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• Deciphering the aggressive nature of morphoeic basal cell carcinoma

  Morphoeic basal cell carcinoma (mBCC) has a high risk of local recurrence compared to the more indolent nodular subtype reflected by a different set of driver mutations including FLNB and HECTD4. Surrounding mBCC stroma is abnormal, containing mutations such as EPHA3. Hedgehog pathway over-expression is seen in both the tumour and stroma of morphoeic tissue with the latter potentially being partly responsible for its aggressive nature and risk of recurrence.

  Study EGAS00001001915

• Oropharynx cancers sequencing study (RNA-seq from FFPE)

  This is a study of transcriptomics in HPV-associated oropharynx tumors. The goals of this study were to characterize HPV+ oropharynx tumor subtypes and to examine HPV integration events and their downstream effects. HPV-host fusion transcripts and recurrent HPV integration genes were identified. Various alternative isoforms and splicing events of HPV genes were also studied. Multiple potential biomarkers of prognosis were associated with clinical outcomes.

  Study EGAS50000000893

• NIDDK International IBD Genetics Consortium Repository Global Screening Array

  The purpose of this GWAS meta-analysis is to assess IBD risk alleles using data collected by members of the International IBD Genetics Consortium and their collaborators around the world. Data from over 30 cohorts have been identified and are being combined for analysis. Genotyping has been conducted using a variety of chips with most samples genotyped using GSAMD-24v1-0 or GSA-CHO-Custom. Individual level genotype data will be made available whenever possible (some groups are only able to provide summary statistics due to institutional and/or governmental restrictions on data sharing), together with information on sex, self-reported ancestry, IBD affection status and diagnosis. This first batch includes data from North American sites who are members of the NIDDK-funded IBD Genetics Consortium. Additional data will be provided in an update as soon as they have gone through the QC process.

  Study phs002336

• Whole transcriptome and exome sequencing of childhood ALL

  Gene fusion is a major class of genomic abnormalities in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and sentinel chromosomal rearrangements involving EP300 and CREBBP may cause global epigenetic deregulation during leukemogenesis with potentials for therapeutic targeting. This dataset includes whole transcriptome sequencing of 231 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia from a Singapore-Malaysia frontline clinical treatment protocol.

  Study EGAS00001001858

• Whole-genome sequencing in 14 cases and whole-exome sequencing in 90 cases of Chinese ESCC

  Esophageal cancer is one of the most aggressive cancers and the sixth leading cause of cancer death worldwide1. Approximately 70% of the global esophageal cancers occur in China and over 90% histopathological forms of this disease are esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC)2-3. Currently, there are limited clinical approaches for early diagnosis and treatment for ESCC, resulting in a 10% 5-year survival rate for the patients. Meanwhile, the full repertoire of genomic events leading to the pathogenesis of ESCC remains unclear. Here we show a comprehensive genomic analysis in 158 ESCC cases, as part of the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) Research Projects (http://icgc.org/icgc/cgp/72/371/1001734). We conducted whole-genome sequencing in 14 ESCC cases and whole-exome sequencing in 90 cases.

  Study EGAS00001001487

• Dissection of the molecular complexity of colorectal cancer in pre-clinical models identifies predictive signatures of sensitivity to EGFR inhibitors

  Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is a heterogeneous tumour entity, with only a fraction of the tumours responding to currently available therapies. A detailed understanding of the biology and genetics of CRC is a prerequisite for precision medicine. To address this challenge in clinical oncology, the OncoTrack consortium recruited 106 CRC patients (stages I-IV) and developed an integrated pre-clinical platform analysing drug sensitivity in the established matched patient-derived in vivo and in vitro models, 46 three-dimensional cell cultures and 59 xenografts, recapitulating many of the molecular features of the donor tumours. We generated extensive omics information on patient tumours and their derived models used to generate a compendium of drug sensitivity data. We could distinguish tumour molecular sub-groups responding differently to therapy and identified a novel independent predictor of sensitivity to the EGFR inhibitor cetuximab. The findings reported here will advance our understanding of CRC and its response to therapy.

  Study EGAS00001001752

• Strabismus, CCDD and other anomalies

  Strabismus is one of the most common ophthalmological diseases affecting our population. It has many detrimental effects for affected individuals, including functional visual loss from amblyopia, secondary psychosocial difficulties, and limited employment opportunities. Strabismus also imposes a significant economical burden on society from the cost of screening programs, surgical correction, and lost productivity. Congenital incomitant strabismus is a broad term that encompasses congenital ocular motility disorders with restricted movement in one or more directions of gaze, and includes various forms of Duane's retraction syndrome, horizontal gaze palsy, congenital fibrosis of extraocular muscles, and Moebius syndrome. Incomitant strabismus together with a group of related disorders such as congenital ptosis and congenital facial palsy have been collectively redefined as congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders (CCDDs). This redefinition stemmed from previous studies in the Engle lab showing that these disorders can be caused by mutations in genes encoding transcription factors critical to ocular cranial motor neuron development and by genes that encode proteins essential to the proper growth and guidance of developing axons. Thus, while these disorders account for only a small percent of strabismus, understanding their genetic etiology has led to our ability to provide genetic testing and counseling, and has provided the first insights into the molecular etiologies of strabismus. While the Engle lab has identified all seven CCDD genes published to date, our cohort still includes >100 familial CCDD pedigrees that are mutation-negative. We continue to utilize co-segregation analysis and whole exome or whole genome sequencing technologies to identify new disease genes in this mutation-negative cohort.

  Study phs000478

• A_systems_biology_approach_to_understand_immunity_and_pathogenesis_of_malaria_in_children_exposed_to_endemic_Plasmodium_falciparum_transmission

  From long-term studies of children in Kenya, we know that some children have numerous malaria episodes through to older age, while other children become immune more rapidly. Our hypothesis is that these children with frequent malaria episodes are caught in a vicious circle, whereby malaria episodes lead to impaired immunity to malaria, which in turn leads to further episodes of malaria. We will therefore investigate immune responses in children with different life histories of malaria episodes. We will also include a group of children living in similar environmental conditions but who are completely unexposed to malaria. Aims: Using RNAseq we will characterise the transcriptome of a group of children with frequent and febrile malaria or infrequent/asymptomatic. These data will be combined with cytokine profiling data (NIMR) and used to build predictive models (Exeter). The predictions will be validated against a similar second group. A single snap shot of immune responses may represent only the endpoint of many immune processes and may not reflect those that are causally related to differences in malaria outcome. Therefore, we will collect and store samples from a larger group of children who will then be followed up for over 3-4 years. This extended follow up will allow us to identify the same groups as described above, and then examine samples taken before the development of those outcomes. This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

  Study EGAS00001002978

• Rapid Acceleration of Diagnostics - Digital Health Technologies (RADx-DHT): ILI Labels and Longitudinal Novel Engagement with Symptom Surveillance (ILLNESS) Study

  This study is a prospective observational study, approximately seven months in duration. Participants were asked to complete a weekly survey online asking about their ILI (influenza-like illness) experience over the past seven days. The primary objective of this study was to collect a population-wide, longitudinal dataset of ILI events (with onset and recovery dates) and the associated symptoms, behaviors, and medical information associated with each event.DOI: https://rapids.ll.mit.edu/10.57895/4vfb-4z30

  Study phs002538

• PDX_models_from_Latin_America_RNAseq

  Acral melanoma (AM) is a subtype of cutaneous melanoma that occurs on glabrous skin of the hands and feet (palms, soles and nail apparatus) and which is relatively more common in non-European descent populations such as those of Latin America. Compared to other subtypes, it is poorly studied and experimental models that faithfully reproduce human AM features are urgently needed. We report the generation and preliminary characterisation of a collection of patient-derived xenografts of acral melanomas (AM-PDX) from Latin-American patients. PDX came from Brazilian and Mexican patients cared for at the Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA) and the Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia (INCan). The majority of the samples are acral lentiginous melanomas, ulcerated, with > 4mm Breslow depth and > 2 mitosis / mm2. Samples were mechanically fragmented and subcutaneously implanted in NSG mice and then collected for molecular analysis.

  Study EGAS00001008150

• PDX_models_from_Latin_America_WES_

  Acral melanoma (AM) is a subtype of cutaneous melanoma that occurs on glabrous skin of the hands and feet (palms, soles and nail apparatus) and which is relatively more common in non-European descent populations such as those of Latin America. Compared to other subtypes, it is poorly studied and experimental models that faithfully reproduce human AM features are urgently needed. We report the generation and preliminary characterisation of a collection of patient-derived xenografts of acral melanomas (AM-PDX) from Latin-American patients. PDX came from Brazilian and Mexican patients cared for at the Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA) and the Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia (INCan). The majority of the samples are acral lentiginous melanomas, ulcerated, with > 4mm Breslow depth and > 2 mitosis / mm2. Samples were mechanically fragmented and subcutaneously implanted in NSG mice and then collected for molecular analysis.

  Study EGAS00001005663

• PDX_models_from_Latin_America_RNAseq_Xenofiltered

  Acral melanoma (AM) is a subtype of cutaneous melanoma that occurs on glabrous skin of the hands and feet (palms, soles and nail apparatus) and which is relatively more common in non-European descent populations such as those of Latin America. Compared to other subtypes, it is poorly studied and experimental models that faithfully reproduce human AM features are urgently needed. We report the generation and preliminary characterisation of a collection of patient-derived xenografts of acral melanomas (AM-PDX) from Latin-American patients. PDX came from Brazilian and Mexican patients cared for at the Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA) and the Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia (INCan). The majority of the samples are acral lentiginous melanomas, ulcerated, with > 4mm Breslow depth and > 2 mitosis / mm2. Samples were mechanically fragmented and subcutaneously implanted in NSG mice and then collected for molecular analysis.

  Study EGAS00001008232

• PDX_models_from_Latin_America_Xenofiltered_WES

  Acral melanoma (AM) is a subtype of cutaneous melanoma that occurs on glabrous skin of the hands and feet (palms, soles and nail apparatus) and which is relatively more common in non-European descent populations such as those of Latin America. Compared to other subtypes, it is poorly studied and experimental models that faithfully reproduce human AM features are urgently needed. We report the generation and preliminary characterisation of a collection of patient-derived xenografts of acral melanomas (AM-PDX) from Latin-American patients. PDX came from Brazilian and Mexican patients cared for at the Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA) and the Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia (INCan). The majority of the samples are acral lentiginous melanomas, ulcerated, with > 4mm Breslow depth and > 2 mitosis / mm2. Samples were mechanically fragmented and subcutaneously implanted in NSG mice and then collected for molecular analysis.

  Study EGAS00001008231

• FLT3 is genetically essential for ITD-mutated leukemic stem cells but dispensable for human HSCs

  bulk RNA sequencing of AML patients It contains 18 samples from primary AML patients. Half of the samples are control samples and half of the samples are FLT3-ITD knock-out (edited for the FLT3-ITD mutation). It is using Illumina high-throughput technology

  Dataset EGAD50000000636

• BAM files from capture-based targeted sequencing of 4 agressive B-cell lymphoma tumour samples (DLBCL-panel)

  This dataset contains BAM files from capture-based targeted sequencing of 4 agressive B-cell lymphoma tumour samples for cases 2, 3, 4 and 13. The sequencing panel used is a DLBCL-oriented panel containing 136 genes, described in Mozas P. et al., Hematol Oncol 2023.

  Dataset EGAD50000000802

• Distribution of data using Live Distribution

  Live Distribution Welcome to the documentation for using the Live Distribution feature for distributing data files securely through the EGA platform. This guide will walk you through the process of downloading encrypted files and decrypting them using Crypt4GH. Please follow the steps below to ensure a smooth experience. Before Downloading Create an EGA user. Make sure that you have the permissions to download the dataset of interest. In case you don’t have access, request access to the dataset. Add your Crypt4GH-compatible public key to your EGA account. Please allow a few hours for your public key to be synced with your profile. Afterwards, you will be able to connect to your EGA outbox using the SFTP protocol. Download Graphical User Interface (GUI) You can use any GUI that supports SFTP connections, such as FileZilla, an open-source FTP client. For Filezilla as your GUI, follow these steps to download files: Open FileZilla and access Site Manager (File > Site Manager). Create a new connection with the following settings (Figure 1): Protocol: SFTP - SSH File Transfer Protocol Host: __EGA_OUTBOX_DOMAIN__ Logon Type: Key file User: your EGA username Key file: path/to/your/private_key Figure 1: Process of establishing a new connection to __EGA_OUTBOX_DOMAIN__ using a key file as the logon method in FileZilla. The figure showcases the FileZilla version 3.52.2 operating on IOS v11.2.3. By following the depicted steps, users can create a secure and efficient connection to the EGA outbox, ensuring seamless data transfers. Click Connect to access your Outbox. This folder serves as your storage space within the EGA cloud, containing files accessible for download in a secure way. Browse the remote directory on the right side of the FileZilla screen. Select the files you wish to download, right-click, and choose Download (Figure 2). Figure 2: Step-by-step process of manually downñoad files from __EGA_OUTBOX_DOMAIN__ using FileZilla, with FileZilla version 3.52.2 operating on IOS v11.2.3. The figure demonstrates how users can downñoad data from the EGA outbox to their local storage by following the depicted steps SFTP command line You can also use the SFTP command line to securely download files from the EGA Outbox. Using SFTP command line client in Linux/Unix Open a terminal window Enter the following command to connect: sftp username@hostname Enter your EGA password To see a list of available sftp commands type help sftp> put – Upload file sftp> get – Download file sftp> cd path – Change remote directory to ‘path’ sftp> pwd – Display remote working directory sftp> lcd path – Change the local directory to ‘path’ sftp> lpwd – Display local working directory sftp> ls – Display the contents of the remote working directory sftp> lls – Display the contents of the local working directory Type get command to download files. For example: get encrypted_file.c4gh Use the bye command to close the connection (SFTP session). Convenient SSH settings Include the following settings in your SSH config file, located in ~/.ssh/config Host __EGA_OUTBOX_DOMAIN__ EGA-outbox hostname __EGA_OUTBOX_DOMAIN__ User username IdentityFile path/to/the/private/key Replace username and path/to/the/private/key with the appropriate settings, and you will be able to connect to the __EGA_OUTBOX_DOMAIN__ simply using sftp EGA-outbox. How to decrypt Files archived at the EGA are encrypted based on Crypt4GH. Hence, to decrypt the files you need to install Crypt4GH. You can install a python implementation of it, with pip install crypt4gh or directly from the Github repository pip install git+https://github.com/EGA-archive/crypt4gh.git After installing Crypt4GH, decrypt files using the following command: crypt4gh decrypt --sk /path/private/key < encrypted_file.c4gh > decrypted_filename The command reads the encrypted file from stdin (with <) and output the decrypted version to stdout (with >). Replace encrypted_file.c4gh and decrypted_filename with the appropriate filenames but make sure to not use the same filename for both reading and writing because your SHELL would then truncate both files before you even read or write. Frequently Asked Questions What username should I use to log in to my outbox? The authentication process for logging in to the EGA website, as well as accessing your inbox and outbox, requires the use of your username, not your email address. Therefore, if you registered a username different from your email address when creating your EGA account, you must use that username to log in. If you have forgotten your registered username, please, contact our Helpdesk team for assistance. I see that some files in my dataset have 'unavailable' as extension. What should I do? Within your Outbox, you'll find a list of all the datasets available for download. Occasionally, certain files may be marked as "unavailable". These unavailable files can be identified by the "unavailable" extension added to their filenames (e.g. filename.fastq.gz.unavailable.c4gh). If you encounter an unavailable file that you need, please reach out to our Helpdesk. We'll promptly work on making the file accessible for download as soon as possible. Specific to using keys Can I access one EGA account from different devices? Yes, you can access your account from different devices by linking several public keys to your EGA account. Each device can generate a unique public-private key pair, and the corresponding public keys can be linked to the same account. This way, you can use different public keys on different devices and still have access to the same account and data. I have several keys and I don't remember which one is which When generating SSH keys, it's a good practice to add a comment using the -C flag. This will allow you to add a descriptive tag to your key, making it easier to identify later on. Here's an example command that generates an SSH key with a comment: ssh-keygen -t ed25519 -C work-pass In this example, we're generating an ed25519 SSH key with the comment work-pass. Once you have multiple keys with different comments, you can use the comments to easily identify each key. To view the comments for your existing SSH keys, you can use the following command: ssh-keygen -l -f /path/to/key This will display the key fingerprint and the associated comment. By checking the comments, you should be able to identify which key is which. What if I can't find my SSH keys for uploading files with a key file, and how can I use new keys? If you can't find your SSH keys, don't worry - you can make new ones. To do this, open your terminal or command prompt and type a command to make a new SSH key. You can pick a name for the key, and choose a password to keep it safe. After making the key, you can add the new key to your account or server where you want to upload files using the key file. This usually involves copying and pasting the key's "public" (e.g. file.pub) part to the right place. If you lose track of the key again, just make a new one and add it again. Keep in mind that SSH keys belong to you and your computer, so if you switch computers or accounts, you'll need to make new keys. I don't want to type the passphrase every time I use the key. What can I do? You can use an ssh-agent to avoid typing the passphrase every time you use the key. An ssh-agent is a program that stores your private keys in memory and provides them to ssh when needed. You can add your key to the ssh-agent using the command ssh-add followed by the path to your key file.Here's an example of the steps to follow: Open a terminal window.Start the ssh-agent by typing the command eval $(ssh-agent).Add your key to the ssh-agent by typing the command ssh-add [key filepath]. For instance, if your key file is located in the home directory with the name mykey, the command will look like this: ssh-add ~/mykey After adding your, key to the ssh-agent, you should be able to use ssh without having to enter your passphrase every time. Can I use my password for authentication (without my private key)? If you prefer to use your username and password for authentication instead of your private key, you can still do so. When using a Graphical User Interface (GUI) such as FileZilla, you can select Ask for password as your Logon Type (Figure 3). This option will prompt you to enter your password when you click Connect, instead of using your private key. Figure 3: This option will prompt you to enter your password when you click "Connect", instead of using your private key. Figure 3: Process of establishing a new connection to __EGA_OUTBOX_DOMAIN__ using your password as the logon method in FileZilla. The figure showcases the FileZilla version 3.52.2 operating on IOS v11.2.3. By following the depicted steps, users can create a secure and efficient connection to the inbox, ensuring seamless data transfers. It's worth noting that using a password for authentication can be less secure than using an SSH key, as passwords can be more easily compromised through various means. However, if you choose to use your password for authentication, selecting "Ask for password" as your Logon Type is a good way to do so securely via a GUI. Why is it better to use my key and not my password? SSH keys for authentication is generally considered to be more secure and convenient than using passwords. SSH keys are more difficult to crack than passwords, and they can be restricted to specific users and machines, giving you more control over access. Once you set up your SSH keys, you can use them to authenticate quickly and easily, without having to enter a password every time. This makes automation of tasks, such as uploading encrypted files, much simpler. Additionally, SSH keys provide better logging, allowing you to keep track of who is accessing your systems and when. All in all, using SSH keys is a good practice for improving security and convenience in your authentication process.

  Documentation access/download/files/live-outbox

• Paired WGS data of 45 samples and 2 paired WES sample of RRMM (multiple myeloma)

  Here is mostly paired WGS data of RRMM, 45 samples (tumors and controls) in 86 runs. This data was produced by using Illumina TruSeq Nano DNA and NovaSeq6000 or HiSeq X Ten for sequencing. One tumor/control pair is WES data using Agilent SureSelect V5+UTRs and NovaSeq6000 for sequencing.

  Dataset EGAD00001009682

• Cell-free DNA analysis reveals POLR1D-mediated resistance to bevacizumab in colorectal cancer

  Bevacizumab is an approved anti-angiogenic drug for patients with metastasized colorectal cancer (mCRC) targeting VEGF. The survival benefit of anti-VEGF therapy in mCRC patients is limited to a few months and acquired resistance mechanisms are greatly unknown. Using plasma DNA, we studied the evolution of tumor genomes in a cohort of patients with mCRC (n=150) and observed a recurrent focal amplification (8.7% of cases) on chromosome 13q12.2. Analysis of TCGA data (n=619) suggested an association with later stages, which we confirmed by longitudinal plasma analyses. We defined the minimally amplified region and studied the mechanistic consequences of copy number gain of the involved genes. The amplification of one gene, POLR1D, impacted cell proliferation, resulting in upregulation of VEGFA, an important regulator of angiogenesis which has been implicated in the resistance to bevacizumab. In several patients, we observed the emergence of this 13q12.2 amplicon under bevacizumab treatment, which was invariably associated with evolution of therapy resistance. Hence, we describe a novel resistance mechanism against a widely applied treatment in mCRC patients which will impact clinical management

  Study EGAS00001003791

• Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium (T1DGC): Case-only RNA-Seq Study

  Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 82 T1D cases from the T1DGC study were fractionated by positive selection on magnetic beads into CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells and CD19+ B cells. RNA purification, library preparation and sequencing to an average of 50 million reads per sample were performed by the HudsonAlpha Genome Services Laboratory. The resulting dataset includes 82 subjects with data from at least one cell type; sequence data from all 3 cell types is available from 79 subjects. The individuals in this study can be linked to the phs000911 T1DGC ImmunoChip study via subject ids to obtain both genotypic and phenotypic information, including genotypes used for expression quantitative trait locus analysis.

  Study phs001426

• Exome_sequencing_of_a_Novel_Primary_T_Cell_Immunodeficiency_Kindred

  Primary T cell immunodeficiency disorders are genetically heterogenous. Mutations in genes required for specific stages of T cell development within the thymus can lead to reduced numbers of circulating T cells. On the hand, T cells may not egress from the thymus normally leading to profound T cell lymphopenia. As a result, patients with these disorders succumb to a range of severe opportunisitic infections unless allogeneic transplantation is performed. We wish to whole exome sequence a Caucasian family in which the index case shows features of impaired T cell egress from the thymus. Importantly, known genes implicated in T cell immunodeficiency including CORO1A have been seqeuenced and found to normal in this individual.

  Study EGAS00001000099

• Diagnostic Exome Sequencing in Persons with Severe Intellectual Disability

  Intellectual disability is a common condition that carries lifelong severe medical and developmental consequences. The causes of intellectual disability (ID) remain unknown for the majority of patients due to the extensive clinical and genetic heterogeneity of this disorder. De novo mutations may play an important role in ID as most individuals with ID present as isolated cases without family history and/or clear syndromic indication. In addition, the involvement of such mutations have recently been demonstrated in a small number of individuals with ID. Here we evaluate the diagnostic potential and role of de novo mutations in a cohort of 100 patients with ID of unknown cause using family-based exome sequencing.

  Study EGAS00001000287

• Exome sequencing of UK Birth Cohorts - Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children

  Birth cohort studies involve repeated surveys of large numbers of individuals from birth and throughout their lives. They collect information useful for a wide range of life course research domains, and biological samples which can be used to derive data from an increasing collection of omic technologies. This rich source of longitudinal data, when combined with genomic data, offers the scientific community valuable insights from population genetics to rare disease associations. Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC)recruited 14,775 babies of predominantly White ethnicity in the Avon county of south-west England between 1991 and 1992. Born in Bradford (BiB) is similarly focused on a particular local area, the city of Bradford in the north of England, and recruited 13,858 babies between 2007 and 2011, of whom ~41% self-report as white British and ~59% as other ethnicities, predominantly Pakistani. Millennium Cohort Study (MCS) is a national cohort that recruited 18,827 children born between 2000 and 2002, intentionally over-sampling areas with high child poverty, large ethnic minority populations, and smaller UK nations (Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland) Available here is a subset of exome-sequenced parents and children from these studies (CRAMS and post-QC VCFs) as detailed in https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.22697 [doi.org]. Phenotypic data is also available by submitting an application to the corresponding cohort: https://www.bristol.ac.uk/alspac/researchers/our-data/[bristol.ac.uk]

  Dataset EGAD00001015371

• Exome sequencing of UK Birth Cohorts - Millennium Cohort Study

  Birth cohort studies involve repeated surveys of large numbers of individuals from birth and throughout their lives. They collect information useful for a wide range of life course research domains, and biological samples which can be used to derive data from an increasing collection of omic technologies. This rich source of longitudinal data, when combined with genomic data, offers the scientific community valuable insights from population genetics to rare disease associations. Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC)recruited 14,775 babies of predominantly White ethnicity in the Avon county of south-west England between 1991 and 1992. Born in Bradford (BiB) is similarly focused on a particular local area, the city of Bradford in the north of England, and recruited 13,858 babies between 2007 and 2011, of whom ~41% self-report as white British and ~59% as other ethnicities, predominantly Pakistani. Millennium Cohort Study (MCS) is a national cohort that recruited 18,827 children born between 2000 and 2002, intentionally over-sampling areas with high child poverty, large ethnic minority populations, and smaller UK nations (Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland) Available here is a subset of exome-sequenced parents and children from these studies (CRAMS and post-QC VCFs) as detailed in https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.22697 [doi.org]. Phenotypic data is also available by submitting an application to the corresponding cohort: https://cls.ucl.ac.uk/cls-studies/millennium-cohort-study/ [cls.ucl.ac.uk]

  Dataset EGAD00001015372

• Comparison of structural variations from 10X Genomics linked-reads and conventional Illumina short-reads sequencing

  Structural variations (SVs) are large genomic rearrangements that can drive many diseases. Conventional short-reads whole genome sequencing (cWGS) allows their identification with base-pair resolution, but suffers from high false discovery rate. cWGS taps in short-range information from short-reads while linked-reads sequencing (10XWGS) utilizes long-range information. 10XWGS allows linkage of short-reads originating from the same large DNA molecule with a unique barcode captured in a gel bead in emulsion. This mitigates alignment-based artefacts from cWGS especially in repetitive regions. However, the false discovery rate of this technology is unclear. In this study, we performed a comprehensive analysis of different type and size of SVs predicted from these two technologies. The SVs common between both technologies were found to be highly specific by PCR and Sanger sequencing while validation rate dropped for uncommon events. Further, we propose a novel enrichment approach for filtering out false positive calls from both the technologies independently. To this end, we trained a machine learning model for respective technologies and used it to characterise SVs from MCF7 cell line and a primary breast cancer tumor with high precision. This approach would be valuable in understanding true mechanisms driven by SVs in various diseases.

  Study EGAS00001004093

• Exome Sequencing to Define the Landscape of Plasma Cells in Systemic Light chain Amyloidosis

  Systemic light chain amyloidosis (AL) is characterized by the deposition of immunoglobulin light chains as amyloid fibrils in different organs, where they form toxic protein aggregates. The underlying disease is a plasma cell disorder, but limited whole exome data are available. We report the findings of an exome sequencing study in AL to define a plasma cell signature and compare this to monoclonal gammopathy of undefined significance (MGUS) and myeloma (MM). Twenty-four samples from unselected newly diagnosed untreated AL patients were analysed. CD138+ cells were isolated from bone marrow cells using MACSorting (Miltenyi Biotech, Bisley, UK). Cells were lysed in RLT+ buffer and DNA/RNA extracted using the AllPrep kit (Qiagen, Manchester, UK). Peripheral blood was isolated from patients, white blood cells purified by Ficoll-Pacque and DNA extracted using the QIAamp DNA mini kit (Qiagen). There were a median of 47 acquired nonsynonymous variants (range 4-253) per patient. Thirty percent of patients yielded a mutation in a myeloma driver gene. These mutations were either clonal or sub-clonal. There was evidence of MAPK activation with NRAS mutations, NF-κB activation and DNA repair pathway alterations. Exome data were used to determine the cytogenetic groups of AL samples and identified hyperdiploidy in 33% of cases and t(11;14) in 33% of cases. All translocations were generated via class switch recombination and breakpoints on chromosome 11 fell into the expected regions. A novel translocation, unlikely to be driving disease progression was identified involving RCC1. Finally, further analysis of the APCS gene encoding for the SAP protein did not show any biased genotype in the AL population in comparison to the general population. We conclude that exome sequencing identifies a genetic make-up of AL that is similar to other plasma cell disorders such as MM and MGUS. This not only includes copy number abnormalities and translocations but also nonsynonymous mutations.

  Study EGAS00001001418