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• Accumulation of copy number alterations and clinical progression across advanced prostate cancer

  The burden of copy number alterations positively associated with radiologically-evident distant metastases at diagnosis (P=0.00006) and showed a non-linear relationship with clinical outcome on univariable and multivariable analysis, characterised by a sharp increase in the relative risk of progression (P=0.003) and death (P=0.045) for each unit increase, stabilising into more modest increases with higher burdens. This association between copy number burden and outcome was similar in each of the four metastatic states. Copy number loss occurred significantly more frequently than gain at the lowest copy number burden quartile (q=4.1X10-6). Loss of segments in chromosome 5q21-22 and gains at 8q21-24, respectively including CHD1 and cMYC, occurred more frequently in cases with higher copy number alteration (for either region: Kolmogorov–Smirnov distance, 0.5; adjusted P<0.0001). Copy number alterations showed variability across tumor regions in the same prostate. This variance associated with increased risk of distant metastases (Kruskal-Wallis test P=0.037).

  Study EGAS00001006251

• Pediatric Patient-Derived-Xenograft development in MAPPYACTS – international pediatric cancer precision medicine trial in relapsed and refractory tumors

  Pediatric patients with recurrent and refractory cancers are in most need for new treatments. This study developed patient-derived-xenograft (PDX) models within the European MAPPYACTS cancer precision medicine trial (NCT02613962). To date, 131 PDX models were established following heterotopical and/or orthotopical implantation in immunocompromised mice: 76 sarcomas, 25 other solid tumors, 12 central nervous system tumors, 15 acute leukemias, and 3 lymphomas. PDX establishment rate was 43%. Histology, whole exome and RNA sequencing revealed a high concordance with the primary patient’s tumor profile, human leukocyte-antigen characteristics and specific metabolic pathway signatures. A detailed patient molecular characterization, including specific mutations prioritized in the clinical molecular tumor boards are provided. Ninety models were shared with the IMI2 ITCC Paediatric Preclinical Proof-of-concept Platform (IMI2 ITCC-P4) for further exploitation. This new PDX biobank of unique recurrent childhood cancers provides an essential support for basic and translational research and new treatments development in advanced pediatric malignancies.

  Study EGAS00001007327

• Immune variation leads to diverse outcomes in human malaria (2020-01-15)

  Falciparum malaria is clinically heterogeneous and yet in most cases the risk of life-threatening disease dramatically declines after the first few infections of life because children rapidly acquire disease tolerance (resistance to severe malaria without improved control of parasite burden). Identifying the factors that determine clinical outcome in a malaria-naive host is therefore paramount to reduce malaria mortality. However, the relative contribution of disease-causing variants of the Plasmodium var gene family versus pathogenic inflammatory cytokine cascades remains fiercely debated - we sought to reconcile these conflicting arguments by studying their interaction in vivo. To this end, two human challenge models were used to reveal the parasite-host interactions that underpin variation in falciparum malaria. To capture the diversity of human immune responses, each individual was analysed independently by tracking dynamic changes in their whole blood transcriptome through time. And to uncover evidence of preferential expansion of disease-causing variants, var gene expression was tracked in vivo from the start to end of infection. In this way, we could show that group A var genes are always expressed upon liver egress but in a minority population that does not increase over 10-days of blood cycling; there is no selection of disease-causing variants in the naive host. In fact, parasites do not respond in any way to differences or changes in host environment. On the other hand, host-intrinsic variation determines the intensity of inflammation and progression to clinical malaria. And furthermore, regulation of the interferon signaling network controls host fate. These data emphasise the role of human immune decision-making in shaping course & outcome of infection. This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/ . This dataset contains all the data available for this study on 2020-01-15.

  Dataset EGAD00001005790

• Metagenomic Epidemiology of Antibiotic Resistance in Infectious Diarrhea

  The study of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in infectious diarrhea has generally been limited to cultivation, antimicrobial susceptibility testing and targeted PCR assays. When individual strains of significance are identified, whole genome shotgun (WGS) sequencing of important clones and clades is performed. Genes that encode resistance to antibiotics have been detected in environmental, insect, human and animal metagenomes and are known as "resistomes". While metagenomic datasets have been mined to characterize the healthy human gut resistome in the Human Microbiome Project and MetaHIT and in a Yanomani Amerindian cohort, directed metagenomic sequencing has not been used to examine the epidemiology of AMR. Especially in developing countries where sanitation is poor, diarrhea and enteric pathogens likely serve to disseminate antibiotic resistance elements of clinical significance. Unregulated use of antibiotics further exacerbates the problem by selection for acquisition of resistance. This is exemplified by recent reports of multiple antibiotic resistance in Shigella strains in India, in Escherichia coli in India and Pakistan, and in nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) in South-East Asia. We propose to use deep metagenomic sequencing and genome level assembly to study the epidemiology of AMR in stools of children suffering from diarrhea. Here the epidemiology component will be surveillance and analysis of the microbial composition (to the bacterial species/strain level where possible) and its constituent antimicrobial resistance genetic elements (such as plasmids, integrons, transposons and other mobile genetic elements, or MGEs) in samples from a cohort where diarrhea is prevalent and antibiotic exposure is endemic. The goal will be to assess whether consortia of specific mobile antimicrobial resistance elements associate with species/strains and whether their presence is enhanced or amplified in diarrheal microbiomes and in the presence of antibiotic exposure. This work could potentially identify clonal complexes of organisms and MGEs with enhanced resistance and the potential to transfer this resistance to other enteric pathogens. We have performed WGS, metagenomic assembly and gene/protein mapping to examine and characterize the types of AMR genes and transfer elements (transposons, integrons, bacteriophage, plasmids) and their distribution in bacterial species and strains assembled from DNA isolated from diarrheal and non-diarrheal stools. The samples were acquired from a cohort of pediatric patients and controls from Colombia, South America where antibiotic use is prevalent. As a control, the distribution and abundance of AMR genes can be compared to published studies where resistome gene lists from healthy cohort sequences were compiled. Our approach is more epidemiologic in nature, as we plan to identify and catalogue antimicrobial elements on MGEs capable of spread through a local population and further we will, where possible, link mobile antimicrobial resistance elements with specific strains within the population.

  Study phs001260

• Brain Arteriovenous Malformation Genetics Study

  The Predictors of Spontaneous Cerebral AVM Hemorrhage study was designed to identify genetic markers that predict adverse outcomes in brain arteriovenous malformation (BAVM) patients, examine race-ethnicity influences on BAVM hemorrhage risk, and use genome-wide association analysis to identify novel genetic predictors of AVM and hemorrhage using the Affymetrix GeneChip. We performed the first genome-wide association study (GWAS) (PMID: 26818729) of sporadic BAVM to investigate association of common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with risk of sporadic BAVM in the international, multicenter Genetics of Arteriovenous Malformation (GEN-AVM) consortium. The study included a Caucasian discovery cohort of 515 BAVM cases and 1,191 controls genotyped using Affymetrix genome-wide SNP arrays. The Phase 1 discovery cohort comprised of 338 BAVM cases (154 male) and 504 controls genotyped using the Affymetrix Genome-Wide Human SNP Array 6.0. The molecular data (individual genetic data) for the Phase 1 discovery cohort 338 BAVM cases (self-reported Caucasian) recruited at University of California, San Francisco, or Kaiser Permanente of Northern California (KPNC) are included in the dbGaP Study Report: Brain Arteriovenous Malformation Genetics Study, with the additional BAVM case phenotypic and sample attribute characteristics: sex, race, age at BAVM diagnosis, hemorrhagic presentation, BAVM size. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants and the study was approved by the respective Institutional Review Boards. The molecular dataset for this study in dbGaP is based on the genotypes obtained for the initial set of 906,600 SNPs for cases and controls called together using Birdseed v2 algorithm in Affymetrix Genotyping Console Software. The final QC'd dataset includes 717,335 markers as SNPs with MAF<0.01 or deviating from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P<0.00001) in controls were excluded. After QC, the average genotyping call rate was 99%. The discovery phase GWAS identified 57 top BAVM-associated SNPs which were tested in a replication cohort including 608 BAVM cases and 744 controls. The molecular dataset for these 338 BAVM cases was also included in a report investigating common and rare genome-wide copy number variation for association with BAVM (PMID: 24098321), which included a total sample size of 371 sporadic Caucasian BAVM cases and 563 Caucasian controls. This study identified a CNV region on 1p36.13 (NBPF1 locus) that was significantly enriched with duplications in BAVM cases compared to controls, although this association did not replicate in an independent cohort of 184 sporadic BAVM cases and 182 controls. This resource will help researchers to better understand the genetic risk factors for BAVM and/or hemorrhage. These data may be applied to examine the genetic contributions to arteriovenous malformation, stroke, and related vascular disorders and may help generate hypotheses regarding the genetics of cerebrovascular disease.

  Study phs002069

• The Genomic Landscape of Mongolian Hepatocellular Carcinoma

  Background and Hypotheses: Mongolia has the highest reported incidence of - and mortality from - hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the world, which is between three and seven times higher than that observed in other high-incidence populations, such as South Korea, Thailand, and China. Although its causative factors and underlying tumor biology remain unknown, risk factors such as chronic hepatitis B virus and/or hepatitis C virus infection are highly prevalent. Moreover, Mongolia has an extraordinarily high prevalence of hepatitis delta virus (HDV), more than ten times above the global estimate, which we hypothesize as a major driver of Mongolian hepatocarcinogenesis. By performing a comprehensive and integrative genomic characterization, we aimed to identify robust molecular subclasses and driver features informative of the etiology and progression of the disease. This study, the first one of this nature ever to be conducted on a Mongolian cohort, identifies similarities to previous studies performed on other populations (which reflect general characteristics of liver carcinogenesis) as well as unique features of Mongolian HCC. Study Design and Methods: Clinical information and paired tumor/non-tumor liver tissue samples were obtained from 76 HCC patients undergoing surgery at the National Cancer Center of Mongolia. Transcriptome sequencing and whole exome sequencing were performed on all tumor and non-tumor samples, followed by bioinformatics processing and quality control. Consensus clustering and regularized Cox regression analyses were performed on transcriptome data. Driver mutations and mutational signatures were assessed. These results were compared to those from 373 HCC patients of different races and ethnicities and diverse etiologies. Furthermore, molecular subclass gene signatures from multiple previous studies were assessed for validation. Results and Conclusions: Using a transcriptomics-based unsupervised approach, we identified four molecular subclasses among Mongolian HCC cases, which were associated with different patient survival outcomes. These molecular subclasses were mapped to signatures reported in other HCC cohorts, showing significant associations consistent with survival outcomes. A supervised analysis determined risk scores strongly associated with survival, consistent with the four molecular subclasses. Mutational signature analysis using recently published COSMIC and Environmental Agents Compendia identified signatures with distinct prevalence among HDV+ and HVD- groups. Signatures differentially associated with HDV+ include mutational patterns linked to alkylating agents (such as temozolomide), tobacco chewing and exposures to 1,8-Dinitropyrene and furan, whereas HDV- appeared differentially associated with aristolochic acid II. In addition to common driver mutations (TP53, CTNNB1) frequently found in pan-cancer analysis, Mongolian HCC exhibits several unique drivers (most notably GTF2IRD2B, PNRC2, and SPTA1), the latter of which may be linked to HDV infection. These results suggest the existence of new molecular mechanisms at play in Mongolian hepatocarcinogenesis.

  Study phs002000

• NIDA Genetic Epidemiology of Opioid Dependence in Bulgaria (GEODB)

  The study was conducted in Bulgaria as a collaboration between the Molecular Medicine Center (Medical University, Sofia), the Bulgarian Addictions Institute (Sofia), the Initiative for Health Foundation (Sofia) and Washington University School of Medicine (Saint Louis, MO, USA). This is a case-population control study. Participants (N=2,499 interviews; N=1,995 with GWAS data) in our study are primarily active heroin users (78%) aged 18 and over, with a median 8.9 years of daily heroin use (minimum of 12 months). Virtually all participants (99.1%) qualified for a lifetime DSM-IV diagnosis of dependence, symptom endorsement probabilities ranging from 77% to 99.3%; and 61% endorsing all symptoms. 85% were heroin injectors and 97% reported using (or having used) heroin daily. Anonymized, population-representative control samples (no phenotypic data, N = 1,062 with GWAS data) were drawn from the MMC repository. Unlike other studies, where samples are clinically ascertained (e.g., from ORT programs), our participants are primarily untreated. PTSD, major depression, suicidality, mania, alcohol, nicotine and substance dependence (separating heroin and opioids) were assessed using the MAGIC (Todd et al., 2003, PMID: 14627881), a broad semi-structured psychiatric assessment tool with good reliability and prospective stability. The onset of (any) illicit drug use in this sample is not particularly remarkable (age~16), but the age of onset of heroin use is much lower than in the USA: 25% by age 16; 50% by age 19, with no differences between ethnicities or gender. This is consistent with findings from other studies in Bulgaria. In contrast, in 2008, SAMHSA estimated an average age of 23.4 for new heroin initiates in the USA. Further, progression from first use to regular use appears to be more rapid, with the majority of participants reporting onset of dependence problems within one year of initiation. Another unique aspect of this study population are the comparatively low levels of polysubstance use (outside of nicotine and alcohol). This early-use, fast-transition and monosubstance heroin pattern stands in sharp contrast to what is reported in many studies in the Western World. In our study, 47% of Ethnic Bulgarians and 66% of Roma used only opioids, even years after the onset of drug use. 15.4% of Ethnic Bulgarians and 66.2% of Roma reported heroin as the very first illicit drug used. Lifetime, 12.5% of Ethnic Bulgarians and 52.8% of Roma report never having used another illicit drug other than heroin more than five times. While both Roma and Ethnic Bulgarians certainly experiment with other drugs, abuse/dependence rates for these drugs are low in Ethnic Bulgarians (from 8.4% for inhalants to 28% for stimulants) and in the Roma population (from 1.3% for hallucinogens to 11.2% for stimulants).

  Study phs001804

• Heart Failure Network Aldosterone Targeted Neurohormonal Combined with Natriuresis Therapy - (HFN ATHENA-BioLINCC)

  ObjectiveTo assess whether high-dose spironolactone treatment for patients with acute heart failure lowers natriuretic peptide levels and improves outcomes better than usual care.BackgroundAcute heart failure (AHF) accounts for more than a million hospitalizations in the United States annually. The role of low-dose mineralocorticoid receptors antagonists (MRAs) therapy as a neurohormonal antagonist is well established for the treatment of chronic heart failure and reduced ejection fraction. However, the role of high-dose MRA therapy in AHF remained uncertain. A previous clinical trial suggested that the benefits of high-dose MRA therapy in AHF included lower natriuretic peptide levels, less congestion, better renal function, and less need for an intravenous diuretic. The use of intravenous loop diuretics can intensify secondary hyperaldosteronism among AHF patients, and hyperaldosteronism directly contributes to diuretic resistance in AHF. Elevated aldosterone levels in AHF are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular mortality and HF readmission. Hospitalizations for heart failure are associated with increased risk of mortality and/or readmission.The HFN-ATHENA trial was conducted to determine if mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists administered at high doses relieved congestion, decreased diuretic resistance, and mitigated the effects of adverse neurohormonal activation in AHF.SubjectsThe ATHENA trial enrolled 360 participants. Of these, 178 participants were randomized to usual care treatment (placebo or low-dose spironolactone) and 182 participants were randomized to high-dose spironolactone.DesignThe study intervention was initiated within 24 hours of patients receiving the first dose of intravenous diuretics. Participants not taking spironolactone at enrollment were randomized to 100 mg spironolactone or a placebo. Participants taking low-dose spironolactone before their hospital admission were randomized to 100 mg or 25 mg per day in the usual care treatment arm. Prescription of all other medications, including diuretics, was left at the discretion of the treating physician. The study drug was discontinued after 96 hours and further MRA use was left to the treating physician's discretion. The primary end point was the proportional change in the log NT-proBNP levels from randomization to 96 hours (or at the hospital discharge if the discharge occurred earlier than 96 hours). Secondary endpoints included: (1) a clinical congestion score; (2) dyspnea relief; (3) daily cumulative net urine output for up to 96 hours; (4) net weight change from baseline to 96 hours or discharge (whichever came first); (5) furosemide equivalents of the loop diuretic dosage at discharge; and (6) the development of in-hospital worsening HF, with signs and symptoms requiring additional therapy.ConclusionsThere was no significant difference in the primary or secondary endpoints between the high-dose treatment arm and the usual care treatment arm.

  Study phs003506

• Pathogenesis and Immunity in Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma

  This genomic landscape of Burkitt lymphoma represents a multimodal sequencing of tumors and control tissues and individuals to better understand the etiology, and molecular pathogenesis of Burkitt lymphoma including the roles of the associated Plasmodium falciparum malaria and EBV infections. Comprehensive sequencing set includes genomic, transcriptomic, and epigenomic datasets in concert with variable clinical phenotypes and outcome information such as anatomical presentation site, in-hospital survival rates, and EBV genome type. This deposit includes additional small RNA-seq data from endemic BL (eBL) tumors and RNA-sequencing data from sorted NK cell subsets from the peripheral blood of eBL patients. The additional small RNA-seq data are from tumor specimens from 17 eBL cases, of the previously deposited polyA RNA-seq data from 28 eBL cases (phs1282.V1). The additional RNAseq data from Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) of NK cell subsets, isolated from the peripheral blood of 7 eBL cases. The additional RNAseq data are from eBL tumor samples of 5 eBL cases, BL cell lines established from these tumor samples and also NSG mouse tumors created by implanting the established BL cell lines into NSG mice. The dataset also includes RNAseq data of the NSG mouse tumors after treatment with Rituximab (RIT) and Phosphate buffered saline (PBS). The fifth batch of data includes mRNA-seq from different passages of a single eBL cell line that have variable EBV phenotypes (low passage with lytic EBV and high passage with latent EBV). This batch also includes lytic and latent lymphoblastoid cell line (LCL) clones from a single blood donor generated through infection with the strain of EBV isolated from the aforementioned eBL cell line. For initial transcriptome analysis see: Kaymaz et al. "Comprehensive Transcriptome and Mutational Profiling of Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma Reveals EBV Type-specific Difference." Molecular Cancer Research, 2017, PMID: 28465297. For initial microRNA analysis see: Oduor et al. "Human and Epstein-Barr Virus miRNA Profiling as Predictive Biomarkers for Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma." Frontiers in Microbiology 8, 2017, PMID: 28400759. For initial NK subsets RNA expression analysis see: Forconi et al. "A new hope for CD56negCD16pos NK cells as unconventional cytotoxic mediators: an adaptation to chronic diseases." Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 2020, PMID: 32373555.For initial eBL cell line and mouse avatar RNA expression analysis see: Saikumar et al. "Endemic Burkitt lymphoma avatar mouse models for exploring inter-patient tumor variation and testing targeted therapies." Life Science Alliance, 2023, PMID: 36878637. For general overview of cohort study see: Buckle et al. "Factors influencing survival among Kenyan children diagnosed with endemic Burkitt lymphoma between 2003 and 2011: A historical cohort study." Int J Cancer. 15:1231, 2016, PMID: 27136063.

  Study phs001282

• Analyzing Somatic Mutagenesis in Systemic Sclerosis

  The study was undertaken with the aim of estimating differences in the mutational burden in lung tissues from healthy vs systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients. SSc is an auto-immune disease, with patients often developing cancer. However, the etiology of this phenomenon is poorly understood. As such we sought to uncover potential molecular mechanisms prevalent within SSc tissues that might be potentiating cancer. Samples were randomly collected from individuals from two broad ethnic groups, European (EA) and African American (AA). In total, samples were obtained from 7 individuals belonging to the EA group and 4 individuals from the AA group. For this study, ethnicity was not included as a confounding variable, given that the data set has roughly comparable number of individuals from both ethnicities for the healthy and SSc cohorts. Study participants ranged in age from 37-63 years old. Median age (52 years old) of healthy individuals was comparable to the SSc cohort (~48 years old). Participants were self-described as current/former smokers or non-smokers. Lung tissues were obtained under a protocol approved by the University of Pittsburgh Institutional Review Board. Written informed consent statements were provided to the University of Pittsburgh IRB by the study participants/patients. Sample sizes were determined by the ability of bulk lung fibroblast tissues to stably propagate in culture until single cell clones could be obtained. Samples for which sufficient cell density could not be achieved for downstream high-depth sequencing analysis were excluded from the study and are not reported. Five or greater than 5 samples are collected from each cohort including healthy and SSc patients. Subjects were allocated to two basic cohorts based on diagnosis at the time of explant. Participants with no reported lung anomalies were allocated to the "healthy" cohort, whereas individuals with reported lung abnormalities, primarily SSc with pulmonary fibrosis and/or hypertension were allocated to the "SSc" cohort. All tissue samples were cultured, propagated and processed in identical fashion without requiring individual-specific protocols. Additionally, equivalent amounts of DNA were used for preparing sequencing libraries from both cohorts, and all samples were sequenced using Illumina whole genome sequencing (WGS) and analyzed using identical computational pipelines. Our study primarily discovered that there is a significantly higher burden of somatic mutations in SSc samples, compared to healthy samples. We observed an overall increase in a range of mutations in genomes of SSc patients, including single base substitutions, indels, structural variants and copy number alterations. Additionally, we uncovered a novel mutation signature associated with SSc samples, hinting at the activity of POLH in these samples, and highlighting the potential nexus between inflammation, DNA damage, and cancer.

  Study phs003700

• Patient Registry for Primary Pulmonary Hypertension (PPH Registry-BioLINCC)

  Data Access NOTE: Please refer to the "Authorized Access" section below for information about how access to the data from this accession differs from many other dbGaP accessions. Objectives Establish a patient registry to evaluate the natural history, etiology, pathogenesis and treatment of primary pulmonary hypertension. Specific aims included the characterization of the demographic, medical history, family history, physical and laboratory findings of patients at time of diagnosis, and to characterize the survival duration of patients by traits evaluated at diagnosis and by medical interventions. Background There are several known causes of pulmonary hypertension: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congenital heart disease, mitral stenosis, left ventricular dysfunction and recurrent pulmonary emboli. Primary Pulmonary Hypertension is a disorder of unknown etiology which is diagnosed only after the known causes of pulmonary hypertension have been eliminated. Prior to the PPH registry, little was known regarding the epidemiology, etiology, natural history or ultimate survival among patients with PPH. In 1973, the WHO met to review the current state of knowledge on PPH and proposed the establishment of a multicenter collaborative study. The NHLBI PPH registry enrolled patients in the registry from 1981 to 1985. Participants Participants were enrolled into the registry from 32 medical centers throughout the US. Pulmonary hypertension was defined as a mean pulmonary arterial pressure of >25 mmHg at rest or 30 mmHg with exercise at catheterization. The diagnosis of primary pulmonary hypertension was only accepted after the following secondary causes of pulmonary hypertension had been excluded: pulmonary hypertension within the first year of life, congenital abnormalities of the heart, lungs, or diaphragm, pulmonary thromboembolic disease, diagnosis of sickle cell anemia, history of intravenous drug abuse, obstructive lung disease, interstitial lung disease, arterial hypoxemia, collagen vascular disease, parasitic disease affecting the lungs, pulmonary artery or valve stenosis, or pulmonary venous hypertension. Baseline and follow-up data collected on participants include demographic characteristics, chest radiograph, pulmonary function tests, lung perfusion scan or pulmonary angiogram, intracardiac left-to-right shunt, pulmonary hemodynamics, as well as a history, physical findings and other laboratory measurements. Participants were followed for approximately 5 years. Conclusions There were 1.7 females for each male in the registry, and females tended to present with more severe symptoms. The mean time from onset of symptoms to diagnosis was 2 years. Right ventricular hypertrophy was found in 87% of participants and right atrial pressure was elevated in 72% of participants. The estimated median survival was 2.8 years with single year survival rates of: 1 year, 68%; 3 years, 48%; and 5 years, 34%. (Ann Intern Med, 1987; 107:216-23, Ann Intern Med, 1991; 115:343-49).

  Study phs004275

• PanCuRx Translational Research Initiative

  The goal of the PanCuRx TRI is to seek solutions to the high fatality rate of pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC), the most common type of pancreatic cancer, by generating new knowledge about the genetics and biology of the disease, mechanisms of how tumours grow and tailored treatment options. PDAC is the fourth leading cause of cancer death in Canada and is expected to become the second-leading cause of cancer death within the next decade. The current five-year survival rate of eight per cent is the lowest of all epithelial cancers. There are major clinical challenges to treating the disease, including the fact that PDAC spreads to other parts of the body early so surgical removal of the tumour benefits few patients, that PDAC has proven relatively resistant to systemic therapies such as chemotherapy and that there has been limited benefit from the use of newer molecular targeted agents. The PanCuRx team has created the world’s first resource of tumour-purified PDAC whole genomes; more than 500 PDAC samples, with combined clinical annotation, have been successfully sequenced and analyzed at the Ontario Institute for Cancer research in Toronto. The resulting clinical genomic resource created from this data has led to multiple new findings that have established a framework to better understand PDAC biology and lays the foundation for new genomic approaches to better understanding the disease. The team also launched a clinical trial called COMPASS (Comprehensive Molecular Characterization of Advanced Ductal Pancreas Adenocarcinoma for Better Treatment Selection: A Prospective Study), which is recruiting patients with advanced PDAC (both locally advanced and metastatic) at The Princess Margaret Cancer Centre (PM) in Toronto. The study uses the molecular results from individual patient tumours to guide selection of better second line treatment on a case-by-case basis. The primary objective of the initial study was to assess the feasibility of collecting tumour materials from patients with advanced PDAC and delivering results within 56 days of biopsy. Having achieved this objective, the trial has expanded to other cancer centres across Canada. Pancreatic cancer is one of the most deadly forms of cancer and outcomes have not improved in four decades. The PanCuRx initiative is providing a better understanding of the disease and actively applying new knowledge to cancer patients through clinical trials. This knowledge will help to improve quality of life and prolong survival for pancreatic cancer patients worldwide.

  Study EGAS00001002543

• Genomic and Transcriptomic Landscape of Fibrolamellar Hepatocellular Carcinoma

  Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma (FL-HCC) is a rare liver tumor primarily affecting adolescents and young adults. Little is known of the molecular pathogenesis. To characterize the disease we performed RNA sequencing and whole genome sequencing on FL-HCC tumors and adjacent normal tissue. The results demonstrate few consistent differences on the chromosomal level and many hundreds of alterations in the expression of RNA transcripts.

  Study phs000709

• Temporal and Clonal Progression in Pediatric Ependymoma

  Whole genome and exome-based DNA sequencing of germline and tumor specimens from serial samples of a single patient's ependymoma. The findings reveal the extent to which treatment with radiation and chemotherapies resulted in the diversification of the tumor subclonal architecture and shaped the neo-antigen landscape, and provide new insights into possible molecular mechanisms of oncogenesis, treatment response and recurrence.

  Study phs001461

• Ciliopathies Exome Sequencing Initiative

  The study is aimed at identifying new genes involved in pediatric brain disorders from inbred families originating predominantly in the Middle East. Each patient analyzed to date has a specific and highly unique neurodevelopmental disorder that is likely to be recessive in nature. Many patients have one of the diseases along the "ciliopathy" spectrum of diseases, with evidence of kidney failure, retinal blindness and cerebellar ataxia.

  Study phs000288

• Relapsed Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL): Mutational Landscape

  Multi-agent combination chemotherapy can be curative in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Still, patients with primary refractory disease or those with relapsed leukemia have a very poor prognosis. Here we report the mutational landscape of matched diagnostic and relapsed pediatric and adult ALL samples. Our data provides comprehensive annotation of genetic lesions acquired at relapse and reveals diagnostic and relapse-specific mutational mechanisms in ALL.

  Study phs001951

• Inhibiting DNA Methylation Causes an Interferon Response in Cancer via dsRNA Including Endogenous Retroviruses

  We show that DNA methyltransferase inhibitors (DNMTis) upregulate immune signaling in cancer through the viral defense pathway and re-expression of epigenetically silenced endogenous retrovirus. In melanoma patients treated with an immune checkpoint therapy, high viral defense signature expression in tumors significantly associates with durable clinical response and DNMTi treatment sensitizes to anti-CTLA4 therapy in a pre-clinical melanoma model.

  Study phs001038

• CALGB/SWOG 80405: Genome-Wide Association Study of Patients with Advanced or Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Treated with First-Line Chemotherapy Combined with Cetuximab and/or Bevacizumab

  CALGB/SWOG 80405 (NCT00265850) was a randomized phase III study of bevacizumab, cetuximab, or the combination of these two monoclonal antibodies, in addition to systemic chemotherapy for patients with untreated metastatic adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum. We prospectively collected germline DNA and conducted genome-wide association studies using clinical outcomes and molecular features.

  Study phs003428

• 10x Genomics raw data of intestinal plasma cells

  The dataset contains raw fastq files (fastq.gz) for Chromium Single Cell 5’ gene expression (GEX), human B cell VDJ and feature barcode (CSP) sequencing from transglutaminase 2-specific and other small intestinal plasma cells isolated from four untreated celiac disease patients. Single cell 5’ gene expression, V(D)J-enriched and cell surface protein libraries were generated using Chromium single cell kits, and barcoded cDNA from a total of 5,000-10,000 cells per sample was generated using the 10x Genomics Chromium Controller. The libraries were pooled prior to sequencing on a NovaSeq 6000 instrument (Illumina) using the following configuration: read 1: 26 cycles, read 2: 89 cycles, index read 1: 8 cycles.

  Dataset EGAD50000000342

• Separation, characterization, and identification of individuals from multi-person blood mixtures with single cell ATAC-seq

  We report a deconvolution and identification strategy of scATAC-seq datasets using mixed PMBCs data. After sequencing the data were processed with the de-goulash pipeline and analyzed with aim to identify and acquire biogeogrpahical ancestry of the involved individuals. The study includes samples of biological mixtures and in silico mixtures in different mixed ration and cell volumes.

  Study EGAS00001007380

• Integration of T Cell Repertoire, CyTOF, genotyping and symptomatology data reveals subphenotypic variability in COVID-19 Patients

  A total of 61 patients (33 mild and 28 severe) with a median age of 51 years who recovered from COVID-19 were included in this study (Table 1). All collected samples were confirmed in diagnosis of COVID-19 by RT-PCR and positive IgG serolog. For the 61 patients, TCR-seq, CyTOF, and genotyping data were generated and analyzed in separate studies, as part of larger cohorts. In total, there are 143 variables, with 129 being quantitative (TCRseq and CyTOF metrics) and 13 being qualitative (symptomatology and genotyping). For more information about cohort characteristics, data adquisition an pre-processing, please visit PMID: 39227859, 36969980 and 37287057.

  Dataset EGAD50000000840

• RNA-Seq analysis of cocaine use disorder in Brodmann Area 9

  We aimed to identify cocaine use disorder associated changes in gene expression in the Brodmann Area 9 subregion of the human prefrontal cortex. RNA-sequencing was performed in N=13 individuals with and N=12 individuals without CUD. The individuals are originating from a cohort of N=42 individuals where DNA methylation (DNAm) levels were previously analyzed using the EPIC array.

  Study EGAS50000000150

• Luminal progenitor cell line iHBEC(CD117)

  Basal-like breast cancer originates in luminal progenitors, frequently with an altered PI3K pathway, and focally in close association with genetically altered myoepithelial cells at the site of tumor initiation. The exact trajectory behind this bi-lineage phenomenon remains poorly understood. Here we used a breast cancer relevant transduction protocol including hTERT, shp16, shp53, and PIK3CA(H1047R) to immortalize FACS isolated luminal cells, and we identified a candidate multipotent progenitor. We found that the apparent luminal phenotype of these oncogene transduced progenitors was metastable giving rise to basal-like cells dependent on culture conditions. After culturing the cells for more than 60 passages, cells were subjected to scRNA-seq as well as bulk RNA sequencing of two subpopulations (CD271+ and CD271-).

  Dataset EGAD50000000723

• Targeted long-read snIso-Seq of the human brain in neurodegenerative diseases

  Nuclei were extracted from postmortem human brain, and cDNA libraries were generated using the 10X Genomics 3' v3.1 kit. Prior to fragmentation, 75% of the library was reserved for long-read sequencing. This unfragmented library was used for target enrichment with a custom 50 gene probe panel from Twist Biosciences. The resulting amplified cDNA libraries were sequenced on a Sequel II. The files provided have undergone CCS generation, and we recommend following the guidelines in https://isoseq.how/ for further analysis starting with removal of primers using lima. The primer sequences that should be supplied are the Read 1 and TSO primers from the 10X Genomics kit.

  Dataset EGAD50000000179

• Whole genome sequencing to detect spontaneous acquired mutations in mismatch repair-deficient human colon organoids

  Individual outgrowing organoids surviving the medium-based selection were manually picked and propagated as clonal lines for a couple of passages to avoid unexpected mutation accumulation before being harvested for WGS/WES. 1 µg of DNA was used for WGS/WES by Agilent SureSelect V7 kit, with 8Gb per sample (50X average mapped) data throughput, sequencing on NovaSeq 150PE

  Study EGAS50000000114