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• PDX_models_from_Latin_America_RNAseq

  Acral melanoma (AM) is a subtype of cutaneous melanoma that occurs on glabrous skin of the hands and feet (palms, soles and nail apparatus) and which is relatively more common in non-European descent populations such as those of Latin America. Compared to other subtypes, it is poorly studied and experimental models that faithfully reproduce human AM features are urgently needed. We report the generation and preliminary characterisation of a collection of patient-derived xenografts of acral melanomas (AM-PDX) from Latin-American patients. PDX came from Brazilian and Mexican patients cared for at the Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA) and the Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia (INCan). The majority of the samples are acral lentiginous melanomas, ulcerated, with > 4mm Breslow depth and > 2 mitosis / mm2. Samples were mechanically fragmented and subcutaneously implanted in NSG mice and then collected for molecular analysis.

  Study EGAS00001008150

• PDX_models_from_Latin_America_WES_

  Acral melanoma (AM) is a subtype of cutaneous melanoma that occurs on glabrous skin of the hands and feet (palms, soles and nail apparatus) and which is relatively more common in non-European descent populations such as those of Latin America. Compared to other subtypes, it is poorly studied and experimental models that faithfully reproduce human AM features are urgently needed. We report the generation and preliminary characterisation of a collection of patient-derived xenografts of acral melanomas (AM-PDX) from Latin-American patients. PDX came from Brazilian and Mexican patients cared for at the Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA) and the Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia (INCan). The majority of the samples are acral lentiginous melanomas, ulcerated, with > 4mm Breslow depth and > 2 mitosis / mm2. Samples were mechanically fragmented and subcutaneously implanted in NSG mice and then collected for molecular analysis.

  Study EGAS00001005663

• RNAseq_of_healthy_mesothelial_cells_and_primary_mesothelioma_cell_lines

  Mesothelioma is a rare and aggressive cancer associated with previous exposure to asbestos. Currently there are no effective treatments for mesothelioma and majority of patients will die within a year after diagnosis. Although a large number of preclinical and clinical trials assessed the efficacy of various therapuetic modes, including anti-angiogenic therapies, immunotherapy, antibody-drug conjugates and oncolytic viruses, none of the tested molecules entered the clinic. Thus, to better understand what drives mesothelioma carcinogenesis and to identify novel targets for therapy, in this project we aim at performing a comprehensive transcriptomic analysis of heathy mesothelial cells and a panel of mesothelioma cells lines. Primary mesothelial cell lines were established in prof. Marciniak lab from human pleural specimens, while primary mesothelioma cell lines were obtained from MesobanK. Both models constitute low passage cell lines and therefore should closely represent genetics of the original tissue.

  Study EGAS00001005728

• PDX_models_from_Latin_America_Xenofiltered_WES

  Acral melanoma (AM) is a subtype of cutaneous melanoma that occurs on glabrous skin of the hands and feet (palms, soles and nail apparatus) and which is relatively more common in non-European descent populations such as those of Latin America. Compared to other subtypes, it is poorly studied and experimental models that faithfully reproduce human AM features are urgently needed. We report the generation and preliminary characterisation of a collection of patient-derived xenografts of acral melanomas (AM-PDX) from Latin-American patients. PDX came from Brazilian and Mexican patients cared for at the Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA) and the Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia (INCan). The majority of the samples are acral lentiginous melanomas, ulcerated, with > 4mm Breslow depth and > 2 mitosis / mm2. Samples were mechanically fragmented and subcutaneously implanted in NSG mice and then collected for molecular analysis.

  Study EGAS00001008231

• Effects of busulfan, fludarabine and clofarabine treatment on human small intestinal organoids generated from healthy donors

  The intestine is vulnerable to chemotherapy-induced toxicity due to its high epithelial proliferative rate, making gut toxicity an off-target effect in several cancer treatments, including conditioning regimens for allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HSCT). In HSCT, intestinal damage is an important factor in the development of Graft-versus-Host Disease (GVHD), an immune complication in which donor immune cells attack the recipient's tissues. Here, we developed a novel human intestinal organoid-based 3D model system to study the effects of chemotherapy-induced intestinal epithelial damage at the RNA level. We show that chemotherapy conditioning specifically reprograms the intestinal epithelial transcriptome after treatment with either busulfan (3.5μM), fludarabine (15μM) or clofarabine (0.5μM) for 24h. This knowledge can potentially enable us to understand which changes undergo in healthy tissues upon conditioning and how those are related with immune activation typical in GVHD.

  Study EGAS00001007550

• Splicing patterns in SF3B1 mutated uveal melanoma generate shared immunogenic tumor-specific neo-epitopes

  Disruption of splicing patterns due to mutations of genes coding splicing factors in tumors represents a potential source of tumor neo-antigens, which would be both public (shared between patients) and tumor-specific (not expressed in normal tissues). In this study, we show that mutations of the splicing factor SF3B1 in uveal melanoma (UM) generate such immunogenic neo-antigens. Memory CD8+ T cells specific for these neo-antigens are preferentially found in 20% of UM patients bearing SF3B1 mutated tumors. Single cell analyses of neo-epitope specific T cells from the blood identified large clonal T cell expansions, with distinct effector transcription patterns. Some of these expanded TCRs are also present in the corresponding tumors. CD8+ T cell clones specific for the neo-epitopes specifically recognize and kill SF3B1-mutated tumor cells, supporting the use of this new family of neo-antigens as therapeutic targets.

  Study EGAS00001005226

• SudanMitoSeq: Sudanese mitochondrial sequencing

  In various contexts, mitochondrial function or dysfunction can be linked to mitochondrial genome variations. The use of mitochondrial genetics thus promises personalized diagnostics and treatments. In order to devise specific precision medicine approaches based on mitochondrial genetic variation and to test them within clinical studies, control data is indispensable. Such control data needs to comprehensively cover genetic variation commonly observed and thus expected. In the context of this study we assessed whether current, world-wide mitochondrial data sufficiently represents the region of North and East Africa, that is, whether current reference data is ready for precision medicine in this region. Towards this, we sequenced mitochondrial genomes of 159 Sudanese individuals provided as part of this EGA study and analyzed them together with various other, publicly available data concerning mitochondrial variation. For details, please refer to the publication.

  Study EGAS00001005669

• Spatial atlas of clonal copy number alterations in co-existing benign and malignant tissue

  Defining the transition from benign to malignant tissue is fundamental to improve early diagnosis of cancer. Here, we use a systematic approach to study spatial genome integrity in situ and describe previously unidentified clonal relationships. We employed spatially resolved transcriptomics to infer spatial copy number variations in >120,000 regions across multiple organs, in benign and malignant tissues. We demonstrate that genome-wide copy number variation reveals distinct clonal patterns within tumours and in nearby benign tissue using an organ-wide approach focused on the prostate. Our results suggest a model for how genomic instability arises in histologically benign tissue that may represent early events in cancer evolution. We highlight the power of capturing the molecular and spatial continuums in a tissue context and challenge the rationale for treatment paradigms, including focal therapy.

  Study EGAS00001006124

• Multi-omic Profiling of Central Nervous System Leukemia Identifies mRNA Translation as a Therapeutic Target

  Central nervous system (CNS) dissemination of B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) has poor prognosis and remains a therapeutic challenge. Here we performed targeted DNA sequencing, transcriptional and proteomic profiling of paired leukemia infiltrating cells in the bone marrow (BM) and CNS of xenografts. Genes governing mRNA translation were upregulated in CNS leukemia, and subclonal genetic profiling confirmed this in both BM-concordant and BM-discordant CNS mutational populations. CNS leukemia cells were exquisitely sensitive to the translation inhibitor omacetaxine mepesuccinate, which reduced xenograft leptomeningeal disease burden. Proteomics demonstrated greater abundance of secreted proteins in CNS infiltrating cells including complement component 3 (C3) and drug targeting of C3 influenced CNS disease in xenografts. CNS infiltrating cells also exhibited selection for stemness traits and metabolic reprogramming. Overall, our study identifies therapeutic targeting of mRNA translation as a novel therapeutic approach for B-ALL leptomeningeal disease.

  Study EGAS00001005647

• Gene copy number variation in pediatric mental illness in a general population

  We assessed the relationship of gene copy number variation (CNV) in mental health/neurodevelopmental traits and diagnoses, physical health, and cognitive biomarkers in a community sample of 7,100 unrelated European, and East Asian children and youth (Spit for Science). Diagnoses of mental health disorders were found in 17.5% of participants and 27.6% scored in the highest 10% on either or both ADHD and OCD trait measures. Clinically relevant CNVs were present in 3.9% of participants and were associated with elevated scores on a continuous measure of ADHD (p=5.0×10-3), on a cognitive biomarker of mental health (response inhibition (p=1.0×10-2)), and on prevalence of mental disorders (p=1.9×10-6, odds ratio: 3.09). With a rise of mental illness, our data establishes a baseline for delineating genetic contributors in paediatric-onset conditions.

  Study EGAS00001006659