7234 results for "canc*"

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• Latency and interval therapy affect the evolution in metastatic colorectal cancer

  While comparison of primary tumor and metastases has highlighted genomic heterogeneity in colorectal cancer (CRC), previous studies have focused on a single metastatic site or limited genomic testing. Combining data from whole exome and ultra-deep targeted sequencing, we explored possible evolutionary trajectories beyond the status of these mutations, particularly among patient-matched metastatic tumors. Our findings confirm the persistence of known clinically-relevant mutations (e.g. those of RAS family of oncogenes) in CRC primary and metastases, yet reveal that latency and interval systemic therapy affect the course of evolutionary events within metastatic lesions. Specifically, our analysis of patient-matched primary and multiple metastatic lesions, developed over time, showed a similar genetic composition for liver metastatic tumors, which were 21-months apart. This genetic makeup was different from those identified in lung metastases developed before manifestation of the second liver metastasis. These results underscore the role of dormancy in the evolutionary path of metastatic CRC.

  Study EGAS00001003646

• Myeloproliferative_Disease_Whole_Genomes

  Wholegenome libraries will be prepared from at least two serial samples reflecting different stages of disease progression and matched constitutional DNA for 30 Myeloproliferative Disease samples. Five lanes of Illumina HiSeq sequencing will be performed on each of the tumour samples and four lanes for each of the constitutional DNA. Sequencing data will mapped to build 37 of the human reference genome and analysis will be performed to characterize the spectrum of somatic variation present in these samples including single base pair mutations, insertions, deletions as well as larger structural variants and genomic rearrangements.

  Study EGAS00001000290

• Whole Exome Sequencing of High grade T1 non-muscle invasive bladder cancer

  High-grade T1 (HGT1) bladder cancer (BC) is the highest risk subtype of non-muscle-invasive BC with unpredictable outcome and poorly understood risk factors. Here we performed whole exome sequencing across 61 HGT1 samples to identify genomic predictors of good outcome, recurrence or progression. This study includes somatic mutation calls and clinical data for 61 HGT1 tumors.

  Study EGAS00001004603

• Healthspan and lifespan extension by fecal microbiota transplantation in progeroid mice

  The gut microbiome is emerging as a key regulator of several metabolic, immune and neuroendocrine pathways. Gut microbiome deregulation has been implicated in major conditions such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, non-alcoholic fatty acid liver disease or cancer, but its precise role in aging remains to be elucidated. Here, we characterize the gut microbiome profile of accelerated aging and show that its external modulation is sufficient to extend healthspan and lifespan. We found that two different mouse models of progeria present with intestinal dysbiosis, which is characterized, among other alterations, by an increment in proteobacteria, cyanobacteria and a loss in verrucomicrobia, whereas long-lived humans (i.e., centenarians) exhibit a remarkable increase in verrucomicrobia and a reduction in proteobacteria. Fecal microbiota transplantation proved to be effective to enhance healthspan and lifespan in both progeroid mouse models and, more importantly, the solely transplantation with the verrucomicrobia Akkermansia muciniphila was sufficient to exert beneficial effects. Our results demonstrate that intestinal dysbiosis is a phenotype associated with accelerated aging and its correction provides health benefits. Moreover, metabolomic analysis of ileal content points to the restoration of secondary bile acids as a possible mechanism for the beneficial outcome of reestablishing a healthy microbiome. Our results suggest the existence of a link between gut aging and the microbiota, and can help to gain insight into the rationale for microbiome-based interventions against age-related diseases. Mouse sequence data have been deposited in ENA (https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena) under accession number PRJEB34214

  Study EGAS00001003656

• Androgen deprivation therapy promotes an inflammatory and obesity-like microenvironment in periprostatic fat

  Prostate cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related death and morbidity worldwide. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is the cornerstone of management for advanced disease. The use of androgen deprivation therapies is associated with multiple side effects, including metabolic syndrome and truncal obesity. At the same time, obesity has been associated with both prostate cancer development and disease progression, linked to its effects on chronic inflammation at a tissue level. The connection between androgen deprivation therapy, obesity, inflammation, and prostate cancer progression is well-established in clinical settings; however, an understanding of the changes in adipose tissue at the molecular level induced by castrating therapies is missing. Here we investigated the transcriptional changes in periprostatic fat tissue induced by profound androgen deprivation therapy in a group of patients with high-risk tumours compared to a matching untreated cohort. We find that androgen deprivation therapy is associated with a pro-inflammatory and obesity-like adipose tissue microenvironment. This study suggests that the beneficial effect of androgen deprivation therapy may be partially counteracted by metabolic and inflammatory side effects in the adipose tissue surrounding the prostate.

  Study EGAS00001003286

• Genomic Profiling of Thyroid Cancer Reveals a Role for Thyroglobulin in Metastasis

  Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) has a wide geographic variation in incidence, being highest in Saudi Arabia where it is only second to breast cancer as the most common cancer among females. Genomic profiling of PTC from Saudi Arabia has not been attempted previously. We performed whole-exome sequencing of 101 PTC samples and the corresponding genomic DNA to identify genes with recurrent somatic mutations, followed by sequencing of these genes using a next-generation gene panel approach in further 785 samples. In addition to BRAF, N-RAS and H-RAS, which have previously been shown to be recurrently mutated in PTC, our analysis highlights additional genes, including thyroglobulin (TG), which harbored somatic mutations in 3% of the entire cohort. Surprisingly, although TG mutations were not exclusive to mutations in the RAS-MAP kinase pathway, their presence was associated with a significantly worse clinical outcome, which suggests a pathogenic role beyond driving initial oncogenesis. Analysis of metastatic PTC tissue revealed significant enrichment for TG mutations (p<0.001), including events of apparent clonal expansion. Our results suggest a previously unknown role of TG somatic mutations in the pathogenesis of PTC and its malignant evolution.

  Study EGAS00001001788

• Genomic Signatures Reveal DNA Damage Response Deficiency in Brain Metastases of Colorectal Cancer

  Brain metastasis (BM) of colorectal cancer (CRC) is rare but lethal, and lacks effective therapies or a good understanding of its genomic landscapes. We conduct an analysis of whole-exome sequencing (WES) and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data on 19 trios of patient-matched BMs, primary CRC tumors, and adjacent normal tissue to (1) document genomic signatures during the evolution of CRC BM; (2) identify clinically actionable targets for the BM treatment; and (3) identify potential drivers in CRC BM.

  Study EGAS00001003659

• 16 Year Life History and Genomic Evolution of an ER+ HER2- Breast Cancer

  We reconstructed the genomic evolution through the sixteen year history of an ER+ HER2- breast cancer patient to investigate molecular mechanisms of disease relapse and treatment resistance after long term exposure to hormonal therapy. Genomic and transcriptomic profiling was performed on primary breast tumor (2002), initial recurrence (2012) and liver metastasis (2015) tumor samples. Cell free DNA analysis was performed at eleven timepoints (2015-2017).This phylogenetic reconstruction of the life history of a single patient's cancer as well as monitoring tumor progression through liquid biopsies with the detection of a resistant clone harboring a de-novo ESR1 E380Q mutation allowed for uncovering the molecular mechanisms leading to initial relapse, metastatic spread and treatment resistance.

  Study EGAS00001004624

• Detection of ctDNA in Plasma of Patients with Clinically Localised Prostate Cancer is Associated with Rapid Disease Progression

  Purpose: DNA originating from degenerate tumour cells can be detected in the circulation in many tumour types, where it can be used as a marker of disease burden as well as to monitor treatment response. Although circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) measurement has prognostic/predictive value in metastatic prostate cancer, its utility in localised disease is unknown. Patients and Methods: We performed whole genome sequencing of tumour-normal pairs in eight patients with clinically localised disease undergoing prostatectomy, identifying high confidence genomic aberrations. A bespoke DNA capture and amplification panel against the highest prevalence, highest confidence aberrations for each individual was designed and used to interrogate ctDNA isolated from plasma prospectively obtained pre- and post- (24 hours and 6 weeks) surgery. In a separate cohort (n=189) we identified the presence of ctDNA TP53 mutations in pre-operative plasma in a retrospective cohort, and determined its association with biochemical- and metastasis-free survival. Results: Tumour variants in ctDNA were positively identified pre-treatment in two of eight patients, which in both cases remained detectable postoperatively. Patients with tumour variants in ctDNA had extremely rapid disease recurrence and progression compared to those where variants could not be detected. In terms of aberrations targeted, single nucleotide and structural variants outperformed indels and copy number aberrations. Detection of ctDNA TP53 mutations was associated with a significantly shorter metastasis-free survival (6.2 vs. 9.5 years (HR 2.4; 95% CIs 1.2-4.8, p = 0.014)). Conclusions: CtDNA is uncommonly detected in localised prostate cancer but its presence portends more rapidly progressive disease.

  Study EGAS00001004636

• RRBS sequencing of 7 tumour regions and a normal sample from a single TRACERx patient.

  Background: Epigenetic heterogeneity within a tumour can play an important role in tumour evolution and the emergence of resistance to treatment. It is increasingly recognised that the study of DNA methylation (DNAm) patterns along the genome - so-called `epialleles' - offers greater insight into epigenetic dynamics than conventional analyses which examine DNAm marks individually. Results: We have developed a Bayesian model to infer which epialleles are present in multiple regions of the same tumour. We apply our method to reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS) data from multiple regions of one lung cancer tumour and a matched normal sample. The model borrows information from all tumour regions to leverage greater statistical power. The total number of epialleles, the epiallele DNAm patterns, and a noise hyperparameter are all automatically inferred from the data. Uncertainty as to which epiallele an observed sequencing read originated from is explicitly incorporated by marginalising over the appropriate posterior densities. The degree to which tumour samples are contaminated with normal tissue can be estimated and corrected for. By tracing the distribution of epialleles throughout the tumour we can infer the phylogenetic history of the tumour, identify epialleles that differ between normal and cancer tissue, and define a measure of global epigenetic disorder. Conclusions: Detection and comparison of epialleles within multiple tumour regions enables phylogenetic analyses, identification of differentially expressed epialleles, and provides a measure of epigenetic heterogeneity.

  Study EGAS00001002484

• Exploring_the_landscape_of_somatic_mutations_in_normal_tissue___POL___WGS

  Somatic mutations (burdens and signatures) and clonal dynamics in individuals with germline DNA polymerase mutations.

  Study EGAS00001003682

• Whole Exome Sequencing of 15 Tumor/Normal pairs of inflammatory hepatocellular adenomas

  The French ICGC project on liver tumors is coordinated by Pr Jessica Zucman-Rossi and funded by Inca (French Institute for Cancer). The aim of the present project is to identify the catalog of somatic and germline mutations in liver tumors. The present series corresponds to 15 Tumor/Normal pairs of Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) of IHCA samples. Aligned bam files can be both in hg19 (CHC750T/CHC750N; CHC2189T/CHC2189N; CHC2615T/CHC2614N) or hg38 (other samples).

  Study EGAS00001003686

• Psoriatic_arthritis_WGS

  Whole genome sequencing of immune cells from patients diagnosed with psoriatic arthritis

  Study EGAS00001002822

• Targeted_gene_fusion_sequencing__Fus_seq__in_mesothelioma

  This is a small pilot data set to test the feasibility of cDNA exomes across 1200 cancer cell line panel. cDNA exomes or Fus-seq is further explained in this studies Abstract.

  Study EGAS00001000390

• Pancreatic Cancer Sequencing Initiative OICR

  Pancreatic Cancer Sequencing Initiative for the International Cancer Genome Consortium at the Ontario Institute for Cancer Research.

  Study EGAS00001000395

• Integrative genomic analyses reveal androgen-driven somatic alteration landscape in early-onset prostate cancer

  Early-onset prostate cancer (EO-PCA) represents the earliest clinical manifestation of prostate cancer. To compare the genomic alteration landscapes of EO-PCA with "classical" (elderly-onset) PCA, we performed deep sequencing-based genomics analyses in eleven tumors diagnosed at young age, and pursued comparative assessments with seven elderly-onset PCA genomes. Remarkable age-related differences in structural rearrangement (SR) formation became evident, suggesting distinct disease pathomechanisms. Whereas EO-PCAs harbored a prevalence of balanced SRs, with a specific abundance of androgen-regulated ETS gene fusions including TMPRSS2:ERG, elderly-onset PCAs displayed primarily non-androgen-associated SRs. Data from a validation cohort of >10,000 patients showed age-dependent androgen receptor levels and a prevalence of SRs affecting androgen-regulated genes, further substantiating the activity of a characteristic "androgen-type" pathomechanism in EO-PCA.

  Study EGAS00001000400

• A novel TP53-KPNA3 translocation defines a de novo treatment-resistant clone in osteosarcoma

  Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone cancer. It can be cured by aggressive surgery and chemotherapy, but outcomes for metastatic or chemoresistant disease remain dismal. Cancer sequencing studies have shown that the p53 pathway is dysregulated in nearly every case, often by translocation; however, no studies of osteosarcoma evolution or intratumor heterogeneity have been done to date. We studied a patient with chemoresistant, metastatic disease over the course of three years. We performed exome sequencing on germline DNA and DNA collected from tumor at three separate timepoints. We compared variant calls and variant allele frequencies between different samples. We identified subclonal driver mutations in several different genes in the primary tumor sample and found that one particular subclone dominated subsequent tumor samples at relapse. This clone was marked by a novel TP53-KPNA3 translocation and loss of the opposite-strand wild-type TP53 allele. Future research must focus on functional significance of such clones and strategies to eliminate them.

  Study EGAS00001001805

• Placental_genomics

  The aim of this study is to define the mutational landscape of placentas.

  Study EGAS00001003297

• QSEA – modelling of genome-wide DNA methylation from sequencing enrichment experiments

  We describe a new method, QSEA, for analyzing methylation enrichment data. We generated a benchmark experiment consisting of MeDIP-seq enrichment data, targeted BS-seq validation data, and RNA-seq data on five pairs of tumor and adjacent normal samples of non-small cell lung cancer patients. Details of the method and its performance on the data have been described in Lienhard et al. (2016).

  Study EGAS00001001822

• Breast_cancer_topographs

  Breast cancer topography will be explored using a combination of multi-region whole geome sequencing and in-situ RNA sequencing of fixed tissue specimens.

  Study EGAS00001003698

• Renal_habitat_WXS

  This project aims at correlating genetic diversity (as well as transcriptomic, metabolic and immune diversity) observed in multiple targeted tumour biopsies and circulating tumour DNA with heterogeneity on multiparametric MRI. To this end, 20 patients with RCC (15 patients with localised/locally advanced disease and 5 with mRCC) will undergo multiparametric MRI including metabolic assessment by 13C-MRSI as well as measurements of tumour perfusion, oxygenation and water diffusion. Based on unique combinations of these imaging parameters, tumour habitats will be defined through cluster mapping. Intra-operative biopsy and immediate freezing of tumour cores from different imaging habitats will be performed. Multiregional ex-vivo tumour biopsies will be spatially registered to the MR data by using 3D printed tumour moulds generated from high-resolution volumetric sequences. These moulds allow slicing tumour specimens in identical planes to the MR acquisition and increase the accuracy of tissue sampling. The biopsies will then undergo molecular profiling such as metabolomic and RNA sequencing (including mRNA immune profiling), as well as DNA sequencing to assess driver and clonal mutations in different tumour habitats and guide design of appropriate cfDNA probes. The targeted cfDNA capture panel will be employed to determine the ability of cfDNA to capture the full genetic diversity observed in the primary tumour and to relate cfDNA to various imaging habitats in both renal and pancreatic cancer. Data integration will be undertaken between imaging habitats and molecular profiles for each region.

  Study EGAS00001003703

• Bulk-RNA Sequencing of high-grade pancreatic and non-pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms

  Therapeutic decisions in oncology depend on a precise pathological classification of individual neoplasms. Recent years have seen an intensification of research activities aimed at the extraction of clinically relevant information from patient-derived 'omics' data based on Machine-Learning models. However, a comprehensive training of Machine-Learning models requires sufficiently large numbers of training samples, which are usually not available for rare cancer types. The problem is worsened when individual tissues segregate into different cancer subtypes, as their discrimination would require even more training samples. Methods: Here, we report on a new data-augmentation technique to support the training of Machine-Learning models on ‘omics’ data from pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (panNEN). PanNENs display all properties described above: Only about 2-3% of all pancreatic neoplasms are neuroendocrine and they fall into different subtypes with distinctly different prognosis, which makes the precise classification of such samples both difficult and important for therapy decisions. The approach reconstructs a given transcriptome based on healthy pancreatic cell type signatures and creates a Machine-Learning model that integrates the observed reconstruction error and predicted cell type proportions as features. Results: A benchmark of the deconvolution model predictions with the ground-truth found that the model could efficiently predict the sample grading, disease-related patient survival time, and differentiate between different subtypes in four panNEN and one mixed panNEN and non-pancreatic NENs dataset. We compared the predictive performance of the deconvolution-trained model to that of a model trained directly on the transcriptomic data, under inclusion of the Ki-67 classification gold standard biomarker, and found the performances to be comparable. Conclusion: Our approach serves as a data-augmentation technique to facilitate the training of Machine Learning models for rare cancer types via utilization of data from healthy origin. Additionally, the deconvolution results were clinically interpretable and further research can render the deconvolution approach an effective complementary asset for the clinical classification of neoplasms.

  Study EGAS00001004861

• RNA-seq consisting of FASTQ paired-end reads from cancer samples

  Efforts to precisely identify tumor human leukocyte antigen presented peptides (HLAp) capable of mediating T cell based tumor rejection still face important challenges. Recent reports suggest that non-canonical cancer HLAp could be immunogenic but their identification requires highly sensitive and accurate mass-spectrometry (MS)-based proteogenomics approaches. Here, we present a MS-based analytical pipeline that can precisely characterize the non-canonical HLAp repertoire, incorporating whole exome sequencing, bulk and single cell transcriptomics, ribosome profiling, and a combination of two MS/MS search tools. This approach results in the accurate identification of hundreds of shared and tumor-specific non-canonical HLAp. Albeit often at low levels and in distinct subpopulations of cells, numerous non-canonical HLAp are shared across tumors. This analytical platform holds great promise for the discovery of novel cancer antigens for cancer immunotherapy.

  Study EGAS00001003724

• Whole exome sequencing of Finnish hereditary breast cancer families

  A remarkable proportion of factors causing genetic predisposition to breast cancer (BC) are unknown in non-BRCA1/2 families. Exome sequencing was performed for 13 high-risk Finnish hereditary breast and/or ovarian cancer (HBOC) families to detect variants contributing to BC susceptibility

  Study EGAS00001001835

• Identification of 19 novel loci reveals gene regulatory mechanisms determining susceptibility to testicular germ cell tumour

  Testicular germ cell tumour (TGCT) is the most common cancer in young men1,2, and is characterised by strong inherited genetic risk factors3. Here we have undertaken large-scale genome wide association study (GWAS) for TGCT, encompassing ~7,500 cases and ~23,000 controls, through the Oncoarray consortium. We identified 19 novel loci, approximately doubling the number of known TGCT risk loci to 44 (P<5x10-8)4-14 and conduct deep, high-throughput functional annotation of all risk loci. We establish a network of physical interactions for all risk SNPs to candidate casual genes in 3D space, using high-throughput chromosome conformation capture techniques (HiC) in TGCT cells. Firstly, functional evidence reveals widespread disruption of developmental transcriptional regulators, consistent with failed primordial germ cell differentiation as an initiating step in TGCT oncogenesis15. We secondly observe multiple risk loci associated with defective microtubule assembly, compatible with the high level of aneuploidy observed in TGCTs, suggesting gross chromosomal instability. Finally KIT-MAPK signalling features as a recurrently dysregulated pathway. In summary our findings substantially increase the number of known TGCT risk alleles, and provides a functional basis for disease susceptibility.

  Study EGAS00001001836