,308 hospital-based) with data spanning Whole-Genome Sequencing (WGS) and genotyping arrays. The hospital cohort is specifically enriched for neurological and rheumatic diseases and malignancies. By providing a population-specific reference panel, JGP enables high-resolution genetic architecture analysis, risk stratification, and the discovery of rare variants relevant to Jeju and broader East Asian populations.

  Study EGAS50000001706

• Selection of somatic escape variants in SERPINA1 in liver tissue of patients with alpha-1 anti-trypsin deficiency - WGS

  Somatic variants accumulate in non-malignant tissues with age. Functional variants leading to clonal advantage of hepatocytes accumulate in the liver from patients with acquired chronic liver disease (CLD). Whether somatic variants are common to CLD from differing aetiologies is unknown. We analysed liver somatic variants in patients with genetic CLD from alpha-1 anti-trypsin (A1AT) deficiency or haemochromatosis. We show that somatic variants in SERPINA1, the gene encoding A1AT, are strongly selected for in A1AT deficiency, with evidence of convergent evolution. Acquired SERPINA1 variants are clustered leading to truncation or coding change at the C-terminus of A1AT. In vitro and in vivo, C-terminal truncation variants reduce disease-associated Z-A1AT polymer accumulation and disruption of the endoplasmic reticulum, supporting the C-terminal domain swap mechanism. Therefore, somatic escape variants from a deleterious germline variant are selected for in A1AT deficiency, suggesting functional somatic variants are disease-specific in CLD and point to disease-associated mechanisms.

  Dataset EGAD00001015430

• Center for Common Disease Genomics (CCDG) Neuropsychiatric: Homozygosity Mapping Consortium for Autism (HMCA)

  In this study, we address the enormous challenges common complex diseases pose for genomic analysis and the enormous opportunities surmounting them offers for advancing healthcare. The common genetic disorders proposed for study are believed to have extreme locus heterogeneity, requiring the analysis of large numbers of samples to comprehensively identify the genomic variants underlying them. We propose that a combination of deep population studies and joint analysis of SNPs, indels, and structural variants, both in coding and noncoding regions, will provide the next level of understanding of common genetic disorders. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) will be critical to this next-generation approach to the genomics of complex disease. WGS will need to be accompanied by the technical ability to generate and handle very large data sets, a particular focus and strength of NYGC. WGS will also need to be accompanied by new statistical tools and algorithms, which will be developed by the strong core group committed to this proposal. An overarching goal of this proposal, one that capitalizes on the power of WGS, is to identify disease-associated variants at the individual nucleotide level. In many cases, pathogenic mutations fall in noncoding regions of the genome, which can only be fruitfully explored with WGS. A major effort was put into building new computational strategies to functionally annotate noncoding transcribed sequences, and to build new datasets to enable such strategies, opening new frontiers of understanding of disease-related regulatory variants.

  Study phs001894

• Whole genome sequencing with linked reads of pediatric glioblastoma samples

  Pediatric glioblastoma (pGBM) is a lethal cancer with no effective therapies. To understand mechanisms of tumor evolution in this cancer, we performed whole genome sequencing with linked reads on longitudinally resected pGBM samples. Our analyses showed that all diagnostic and recurrent samples were collections of genetically diverse subclones. Clonal composition rapidly evolved at recurrence, with less than 8% of non-synonymous single nucleotide variants being shared in diagnostic-recurrent pairs. In order to track the origins of the mutational events we observed in pGBM, we generated whole genome datasets for two patients and their parents. These trios showed that genetic variants could be (i) somatic, (ii) inherited from a healthy parent, or (iii) arose de novo in the germlines of pGBM patients. Analysis of variant allele frequencies supported a model of tumor growth involving slow-cycling cancer stem cells that give rise to fast-proliferating progenitor-like cells and to non-dividing cells. Interestingly, radiation and anti-mitotic chemotherapeutics did not increase overall tumor burden upon recurrence. These findings support an important role for slow-cycling stem cell populations in contributing to recurrences, since slow-cycling cell populations are expected to be less prone to genotoxic stress induced by these treatments and to accumulate few mutations. Our results highlight the need for new targeted treatments that account for the complex functional hierarchies and genomic heterogeneity of pGBM.

  Study EGAS00001003432

• Methylation-based classification of human mesenchymal chondrosarcoma

  We applied methylome and copy number profiling to a set of 45 well characterized MCS cases to evaluate their potential diagnostic value. Notably, the findings were reproducible also when analysing the round cell and cartilaginous component separately. Furthermore, four outliers were identified by methylome profiling for which the diagnosis had to be revised. Methylome profiling represents a sensitive, specific and reliable tool to support the diagnosis of MCS, particularly if only the round cell component is obtained in a biopsy and the diagnosis is not suspected. It can furthermore aid in confirming the diagnosis in case RNA sequencing for the HEY1::NCOA2 fusion transcript is not available.

  Study EGAS00001007042