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• NCI Cancer Model Development for the Human Cancer Model Initiative (HCMI)

  The Cancer Model Development Center (CMDC) project is part of the Human Cancer Model Initiative (HCMI) and is managed by the Office of Cancer Genomics within the Center for Cancer Genomics at the National Cancer Institute (NCI). The goal of the HCMI is to generate approximately 1000 novel human "next generation" tumor-derived models as a community resource. The models aim to faithfully recapitulate the cellular complexity and heterogeneity of human tumors. The CMDCs are tasked by the NCI with producing a proportion of the cancer models. Wellcome Sanger Institute (WSI) is a contributing member of the HCMI. Models developed by HCMI are being derived from a number of tumor types and subtypes (see below), including rare adult, pediatric and understudied cancers. The number of models and the clinical sites from which patient samples are acquired is increasing. Normal tissue, originating tumor, and tumor-derived models are sequenced. The next generation cancer models are associated with rich clinical and genomic data through the NCI Genomic Data Commons for all researchers to advance cancer research. The CMDC and HCMI models will serve as excellent tools in research to provide insight into the pathways that influence tumor growth and progression, how tumors respond to therapy, etc. Ultimately, the data generated using these models will support the development of personalized oncology. There is a delay between registered IDs and model availability. The current model count is found in The HCMI Searchable Catalog which is updated when new models are available for distribution to the research community.

  Study phs001486

• Digitalis Investigation Group (DIG-BioLINCC)

  Data Access NOTE: Please refer to the “Authorized Access” section below for information about how access to the data from this accession differs from many other dbGaP accessions. Objectives To determine the effect of increasing age on mortality, hospitalizations, and digoxin side effects in patients with heart failure (HF), and to determine whether the effect of digoxin on clinical outcomes varies as a function of age. Background The incidence and prevalence of HF increase with advancing age, but there are limited data on the clinical course and response to specific interventions in elderly patients with HF. Participants A total of 302 centers in the United States and Canada enrolled 7,788 patients between February 1991 and September 1993. Design The Digitalis Investigation Group (DIG) study was a prospective, randomized clinical trial involving 7,788 patients with HF randomized to digoxin or placebo and followed for an average of 37 months. Interactions between age and the following clinical outcomes were examined: total mortality, all-cause hospitalizations, HF hospitalizations, the composite of HF death or HF hospitalizations, hospitalization for suspected digoxin toxicity and withdrawal from therapy because of side effects. Conclusions Increasing age is associated with progressively worse clinical outcomes in patients with HF. However, the beneficial effects of digoxin in reducing all-cause admissions, HF admissions, and HF death or hospitalization are independent of age. Thus, digoxin remains a useful agent to the adjunctive treatment of HF due to impaired left ventricular systolic function in patients of all ages.

  Study phs003872

• Multiple Myeloma Clinical Targeted Sequencing of Patient Samples

  Purpose: Molecular diagnostics for the risk stratification of patients with multiple myeloma (MM) have languished in the area of cytogenetics and fluorescence in situ hybidization (FISH). However, here we present the case for next generation sequencing of MM patient samples to not only identify high-risk markers, but also mutations and deletions relating to immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs), and more importantly to guide the sequencing of immunotherapy regimens in response to intrinsic antigen escape as a means of treatment resistance and relapse. Experimental design: CD138+ cell selected samples (n=134) from bone marrow aspirates from patients with multiple myeloma were sequenced using a targeted panel in a clinical diagnostics laboratory. Data were analyzed for high-risk markers, treatment-related resistance mechanisms, and precision medicine targets to guide the future treatment of patients in the clinic. Results: High-risk markers including t(4;14), t(14;16), t(14;20), gain or amplification 1q, deletion of CDKN2C, and deletion or mutation of TP53 were identified in 15% of newly diagnosed myeloma patient samples. At relapse, alterations in the cereblon degradation pathway were found in 24.3% of IMiD treated patients. Deletions of 4p (CD38) were also enriched in patients who received anti-CD38 treatment (P=0.03) which were mostly monoallelic. Deletions and mutations were detected in TNFRSF17 encoding BCMA in patients treated with anti-BCMA regimens, and the information was used to change the treatment of the patients. Conclusions: Targeted sequencing of multiple myeloma patient diagnostic samples can be used for risk stratification, and also to monitor and adjust treatments as resistance mechanisms evolve.

  Study phs003908

• Transcriptome profiling of megakaryocytes and platelets: application to GP9- and IKZF5-related thrombocytopenia

  Platelets are anucleate cells produced in the bone marrow and derived from large progenitor cells called megakaryocytes (MKs). Platelets receive RNA transcripts from their progenitorial MKs during thrombopoiesis. However, the correspondence between platelet and MK transcriptomes is poorly understood, particularly in the context of germline mutations that cause platelet formation defects or thrombocytopenia. We have studied the effects of two such mutations on MK and platelet transcriptomes. We generated immortalized MK cell line (imMKCL)-based models of Bernard-Soulier syndrome and IKZF5-related thrombocytopenia. MKs derived from imMKCLs with either a homozygous deletion of GP9 (GP9-/-) or a heterozygous Y121F variant in IKZF5 (IKZF5WT/Y121F) exhibited reduced proplatelet formation (reductions of 96% and 57%, respectively). Platelets from patients with either GP9-/- or IKZF5WT/Y121F genotypes had broad transcriptomic dysregulation, suggesting that (pro)platelet formation defects due to mutations in glycoprotein receptor and transcription factor genes such as GP9 and IKZF5 affect the trafficking of transcripts from MKs into platelets. RNA-seq data from MKs at four stages of differentiation revealed widespread but distinct changes in expression over time between the GP9-/- and the IKZF5WT/Y121F genotypes. Dysregulated genes in GP9-/- MKs were enriched for RNA metabolism and actin/tubulin folding pathways while those in IKZF5WT/Y121F MKs were enriched for cell cycle pathways. Most of these genes were also dysregulated in the platelets of patients with the corresponding diseases. Our results suggest that patients with inherited forms of thrombocytopenia present with a transcript trafficking defect during platelet formation.

  Study EGAS50000001276

• Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE-BioLINCC)

  Data Access NOTE: Please refer to the "Authorized Access" section below for information about how access to the data from this accession differs from many other dbGaP accessions. Objectives: This is a National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute sponsored, four-center study designed to: 1) optimize symptom evaluation and diagnostic testing for ischemic heart disease; 2) explore mechanisms for symptoms and myocardial ischemia in the absence of epicardial coronary artery stenoses, and 3) evaluate the influence of reproductive hormones on symptoms and diagnostic test response.Background: Women tend to have a higher prevalence of chest pain than men, yet a lower prevalence of epicardial coronary stenoses, and diagnostic tests such as exercise-induced ECG changes tend to have a higher false-positive rate in women than in men. Thus, accurate diagnosis of ischemic heart disease in women is a major challenge to physicians. In addition, prognosis in women with abnormal diagnostic tests is largely unknown and the role reproductive hormones play in this diagnostic uncertainty is unexplored. Moreover, the significance and pathophysiology of ischemia in the absence of significant epicardial coronary stenoses is unknown.Participants: In Phase I (1996-1997), a pilot phase, 256 women were studied. During Phase II (1997-1999) angiographic and baseline data were collected on an additional 680 women to bring total enrollment to 936. Baseline data was also collected on a reference population of 70 women.Conclusions: Among women without CAD, abnormal Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) consistent with myocardial ischemia predicted cardiovascular outcome, notably higher rates of anginal hospitalization, repeat catherization, and greater treatment costs.

  Study phs004310

• CAGE-seq analysis of osteoblast derived from cleidocranial dysplasia human induced pluripotent stem cells

  Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) comprise a major portion of transcripts and serve an essential role in biological processes. Although the importance of major transcriptomes in osteogenesis has been extensively studied, the function of ncRNAs in human osteogenesis remains unclear. Previously, we developed hiPSCs from patients with cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) caused by runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) haploinsufficiency. To gain insight into ncRNAs in osteogenesis, we surveyed differential ncRNA expression profiling and promoter differences of RUNX2 using patient-specific iPSCs and cap analysis gene expression (CAGE) technology to define the promoter landscape. Revertant iPSCs (Rev1 iPSCs) edited by CRISPR/Cas9 system to harbor mutation-corrected RUNX2 exhibited increased proximal promoter expression of RUNX2, while CCD iPSCs did not. We identified 2271 ncRNA genes with altered expression levels before and after differentiation, 31 of which showed at least 20-fold higher expression in Rev1 iPSCs. Bioinformatic analysis also categorized AC007392.3, LINC00379, RP11-122D10.1, and RP11-90J7.2 as enhancer regulatory regions, and HOXA-AS2, MIR219-2, and RP11-834C11.3 as dyadic regulatory regions of these ncRNAs. In addition, two miRNAs, termed MIR199A2 and MIR152, were found to have high enrichment of osteogenic-related terms. Upon further examination of the role of MIR152 on osteoblast differentiation, we found that MIR152 knockdown induced upregulation of ALP and COL1A1 in Saos-2 cells. Thus, ncRNAs were found to regulate the osteogenic differentiation potentials of hiPSCs that are used for bone regeneration and repair owing to their differentiation potentials. These data allow understanding ncRNA profiles of hiPSCs during osteogenesis.

  Study JGAS000248

• Innate myeloid cell sbuset-specific gene expression patterns in the human colon are altered in Crohn's disease patients

  Background: There is a heterogeneous subset innate myeloid cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells, in the human intestinal lamina propria. Several studies have demonstrated that these cells contribute to the maintenance of gut homeostasis through induction of inflammatory responses and tolerance via cell type-specific mechanisms; whereas, disrupted innate immune responses are implicated in the pathogenesis of Crohn?s disease. However, the detailed mechanisms by which each innate myeloid subset regulates gut homeostasis and inflammation largely remains unknown. Aim: We aimed to clarify the comprehensive gene expression profiles of innate myeloid cell subsets in the lamina propria from normal human colons (NC) and the inflamed colon sites from patients with Crohn?s disease (CDi). Methods: We performed RNA-sequencing analysis and precise bioinformatics analysis on three innate myeloid cell subsets, CD14-CD11c-, CD14-CD11c+, and CD14+CD11c+CD163low cells from NC and CDi. Results: Transcriptional analysis of the three subsets from the NC showed distinct gene expression patterns and gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis revealed the associated innate myeloid subset-specific biological process (BP) terms. In addition, changes in gene expression patterns were observed in innate myeloid subsets from CDi. Furthermore, the core GO-BP terms for the genes upregulated in the innate myeloid cells from CDi were distinct from those found in NC. Conclusion: Our data identified the innate myeloid cell subset-specific transcriptomes and the associated enriched GO-BP terms in the NC and found these patterns were altered in CDi.

  Study JGAS000127

• Pediatric Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Whole Exome Sequencing

  BACKGROUND: Pediatric papillary thyroid carcinoma (PPTC) is distinct from adult-onset disease. Despite higher rates of regional and distal metastases and more frequent recurrence, there is, paradoxically, a highly favourable prognosis. Historically, only 40-50% of childhood PTC are driven by genomic variants common to adult PTC, while the oncogenic drivers in the remainder are unknown. METHODS: Fifty-two PPTCs were genotyped by candidate gene testing, followed, in a subset (n=32), by whole exome (WES) and transcriptome sequencing (RNASeq) to identify oncogenic variants in driver-unknown tumors and to explore gene expression patterns. FINDINGS: Thirty-one tumors (60%) carried variants identified by candidate gene testing, specifically: BRAFV600E(22%), NRASQ61R(2%), RET-CCDC6(19%), RET-NCOA4(15%) and PAX8-PPARG. Among the 21 remaining tumors with negative first-line genotyping, oncogenic variants were identified in 19 (90%). These were enriched with oncogenic fusions, with 11 non-recurrent fusion transcripts identified, including two that had not been previously described: STRN-RET and TG-PBF. Most fusions were associated with 3’ receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) moieties: RET, MET, ALK and NTRK3. Gene expression analysis defined three distinct clusters, which demonstrated differing expression of genes involved in thyroid differentiation and MAPK signaling. INTERPRETATION: Exome and transcriptome-wide sequencing identify genomic drivers of PPTC in 98% of tumors, whereas conventional genotyping leaves many tumors genetically unexplained. PPTC is driven, in the majority of cases, by oncogenic fusion transcripts involving one of a limited number of RTKs. These observations have broad implications for diagnostic testing and for therapeutic options in children with advanced disease.

  Study EGAS00001005187

• UK10K NEURO FSZNK

  In the UK10K project we propose a series of complementary genetic approaches to find new low frequency/rare variants contributing to disease phenotypes. These will be based on obtaining the genome wide sequence of 4000 samples from the TwinsUK and ALSPAC cohorts (at 6x sequence coverage), and the exome sequence (protein coding regions and related conserved sequence) of 6000 samples selected for extreme phenotypes. Our studies will focus primarily on cardiovascular-related quantitative traits, obesity and related metabolic traits, neurodevelopmental disorders and a limited number of extreme clinical phenotypes that will provide proof-of-concept for future familial trait sequencing. We will analyse directly quantitative traits in the cohorts and the selected traits in the extreme samples, and also use imputation down to 0.1% allele frequency to extend the analyses to further sample sets with genome wide genotype data. In each case we will investigate indels and larger structural variants as well as SNPs, and use statistical methods that combine rare variants in a locus or pathway as well as single-variant approaches. This Finnish schizophrenia sample set has been collected from a population cohort using national registers. The entire sample collection consists of 2756 individuals from 458 families of whom 931 are diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorder. Families outside Kuusamo (n=288) all had at least two affected siblings. All diagnoses are based on DSM-IV and for a large fraction of cases there is cognitive data.For further details/descriptions with regard to this data set please contact Tiina Paunio (tiina.paunio@thl.fi)

  Study EGAS00001000119

• UK10K NEURO ASD SKUSE

  In the UK10K project we propose a series of complementary genetic approaches to find new low frequency/rare variants contributing to disease phenotypes. These will be based on obtaining the genome wide sequence of 4000 samples from the TwinsUK and ALSPAC cohorts (at 6x sequence coverage), and the exome sequence (protein coding regions and related conserved sequence) of 6000 samples selected for extreme phenotypes. Our studies will focus primarily on cardiovascular-related quantitative traits, obesity and related metabolic traits, neurodevelopmental disorders and a limited number of extreme clinical phenotypes that will provide proof-of-concept for future familial trait sequencing. We will analyse directly quantitative traits in the cohorts and the selected traits in the extreme samples, and also use imputation down to 0.1% allele frequency to extend the analyses to further sample sets with genome wide genotype data. In each case we will investigate indels and larger structural variants as well as SNPs, and use statistical methods that combine rare variants in a locus or pathway as well as single-variant approaches. This sample set of UK origin consists of clinically identified subjects with Autism Spectrum Disorders, mostly without intellectual disability (ie. Verbal IQs >70). The subjects represent children and adults with Autism, Asperger syndrome or Atypical Autism, identified according to standardized research criteria (ADI-algorithm, ADOS). A minority has identified comorbid neurodevelopmental disorders (e.g. ADHD). Family histories are available, with measures of broader phenotype in first-degree relatives.For further information on this cohort please contact David Skuse (d.skuse@ucl.ac.uk).

  Study EGAS00001000114