Search Results - EGA European Genome-Phenome Archive

Center for Education and Drug Abuse Research (CEDAR)

Under its programmatic name, the Center for Education and Drug Abuse research (CEDAR), this Center of Excellence project was completed in 2015. The CEDAR sample consists of 775 nuclear families comprising an adult male (proband), his spouse/mate, and their biological child who is 10-12 years of age at recruitment. This child is designated as index child (IC), and is followed through age 30. Minimal exclusionary criteria were applied to maximize the sample's representativeness. Follow-up evaluations on ICs were conducted at ages 14, 16, 19, 22, 25, 27 and 30. Interim questionnaires were mailed annually beginning at age 20. CEDAR utilizes the family/high-risk paradigm. The offspring thus comprise high average risk (HAR) and low average risk (LAR) groups, constituting the majority of the CEDAR children sample: 250 HAR males, 100 HAR females, 250 LAR males and 94 LAR females. The remainder of the IC sample, 50 males and 31 females, are the offspring of fathers who have a lifetime non-SUD psychiatric dis-order. The follow-up rate from baseline to the final assessment is ~65%. The cohort of children is 76% White and 22% Black. The representation of females among ICs is lower than males, due to the later start of recruit-ment (2nd funding cycle; the study originally focused on males). The CEDAR genetic study has been augmented by the inclusion of its sample into the whole-genome genotyping effort conducted under the Genes, Environment and Development Initiative (GEDI). DNA from the blood samples of target children (index cases) and their siblings submitted to the NIDA Genetics Depository a Rutgers University was obtained and genotyped on Illumina Human660W-Quad Beadchips, with a high average genotyping rate of 99.8%. The sample comprised 158 females and 271 males (37 and 63 %), ~70:30 European- and African- American, with approximately 1:1 ratio of children of affected fathers and normal controls.

Study phs001649

Transcriptomic Analysis of HIV-Infected Cells

Defining the attributes of rare CD4 T cells that harbor latent HIV under therapy with anti-retroviral agents has been challenging due to difficulties in identifying and isolating these cells. These cells represent an important barrier to cure, and characterizing them would aid the design and development of novel HIV cure strategies. In this study, we addressed this challenge using a custom microfluidic technology named Focused Interrogation of cells by Nucleic acid Detection and Sequencing (FIND-seq) that isolates HIV-infected cell transcriptomes, based on HIV DNA detection. We applied this method to HIV DNA+ memory CD4 T cells isolated from blood from five persons with HIV who were receiving anti-retroviral agents. After curating samples based on data quality, we proceeded with bioinformatics analysis from three persons. This analysis identified six transcriptomic pathways that were inhibited in HIV DNA+ cells compared to HIV DNA- cells. These included death receptor signaling, necroptosis signaling, and anti-proliferative G-alpha12/13 signaling. Furthermore, we identified two gene clusters, including 60 and 85 genes, that were significantly associated with HIV DNA+ cells identified by co-expression network analysis. These genes included negative regulators of HIV transcription that were higher in HIV DNA+ cells, positive regulators of HIV transcription that were lower in HIV DNA+ cells, and other genes involved in the negative regulation of mRNA translation, additional RNA processing functions, and the regulation of cellular state and fate. We further examined these signatures in transcriptomic data from CD4 T cell subsets sorted by flow cytometry from nine persons with HIV. We found a partial similarity between the smaller cluster of genes and the signature of CCR6- peripheral TFH cells. Raw sequencing data from all eleven human participant samples included in the study are available. These include samples from two participants who were studied only by FIND-seq, three participants who were studied by both FIND-seq and flow cytometry and six participants who were studied only by flow cytometry.

Study phs003095

Small RNA Contents of Extracellular Vesicles from Patients with Cognitive Decline

In this proposal, we examined samples from living neurologically normal individuals (n=72), cognitively normal Parkinson's disease (PD; n=21), PD with mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI; n=18), PD with dementia (PDD; n=23), and dementia with Lewy-bodies (DLB; n=18), Alzheimer’s disease (AD; n=33) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI, n=38). The main goal for this study was to assess the diagnostic utility of small RNA contents from extracellular vesicles (EVs) for the prediction of cognitive decline. Plasma samples were collected and the RNA from extracellular vesicles (EVs) was isolated using the Qiagen exoRNeasy kit, and the small RNA contents were sequenced using the PerkinElmer NextFlex kit (v2). While PD is typically thought of as a motor disorder, there are significant non-motor symptoms that can be devastating. One of the most common non-motor symptoms of PD is dementia (PDD). While PD subjects that develop dementia all have Lewy bodies, there is often co-pathology with tau and β-amyloid found at autopsy or by PET amyloid imaging; thus, subjects diagnosed with AD were also included in the study. The development of the category, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in AD, and in PD, provides an opportunity to identify and examine a transitional state between normal aging and dementia; this is a patient population ideally suited for therapeutic intervention. Progress in the detection, validation, and standardization of molecular biomarkers from biofluids, such as extracellular RNAs (exRNAs), would be efficient and cost-effective aids in the assessment of disease progression, cognitive decline, and response to therapeutics. We have provided the raw fastq files for the sequencing data from each sample. We are also providing demographic information, as complete as we have for each person; including age, diagnosis, sex, and cognitive assessments.

Study phs003300

Investigating Genetics of Human Natural Short Sleepers (IGHNSS)

Sleep is essential for life. A good night's sleep is pleasurable and sleep deprivation is stressful. Prolonged sleep loss impairs temperature control, metabolism, immunity, and ultimately leads to death. Extensive observational and epidemiological evidence indicates that optimal sleep duration of 8 hours is associated with the maintenance of good health. In our society, however, most people only get 6.5 - 7 hours. Suboptimal sleep duration has a strong association with mortality and morbidity. Lack of sleep has been linked to cardiovascular diseases, obesity, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and other health/cognition conditions. It is clear that the biological need for sleep varies dramatically among humans. Sleep and circadian disorders can include Familial Advanced Sleep Phase (FASP), Delayed Sleep Phase (DSP), Advanced Sleep Phase (ASP), Natural Short Sleepers (NSS) or Long Sleeping. In example, Natural Short Sleepers (NSS) have a lifelong tendency to sleep only 4 - 6 hours per night and to awaken refreshed and energetic. Natural Long Sleepers biologically require 9 - 10 hours/night to feel well rested. The 'Sleep and Circadian Disorders Study' (SACDS) at the University of California San Francisco, set out to investigate the mechanisms involved in regulating sleep duration, patterns and sleep quality regulation by identifying and characterization of individuals and families with unusual sleep and circadian rhythm behavior patterns. SACDS participants were screened with a "General Sleep Questionnaire" that inquired about multiple aspects of sleep, including habitual work-day versus non-work day sleep-wake schedules, permits calculation of subjective habitual initial sleep onset, final sleep offset, and number of awakenings. There was an additional screening process including demographic data, sleep, mood, behavioral and general medical questionnaires, plus the study consent. After the extensive screening of 117 participants, blood samples were collected from 38 individuals and of those 10 samples were chosen for whole exome sequencing analysis.

Study phs001270

GMKF: Kids First Pediatric Research Program on Congenital Cranial Dysinnervation Disorders and Related Birth Defects

The Gabriella Miller Kids First Pediatric Research Program (Gabriella Miller Kids First Pediatric Research Program) (Kids First) is a trans-NIH effort initiated in response to the 2014 Gabriella Miller Kids First Research Act and supported by the NIH Common Fund. This program focuses on gene discovery in pediatric cancers and structural birth defects and the development of the Gabriella Miller Kids First Pediatric Data Resource (Kids First Data Resource). Both, childhood cancers and structural birth defects are critical and costly conditions associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Elucidating the underlying genetic etiology of these diseases has the potential to profoundly improve preventative measures, diagnostics, and therapeutic interventions. Whole Genome Sequence (WGS) and phenotypic data from this study are accessible through dbGaP and kidsfirstdrc.org, where other Kids First datasets can also be accessed. Goals of this ongoing study are to identify novel "congenital cranial dysinnervation disorder" (CCDD) genes and define the role of the wildtype and mutant genes in normal and aberrant development. The umbrella term (CCDD) refers to congenital birth defects with malformation of one or more cranial nerves, typically resulting in limitations of eye and/or face movement. Examples of CCDDs include congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles (CFEOM), congenital ptosis, Duane retraction syndrome (DRS), horizontal gaze palsy with progressive scoliosis (HGPPS), congenital 3rd, 4th or 6th nerve palsies, Moebius syndrome (MBS), and hereditary congenital facial paresis (HCFP). In some cases, anosmia, and disorders of hearing, sucking, chewing, swallowing, and breathing may also be classified as CCDDs. CCDDs can be accompanied by additional birth defects such as intellectual and social disabilities, developmental delays, limb anomalies, and cardiac, GI, and GU disorders. The genetic basis of multiple CCDDs has been determined, and the gene mutations typically alter cranial motor neuron identity or function, or perturb axon growth and guidance. Despite these successes, the genetic etiologies of many inherited CCDDs remain unidentified.

Study phs001247

Mechanism and Response of Thymoglobulin in Patients with Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS)

In people with MDS, the bone marrow stops making healthy blood cells and instead produces poorly functioning, malformed, and immature blood cells. This can lead to anemia resulting from too few healthy red blood cells, infection resulting from too few healthy white blood cells, and bleeding resulting from too few healthy platelets. The exact cause of MDS remains unknown, but it may be caused by abnormal autoimmune activity in which activated T cells, a type of white blood cell, prevent normal bone marrow production. ATG, a medication that inhibits immune function, can restore normal blood production in some people with MDS, but it is not known how this happens and why it does not happen in all MDS patients. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of ATG in adults with MDS and to determine which individuals with MDS are most likely to benefit from treatment with ATG. Based on disease severity and likely disease progression, participants will be separated into either a high-risk group or a low-risk group. Participants will be hospitalized for a 4-day period during which they will receive daily infusions of ATG. Oral prednisone will be given 2 days before hospitalization, throughout hospitalization, and then for 14 days after hospitalization to limit the side effects of ATG. Antihistamines and acetaminophen will also be given during hospitalization to reduce the chances of an allergic reaction to ATG. After discharge, all participants will attend monthly study visits that will include blood collection, review of disease symptoms, and evaluation of medication response. At Week 16, participants in the high-risk group will undergo additional blood collection, a bone marrow biopsy, and a thorough evaluation of disease progression and the effects of MDS on daily living abilities. Participants in the low-risk group will undergo these same procedures at Week 24. Follow-up for all participants may last up to 2 years.

Study phs000697

NHLBI GO-ESP: Family Studies (Hematological Cancers)

The NHLBI "Grand Opportunity" Exome Sequencing Project (GO-ESP), a signature project of the NHLBI Recovery Act investment, was designed to identify genetic variants in coding regions (exons) of the human genome (the "exome") that are associated with heart, lung and blood diseases. These and related diseases that are of high impact to public health and individuals from diverse racial and ethnic groups will be studied. These data may help researchers understand the causes of disease, contributing to better ways to prevent, diagnose, and treat diseases, as well as determine whether to tailor prevention and treatments to specific populations. This could lead to more effective treatments and reduce the likelihood of side effects. GO-ESP is comprised of five collaborative components: 3 cohort consortia - HeartGO, LungGO, and WHISP - and 2 sequencing centers - BroadGO and SeattleGO. Two major goals in the study of human malignancies are (i) to understand the genetic basis that underlies the predisposition of certain individuals to develop cancer and (ii) to identify the full spectrum of acquired mutations that occur in human cancers. There has been some progress in both of these areas with respect to hematologic malignancies but much remains to be discovered. As a result of recent advantages in sequencing technologies it is now feasible to sequence multiple individual whole exomes at reasonable cost. Such technologies provide a unique opportunity to transform our understanding of the biological basis of human cancer and to identify inherited genetic variants that predispose individuals to the development of hematologic malignancies. Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and acute leukemia are clonal disorders of hematopoieis. Our study involves performing whole exome sequencing of individuals with these disorders for the purpose of identifying (i) novel inherited genetic variants associated with the risk of developing of MPN/MDS/acute leukemia and (ii) novel acquired mutations associated with the development of MPN/MDS/acute leukemia.

Study phs000632

GATA2 Deficiency and the MonoMAC Syndrome

The aim of this study was to identify the germline mutation(s) in an extended family with individuals having MonoMAC Syndrome/GATA2 deficiency but lacking a canonical GATA2 mutation. GATA2 deficiency patients develop bone marrow failure, severe immunodeficiency and may progress to myeloid malignancies, including myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML). The definitive treatment for GATA2 deficiency is a bone marrow transplant. Approximately 90% of GATA2 deficiency patients have a known de novo or inherited germline mutation in the GATA2 gene, but ~10% have no identified mutation. The study was initiated with the first patient and her second cousin, both of whom were treated for MonoMAC Syndrome and received bone marrow transplants at the NIH. Pedigree analysis and clinical evaluation identified the individuals in several generations of these patients' near and distant relatives who are/were presenting or carrying the disease manifestations of GATA2 deficiency. Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) was employed on these patients' two related nuclear families to identify variants that segregated with the disease trait and carrier status of their families. Genotyping was confirmed with direct DNA sequencing of these and other family members within the extended family across generations. A single base adenine-to-thymidine change was identified in a highly conserved enhancer element ~117,000 bp upstream of the GATA2 gene. It creates a new Composite Element, a DNA motif known to be critical in the regulation of hematopoiesis. This variant is unique to this family and is not present in dbSNP or other variant databases. It segregates with the disease trait and obligate carriers throughout a large pedigree. In vitro studies show that this variant drives allele-specific overexpression of the GATA2 gene in cultured cells and luciferase assays. The WGS sequence from the nuclear families will be shared on dbGaP.

Study phs003269

The Effects of Long-Term Heavy Metal Exposure on Transcriptome Landscape in Human Peripheral Blood Cells

The present study investigates the impact of long-term residence in a mining area on transcriptome changes induced by heavy metal exposure in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 65 healthy subjects selected from the general population. This study includes the same participants which were recruited in our previous investigation on heavy metal long-term environmental exposure-related gene-specific methylation changes (phs003392.v1.p1). We performed a differential expression analysis to compare the mRNA transcriptome of 31 residents from the mining region (MRR) - individuals living in the Kapan mining area with reported environmental exposures to heavy metals - with that of 34 residents from non-mining regions (NMR) - individuals residing at a considerable distance from mining locations. We also evaluated the potential association of gene expression profiles with the blood metallome, including levels of Ca, Mg, Co, Fe, Mn, Cu, Mo, Se, Zn, As, Sb, Tl, Be, V, Ni. Poly-A selected strand-specific mRNA library was prepared with Illumina Stranded mRNA Prep kit. The sequencing was performed on the Illumina NovaSeq-6000 platform with 38.5 million single-end 100 bp reads on average generated per sample. Quality checking of the sequencing data was performed using Illumina Basespace reports and the program FastQC (V0.10.1). Reads were aligned against the Human Genome Hg38 using STAR (version 2.7.1a). According to our findings, long-term residence in a mining area is correlated with alterations in the blood transcriptome, with responses varying by sex. Pathway analysis revealed upregulation of immune response related pathways, and downregulation of translation and ribosome biogenesis in the PBMCs of the MRR. Pathways related to metal ion transmembrane transport, epigenetic modifications (histone deacetylases (HDACs) and DNA methylation) were upregulated in males, while in females mostly transcripts involved in inflammation and cytokine mediated signaling were upregulated. Additionally, among the dysregulated pathways, the TNF-α signaling via NF-κB showed opposite changes in females and males.

Study phs003657

Ipilimumab plus Decitabine for Patients with MDS or AML in Post-Transplant or Transplant Naïve Settings

Design and AimsThis study was a phase 1 clinical trial investigating the combination of ipilimumab (IPI), a CTLA-4 checkpoint inhibitor, and decitabine (DEC), a hypomethylating agent, for treating relapsed/refractory (R/R) myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The goal was to determine whether DEC could enhance the immune response to IPI without causing excessive immune toxicity. This study provides important insights into the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors with hypomethylating agents in treating high-risk MDS/AML and highlights the need for further research on optimizing immune-based therapies in these settings.Population InformationPost-HSCT arm: 25 patients (23 AML, 2 MDS; all relapsed/refractory).Transplant-naïve arm: 23 patients (15 AML, 8 MDS; 20 relapsed/refractory, 3 untreated).Data available through dbGaPDeidentified individual participant data, Multiplex immunofluorescence staining, Olink, RNA-Seq and Whole Exome SequencingPrincipal FindingsSafety & Tolerability: The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) for IPI was determined to be 10 mg/kg, though higher doses were associated with increased immune-related adverse events (irAEs).Efficacy: The overall response rate (ORR) was higher in transplant-naïve patients (52%) compared to post-HSCT patients (20%).Responses were more frequent at higher IPI doses (10 mg/kg). Some patients achieved durable remission (>1 year), often linked to irAE development.Toxicity: The most common grade ≥3 treatment-emergent adverse events included neutropenia (32%-48%), thrombocytopenia (28%-48%), and febrile neutropenia (36%-61%). irAEs were observed in 44%-48% of patients, with GVHD occurring only in the post-HSCT group.Survival Outcomes: Median overall survival and progression-free survival did not significantly differ between the two arms. However, in transplant-naïve patients, 1-year survival was higher in those who developed irAEs (72.7%) versus those who did not (33.3%).

Study phs003292

DNA Methylation in Prostate Tumor and Paired Benign Tissue for African and European Ancestry Men

We recruited prostate cancer (PCa) patients undergoing robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy at the University of Chicago Medical Center Urology Clinic between 2011 and 2017. Our study includes 76 African American (AA) and 75 European American (EA) men with PCa of Gleason Score (GS) ≥7, recruited by the Epidemiology Research Recruitment Core at the University of Chicago. All patients consented to the collection of questionnaire data, prostate tissue, and medical records. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Chicago. Following prostatectomy, prostate tissue was sent to the Human Tissue Research Center (HTRC) at the University of Chicago. Each sample underwent histological examination and Gleason scoring by University of Chicago genitourinary pathologists. The presence of adenocarcinoma was confirmed by overexpression of alpha-methylacyl-coenzyme-A racemase (AMACR) and areas for DNA extraction were marked. Tissue samples used for DNA extraction were obtained using with either a 1mm biopunch or laser microdissection of a 100 µm2 area of tissue. Genome-wide DNA methylation profiles were generated using Illumina's Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip array kit. Genome-wide SNP data was generated (from benign tissue DNA) using the Illumina Infinium Multi-Ethnic Global-8 v1.0 array at the University of Chicago Genomics Core Facility. We performed imputation using the Haplotype Reference Consortium (HRC, Version r1.1 2016) panel, which includes all samples from the 1,000 Genomes Project (Phase 3), using the Michigan Imputation Server. The imputed SNP data for mQTL analysis was imputed based on genotype SNP data which was all from benign tissue DNA and the methylation data was identified in both tumor and benign tissue, both AA and EA men, and identified QTLs co-occuring with prostate cancer susceptibility loci.Data including SNP genotypes, DNA methylation, tissue type, and participant characteristics will be available in dbGaP.

Study phs003516

Perceptions, Prevalence, and Patterns of Cannabis Use among Cancer Patients in NCI-Designated Cancer Centers

This study aimed to better understand the evolving landscape of cannabis use among patients undergoing cancer treatment across diverse geographic regions. It sought to characterize patterns of use, patient perceptions, and contextual influences such as legal status and provider engagement that affect cannabis use. Given the shifting legal environment, this study addresses a critical gap in the literature by providing data on how cancer patients integrate cannabis into their care. The available delivery methods of cannabis have also undergone dramatic changes and now include edibles, oils, tinctures, topicals, and inhaled forms. State-based policy changes are rapidly changing. Yet research on cannabis use by cancer patients across a variety of geographic settings remains limited. The extent of cannabis use, the perceived and real benefits and risks of use, potential interactions with cancer treatment and other medications, and impact on comorbid conditions are uncertain. Clinicians should be aware of the extent of use in order to assess potential drug-drug interactions, side effects, and contraindications; hence, an understanding of how cancer patients and clinicians engage in discussions about cannabis use is essential. Twelve NCI-designated cancer centers were awarded supplemental funding to conduct surveys assessing cannabis use among recently diagnosed cancer patients. Selected sites were in 8 states with varied legal status for medical and recreational cannabis use at the time of the survey. The 12 cancer centers independently received approval from their institutional review boards (IRB) and collected data from September 2021 to August 2023. Eligible participants were cancer patients or survivors who resided in their respective cancer center's catchment area. Cancer centers were responsible for sampling patients within their catchment area with the goal of 1,000 completed surveys. Ten out of 12 cancer centers drew probability samples of patients from patient lists defining their catchment area with some stratifying the sample in various ways including by cancer type, by sex, by race/ethnicity or by a combination of demographic variables.

Study phs004046

POU4F3 mutation screening in Japanese hearing loss patients.

A variant in a transcription factor gene, POU4F3, is responsible for autosomal dominant nonsyndromic hereditary hearing loss, DFNA15. To date, 14 variants, including a whole deletion of POU4F3, have been reported to cause HL in various ethnic groups. In the present study, genetic screening for POU4F3 variants was carried out for a large series of Japanese hearing loss (HL) patients to clarify the prevalence and clinical characteristics of DFNA15 in the Japanese population. Massively parallel DNA sequencing of 68 target candidate genes was utilized in 2,549 unrelated Japanese HL patients (probands) to identify genomic variations responsible for HL. The detailed clinical features in patients with POU4F3 variants were collected from medical charts and analyzed. Novel 12 POU4F3 likely pathogenic variants (six missense variants, three frameshift variants, and three nonsense variants) were successfully identified in 15 probands (2.5%) among 602 families exhibiting autosomal dominant HL, whereas no variants were detected in the other 1,947 probands with autosomal recessive or inheritance pattern unknown HL. To obtain the audiovestibular configuration of the patients harboring POU4F3 variants, we collected audiograms and vestibular symptoms of the probands and their affected family members. Audiovestibular phenotypes in a total of 24 individuals from the 15 families possessing variants were characterized by progressive HL, with a large variation in the onset age and severity with or without vestibular symptoms observed. Pure-tone audiograms indicated the most prevalent configuration as mid-frequency HL type followed by high-frequency HL type, with asymmetry observed in approximately 20% of affected individuals. Analysis of the relationship between age and pure-tone average suggested that individuals with truncating variants showed earlier onset and slower progression of HL than did those with non-truncating variants. The present study showed that variants in POU4F3 were a common cause of autosomal dominant HL.

Study JGAS000093

Single-Gene vs. Panel Sequencing in Advanced HR+/HER2− Breast Cancer

Background: Hormone receptor-positive (HR+)/HER2-negative (HER2−) breast cancer is the most common subtype of breast cancer, with biomarker-driven therapies improving outcomes. Liquid biopsies, which analyze circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), are increasingly essential in clinical management, offering a minimally invasive approach to assess somatic alterations and guide therapy decisions. However, the choice of assay directly affects clinical utility and global access to validated testing platforms remains inconsistent. To address these challenges, this study aimed to compare the performance of single-gene and panel-based sequencing for detecting PIK3CA mutations in HR+/HER2− breast cancer and evaluate the added value of broader genomic profiling in guiding treatment decisions. Patients and methods: We conducted a prospective, multicenter study comparing our previously established SiMSen-Seq (SSS) assay, a single-gene method targeting PIK3CA hotspot mutations, with the AVENIO ctDNA Expanded assay, enriching for 77 clinically relevant cancer genes. Additionally, tumor fractions were estimated with mFAST-SeqS by assessing chromosomal aneuploidy. We analyzed 161 plasma samples collected from 146 patients with HR+/HER2− advanced breast cancer before starting a new line of palliative therapy. Results: High concordance (92.6%) was observed between SSS and AVENIO for PIK3CA mutation detection, with accurate variant allele frequency (VAF) quantification confirmed by Bland-Altman analysis and linear mixed-effects modeling. AVENIO identified additional PIK3CA mutations in 19% of samples as well as other actionable alterations, including ESR1 mutations (17.5%) and PI3K pathway alterations (40.6%). Panel sequencing improved the interpretation of negative liquid biopsy results by integrating tumor fraction and VAF metrics. Conclusions: Panel sequencing assays such as AVENIO provide broader genomic coverage, enhance the detection of actionable mutations and refine the interpretation of negative liquid biopsy findings. These findings support the integration of comprehensive ctDNA profiling into routine clinical practice for HR+/HER2− advanced breast cancer while highlighting the need for improved assay accessibility and expanded genomic targets.

Study EGAS00001008200

Integrating molecular imaging and transcriptomic profiling in advanced HER2-positive breast cancer receiving trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1): an analysis of the ZEPHIR clinical trial

Purpose: The ZEPHIR clinical trial evaluated the role of [89Zr]trastuzumab-PET/CT (HER2-PET/CT) and 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose PET/CT ([18F]FDG-PET/CT) in predicting outcomes in patients with advanced HER2-positive breast cancer treated with trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1). Here, we combined molecular/metabolic imaging and transcriptomic data to investigate the biological processes associated with [89Zr]trastuzumab and [18F]FDG uptake, and to dissect the mechanisms involved in T-DM1 resistance. Experimental design: RNA was extracted from metastasis biopsies obtained at study inclusion in the ZEPHIR trial. HER2-PET/CT and [18F]FDG-PET/CT imaging data of biopsied lesions were integrated with RNA sequencing data. Lesions were compared based on the level of [89Zr]trastuzumab uptake (dichotomized into high/low classes) as well as on the presence/absence of metabolic response, defined comparing baseline and on-treatment [18F]FDG-PET/CT. Results: We analyzed matched transcriptomic and molecular/metabolic imaging data for 24 metastases (one lesion/patient). Pathways involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) organization, glycosylphosphatidylinositol synthesis, and collagen formation were enriched in lesions presenting low [89Zr]trastuzumab uptake. [18F]FDG uptake at baseline correlated with proliferation and immune-related processes. Hypoxia and ECM-related processes were enriched in lesions that showed no metabolic response to T-DM1. Interestingly, immune-related processes (e.g., Fc gamma receptor activation, complement cascade) were associated with high [89Zr]trastuzumab uptake and metabolic response. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this study represents the first correlative analysis between [89Zr]trastuzumab tumor uptake and gene expression profiling in humans. Our findings point toward a role of ECM in impairing [89Zr]trastuzumab tumor uptake and T-DM1 metabolic response in advanced HER2-positive breast cancer, and highlight the potential of molecular imaging to depict tumor microenvironment features.

Study EGAS50000000470

WGS, DuplexSeq and NanoSeq genomic data from histologically normal tissue in cancer patients

The extent to which mutagenic and non-mutagenic processes, including cancer treatment, contribute to somatic evolution in histologically normal tissue remains unclear. We subjected 168 cancer-free normal samples representing 16 different organs from 22 patients with metastatic cancer enrolled in the PEACE research autopsy study to high-depth duplex panel sequencing (coverage >20,000x). In every sample we identified somatic mutations (range 170 - 2,978) at exceedingly low variant allele frequencies (median VAF 0.0000323), consistent with a patchwork of mutated cells in normal tissue. By analysing the mutational spectra of each sample, we extracted 16 distinct single base substitution mutational signatures, reflecting somatic mutational processes that have moulded the genomes of normal cells. Signatures were found to be associated with diverse aetiologies, including alcohol-related mutation acquisition in liver tissue, smoking-induced mutagenesis in lung and cardiac tissue, and multiple distinct treatment-induced processes, which correlated with treatment and its duration. On average, in this cohort in which patients had each received several lines of anti-cancer therapy, exogenous sources, including treatment-related mutagenesis, underpinned >40% of mutations in liver samples, yet <10% in brain samples. Finally, we observed clear differences in the extent and effects of selection in different tissues, with positive selection in certain tissues, including lung (TP53, EGFR and PIK3CA), liver (NF2L2) and spleen (BRAF, NOTCH2), and limited selection in others, such as brain and cardiac. Over 25% of driver mutations in normal tissue exposed to systemic anti-cancer therapy, including mutations in TP53, could be attributed to treatment-induced mutagenesis. Immunotherapy, while not associated with mutagenesis, was linked to an excess of driver mutations in PPM1D and TP53, illustrating how non-mutagenic treatment can sculpt somatic evolution. Our study reveals the rich tapestry of mutational processes and driver mutations in cancer-free normal tissue, and the profound impact of cancer therapeutic and life-time environmental exposures on normal tissue somatic evolution.

Study EGAS00001008326

ImmunAID

The ImmunAID study is a multi-center research program aimed at improving the diagnosis and understanding of systemic autoinflammatory diseases. The study integrates immunological, and molecular data from patients across several European cohorts. Its objective is to identify biomarkers and biological pathways that characterize disease mechanisms and help differentiate between inflammatory conditions. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 779295. The project has generated genomic datasets, which are available through the European Genome-phenome Archive (EGA). In addition, it has produced several non-genomic datasets, listed below. All datasets have been fully anonymized in accordance with applicable ethical and regulatory frameworks. These non-genomic data are available upon request. To request access to these datasets, please contact: immunaid2024@gmail.com Your request will be studied by the Data Access Committee, and data will be made available upon approval. Non-genomic datasets available: Flow cytometry (general immune phenotype) — Dataset ID: ICKD2021569, size: 23 GB, 342 patients Somascan proteomics data — Dataset ID: ICKD2021570, size: 59 MB, 444 patients ELISA panel (Ferritin, CRP, HO1, IL-1B, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-18, IFN-γ, TNF-α) — Dataset ID: ICKD2021571, size: 295 KB, 439 patients Mass spectrometry (MS/MS) — Dataset ID: ICKD2021572, size: 1.8 TB, 447 patients ELISA (CRP/ SAA) — Dataset ID: ICKD2021573, size: 321 KB, 443 patients Flow cytometry (inflammasome activity) — Dataset ID: ICKD2021574, size: 899 KB, 307 patients Plasma lipidomics — Dataset ID: ICKD2021575, size: 1.1 MB, 427 patients Urine lipidomics — Dataset ID: ICKD2021576, size: 833 KB, 368 patients ELISA (alarmins) — Dataset ID: ICKD2021577, size: 129 KB, 108 patients ELISA (IL-18 / IL-1) — Dataset ID: ICKD2021578, size: 271 KB, 330 patients Flow cytometry (NK cell alterations) — Dataset ID: ICKD2021579, size: 14 GB, 216 patients Chemokine measurements — Dataset ID: ICKD2021580, size: 489 KB, 404 patients Luminex (multiple analyte measurements) — Dataset ID: ICKD2021581, size: 759 KB, 369 patients

Study EGAS50000001393

Genetic_Heterogeneity_of_the_familial_gastric_neuroendocrine_tumors

Gastric neuroendocrine tumors (gNETs) occur with an estimated frequency of 2 per 100,000 in the general population. Type I gastric neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) represent the 75% of gNTEs and arise from gastric enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells. They have late age of onset and usually benigh course. Classically, hypergastrinemia in patients who have autoimmune atrophic gastritis, causes hyperplasia of gastric ECL cells that progresses into type I gastric NETs and parietal cell (PC) destruction. The genetic bases in families with this disease are unknown. We performed an exome sequencing study of an atypical aggressive familial gNETs case (with early age onset, nodal infiltrations and gastric adenocarcinomas) that followed a recessive model. We identified a deleterious mutation in homozygosis in the ATP4A gene, which encodes the proton pump responsible for acid secretion by gastric parietal cells. This mutation lead to achlorhydria first, and hypergastrinemia and gNET developing as consequence (Calvete et al. 2014). Recently, two more families with gNETs, classical clinical traits and recessive model have been studies by WES but we didn't find any mutation in the ATP4a gene. However, putative mutations affecting genes that contribute to the development and the integrity of PC have been found suggesting that genetic alterations associated to this disorder target to a unique cell type (parietal cells). In order to cinfirm this hypothesis, it is necessary the search for new genes implicated in the gNETs, more familial cases are needed to be studied. We have identified four more new familial gNETs cases. Here, we propose their study by WES. The first family is formed by thress siblings with gNETs. The other families include two siblings with gNETs. This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

Study EGAS00001002273

Multiple Myeloma Total Therapy trial patient sequencing

The study of multiple myeloma (MM) genomics has identified many abnormalities that are associated with poor progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Copy number abnormalities have been extensively studied in many datasets with long follow-up, however, the prognostic impact of mutations have not been extensively studied and available datasets have generally had a relatively short follow-up. These analyses have identified a range of mutations that are associated with prognosis, making it important to extend these observations in larger studies with robust diagnostic technologies. Samples from newly diagnosed MM patients enrolled in Total Therapy trials (n=225) were sequenced on a targeted panel consisting of 140 genes and additional regions of interest for copy number, as well as tiling of the Ig and MYC loci for detection of translocations. Samples were sequenced to a median depth of 452x using 2x75 bp paired end reads. Reads were aligned to hg19 and mutations called using Strelka and filtered with fpfilter. Translocations were called by Manta, and copy number determined by read depth ratio and loss of heterozygosity comparison with a patient matched non-tumor sample. DNA was obtained from either CD138+ cells from the bone marrow of multiple myeloma patients (tumor) or from stem cell harvests or peripheral blood cells from the same patient (control). 100 ng of DNA was fragmented, end-repaired, and adapters ligated using the HyperPlus kit (KAPA Biosystems). After PCR amplification the libraries were hybridized with probes against either a targeted panel consisting of 140 genes and chromosomal regions (Nimblegen) using SeqCap reagents (Nimblegen). Hybridized libraries underwent further amplification before being sequenced on a NextSeq500 (Illumina) using 75 bp paired end reads There are 450 (225 tumor and 225 germline) samples in this study. 263 are available as part of this dataset. The remaining 187 are available with dataset accession id EGAD00001004117.

Study EGAS00001003223

mRNA capture sequencing and RT-qPCR for the detection of pathognomonic, novel and secondary fusion transcripts in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue: a sarcoma showcase

RNA sequencing is widely used to study gene abundance patterns, but less frequently to assess structural alterations such as fusion transcripts. In this study, we assess the performance of messenger RNA (mRNA) capture sequencing to identify fusion transcripts in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue of different types of sarcoma, followed by orthogonal confirmation using RT-qPCR. To validate our workflow, we used the TruSight RNA Pan-Cancer Panel to analyze a first cohort of 6 positive control tumors for which the diagnostic workup demonstrated the presence of a specific chromosomal rearrangement. Fusion transcript calling by FusionCatcher confirmed all known aberrations and enabled the identification of both fusion gene partners and breakpoints. Next, whole transcriptome TruSeq RNA Exome sequencing was applied to a second cohort of 17 patients, diagnosed with fusion gene-negative alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS) or undifferentiated round cell sarcoma (URCS), for whom fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) did not identify the classical pathognomonic rearrangements. Remarkably, for 6 out of 17 patients, mRNA capture sequencing readily detected a pathognomonic fusion transcript, i.e. PAX3-FOXO1 in 2 ARMS patients, and EWSR1-FLI1, EWSR1-ERG or EWSR1-NFATC2 in 4 URCS patients. These data show that RNA capture sequencing may enhance the detection rate of pathognomonic fusion genes in sarcoma. For the 11 patients with no known pathognomonic fusion transcript, 11 newly identified fusion transcripts were confirmed by RT-qPCR, including COPS3-TOM1L2, NCOA1-DTNB, WWTR1-LINC01986, PLAA-MOB3B, AP1B1-CHEK2 and BRD4-LEUTX fusion transcripts in ARMS patients. Additionally, recurrently detected secondary fusion transcripts in two patients diagnosed with EWSR1-NFATC2-positive sarcoma were confirmed (COPS4-TBC1D9, PICALM-SYTL2, SMG6-VPS53 and UBE2F-ALS2). Our results provide new insights into the underlying genetic causes of these malignancies.

Study EGAS00001005202

NHLBI GO-ESP: Lung Cohorts Exome Sequencing Project (Lung Health Study of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)

The NHLBI "Grand Opportunity" Exome Sequencing Project (GO-ESP), a signature project of the NHLBI Recovery Act investment, was designed to identify genetic variants in coding regions (exons) of the human genome (the "exome") that are associated with heart, lung and blood diseases. These and related diseases that are of high impact to public health and individuals from diverse racial and ethnic groups will be studied. These data may help researchers understand the causes of disease, contributing to better ways to prevent, diagnose, and treat diseases, as well as determine whether to tailor prevention and treatments to specific populations. This could lead to more effective treatments and reduce the likelihood of side effects. GO-ESP is comprised of five collaborative components: 3 cohort consortia - HeartGO, LungGO, and WHISP - and 2 sequencing centers - BroadGO and SeattleGO. The Lung Health Study I was a randomized multicenter clinical trial with 5887 participants carried out from October 1986 to April 1994, designed to test the effectiveness of smoking cessation and bronchodilator administration in smokers aged 35 to 60 with mild lung function impairment. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: usual care, who received no intervention smoking intervention with the inhaled bronchodilator ipratroprium bromide smoking intervention with an inhaled placebo The effect of intervention was evaluated by the rate of decline of forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1).

Study phs000291

33 patients with Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance (MGUS) had whole exome sequencing performed. Cells were sorted by FACSAria using CD138, CD19 and CD56 to obtain a pure abnormal plasma cell population. Generated somatic variants were compared to a previous study of 463 multiple myeloma patients.

Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is a premalignant precursor of multiple myeloma (MM) with a 1% risk of progression per year. Although targeted analyses have shown the presence of specific genetic abnormalities such as IGH translocations, RB1 deletion, 1q gain, hyperdiploidy or RAS genes mutations, little is known about molecular mechanism of malignant transformation. We have performed whole exome sequencing together with SNP array analysis in 33 flow-cytometry separated abnormal PC samples of MGUS patients to describe somatic gene mutations and chromosome changes at the genome-wide level. Non-synonymous mutations (NS-SNVs) and copy number alterations (CNAs) were present in 97.0% and in 63.6% of cases, respectively. Importantly, the number of somatic mutations was significantly lower in MGUS compared to MM (p<10-4) and we have identified 6 myeloma significantly mutated genes which are KRAS, NRAS, DIS3, HIST1H1E, EGR1 and LTB in the MGUS dataset. We also found a positive correlation with increasing chromosome changes and somatic mutations. IGH translocations were present in 27.3% of cases comprising t(4;14), t(11;14), t(14;16) or t(14;20) and were in a similar frequency to MM, which corresponded with primary lesion hypothesis. Data from this study showed MGUS is a genetically comprehensive disease, however overall genetic instability is significantly lower compared to MM.

Study EGAS00001001658

A Dose Escalation Study of Efmarodocokin Alfa (UTTR1147A) in Healthy Volunteers and Patients with Ulcerative Colitis

Background: The interleukin-22 cytokine (IL-22) has demonstrated efficacy in nonclinical colitis models with a non-immunosuppressive mechanism-of-action. Efmarodocokin alfa (UTTR1147A) is a fusion protein agonist that links IL-22 to the crystallizable fragment (Fc) of human immunoglobulin (IgG4) for improved pharmacokinetic characteristics, but with a mutation to minimize Fc effector functions. Methods: This randomized, phase 1b study evaluated the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of repeat intravenous dosing of efmarodocokin alfa in healthy volunteers (HVs; n=32) and patients with ulcerative colitis (UC; n=24) at 30–90 µg/kg doses given biweekly (Q2W) or monthly (Q4W) (6:2 active:placebo per cohort). Results: The most common adverse events (AEs) were on-target dermatological effects (dry skin, erythema, and pruritus) that were reversible. Dose-limiting non-serious dermatological AEs (severe dry skin, erythema, exfoliation, and discomfort) were seen in two HVs and one patient at 90 ug/kg Q2W. Pharmacokinetics were generally dose-proportional across the dose levels tested, but patients demonstrated lower drug exposures relative to HVs at the same dose. IL-22 serum biomarkers and IL-22 responsive genes in colon biopsies were induced with active treatment. Patients demonstrated changes in microbiota composition following active treatment, thereby reversing baseline dysbiosis. Clinical response was observed in 7/18 active- and 1/6 placebo-treated patients; clinical remission was observed in 5/18 active- and 0/6 placebo-treated patients.

Study EGAS00001006172

Genome-wide association study identifies common variants associated with breast cancer in South African Black women

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have characterized the contribution of common variants to the development of breast cancer (BC) in populations of European descent, however no GWAS have been reported in resident African populations. This GWAS included 2,485 resident African BC cases and 1,101 population matched controls. Two risk loci were identified, one on chromosome 15, located between UNC13C and RAB27A (rs7181788, p = 1.01x10-08) and a second in an intron of USP22 on chromosome 17 (rs899342, p = 4.62x10-08). RAB27A is a member of the RAS oncogene family associated with invasive growth and metastasis, and UNC13C is involved in tumor progression. The rs899342 SNP is an eQTL for expression of USP22 in a wide range of tissues. Several genome-wide significant signals were detected in a hormone receptor subtype analysis. Comparison of a meta-analysis of other African ancestry BC GWAS datasets predominantly of West African ancestry with our South African data showed limited evidence of shared risk loci, suggesting potential heterogeneity in genetic risk factors for breast cancer in different African populations. A European ancestry derived polygenic risk model for BC was applied to our data, explaining only 0.79% of variance, with an area under the curve of 0.56. This study identified genetic risk factors for BC in a resident African population, but larger studies in this and other African populations are needed to further define the contribution of common variants to BC risk.

Study EGAS00001008032

Comparison of Custom Capture for Targeted Next Generation DNA Sequencing

Targeted, capture-based DNA sequencing is an economical way to sequence a customized region of the genome. Several targeted sequencing kits are available, but the efficacies of these kits have not been compared. We appraised four targeted DNA technologies for next generation sequencing, considering on-target sequencing, uniformity, and single nucleotide variation and copy number variation discovery. The technologies which utilized sonication to fragment genomic material showed impressive uniformity of capture. The other two had shorter preparation times, but sacrificed uniformity. One of those technologies, which needs transposase to fragment genomic material, has a weakness that requires all samples be pooled and the final one, which uses restriction enzyme digestion, is limited depending on restriction enzymes digest sites. Naturally, all technologies showed some concordance for calling SNVs, the kits that used restriction enzymes or transposase missed several SNVs, due, in large part, to lack of coverage. All technologies showed high integrity for copy number variant calling when compared to SNP arrays. This study aids laboratories in their decision of the proper technology to use for their intended applications.

Study phs000811

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