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• An MTOR mutation hitchhikes through renal embryogenesis, driving multifocal, multiphenotypic tumours - RNA

  Embryogenesis is a vulnerable time. Mutations in developmental cells can result in the seeding of cells predisposed to disease within mature organs, creating a field effect. We characterise an embryonic cancer mutation that drives multifocal, multiphenotypic renal tumours in a 14-year-old girl. Their shared MTOR mutation, absent from normal tissues, increases protein flexibility which enables a FAT domain hinge to dramatically increase mTORC1 activity. Developmental mutations, not usually detected in traditional genetic screening, have vital clinical importance in guiding prognosis, targeted treatment, and family screening decisions for paediatric tumours.

  Dataset EGAD00001011646

• An MTOR mutation hitchhikes through renal embryogenesis, driving multifocal, multiphenotypic tumours - WGS

  Embryogenesis is a vulnerable time. Mutations in developmental cells can result in the seeding of cells predisposed to disease within mature organs, creating a field effect. We characterise an embryonic cancer mutation that drives multifocal, multiphenotypic renal tumours in a 14-year-old girl. Their shared MTOR mutation, absent from normal tissues, increases protein flexibility which enables a FAT domain hinge to dramatically increase mTORC1 activity. Developmental mutations, not usually detected in traditional genetic screening, have vital clinical importance in guiding prognosis, targeted treatment, and family screening decisions for paediatric tumours.

  Dataset EGAD00001011645

• Spatially resolved antigen receptor and gene expression data from human tonsil tissue

  The dataset includes spatially-resolved gene expression and antigen receptor data from two Tonsil samples (1 and 2). Tissue sections from the tonsil samples were used for spatial transcriptomics (Visium, 10x genomics). Tonsil 2 tissue sections were analyzed by a new method (Spatial VDJ) to spatially resolve antigen receptor sequences (target capture), which was developed in our publication. Nearby or adjacent tissue sections (from Tonsil2) were also analyzed by a bulk antigen receptor sequencing approach (amplicon sequencing), by a method also newly developed by us in the same publication (Bulk SS3 VDJ). For Visium, the data were anonymized (all SNPs removed) using Bamboozle (Ziegenhain and Sandberg, Nature Communications 2021). The deposited data is in the form of fastq files. All remaining data, metadata, micrographs of the tissue sections (of those used for spatial transcriptomics), and scripts used for the analysis are available at Zenodo (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7961605). Final libraries were sequenced on NextSeq2000 (Illumina) or NovaSeq6000 (Illumina) and analyzed with Seurat, Space Ranger, and STutility pipelines.

  Dataset EGAD00001011062

• Spatially resolved antigen receptor and gene expression data from breast cancer patients

  The dataset includes spatially-resolved and single-cell antigen receptor, as well as gene expression, data from two different HER2+ breast cancer patients. The tumor piece obtained during surgery from each patient was divided into several regions and tissue sections were used for spatial transcriptomics (Visium, 10x genomics). As indicated, some tissue sections were analyzed by a new method (Spatial VDJ) to spatially resolve antigen receptor sequences (target capture), which was developed in our publication. In parallel, tissue pieces from the same tumor were dissociated for single-cell gene expression analysis (10x genomics GEX, VDJ, and feature barcoding/Hash Tag Oligonucleotide). The deposited data is in the form of fastq files. All processed data, metadata, micrographs of the tissue sections (of those used for spatial transcriptomics), and scripts used for the analysis are publicly available at Zenodo (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7961605). Final libraries were sequenced on NextSeq2000 (Illumina) or NovaSeq6000 (Illumina) and analyzed with Cell Ranger, Seurat, Space Ranger, and STutility pipelines.

  Dataset EGAD00001011061

• Renal habitat WXS

  This project is correlating the molecular profiling of renal tumours with multiparametric and 13C-MRI including by 13C-MRSI. . This dataset contains all the data available for this study on 2023-03-09.

  Dataset EGAD00001010125

• Metabolic context regulates the competitive fitness of oncogenic PIK3CA mutant clones in the normal esophagus

  Activating mutations in PIK3CA generate large clones in the aging human esophagus. Here we investigate the underlying cellular mechanisms regulating their expansion by lineage tracing. Expression of an activating heterozygous Pik3caH1047R mutation in single progenitor cells of the mouse esophagus tilts cell fate towards proliferation, generating mutant clones that outcompete their wild type neighbours. The mutation leads to increased aerobic glycolysis through the activation of Hif1α transcriptional targets. In vitro and in vivo interventions that level out differences in activation of the PI3K/HIF1α/aerobic glycolysis axis between wild type and Pik3caH1047R cells attenuate the competitive advantage of the mutants. In contrast, metabolic conditions that alter Insulin/PI3K signalling, such as type-1 diabetes or diet-induced insulin resistance, further increase Pik3caH1047R mutant competitiveness in mice. Consistently, the density of activating PIK3CA mutations in human esophagus is increased in overweight individuals. We conclude that the metabolic environment influences the mutational landscape of normal epithelia. Clinically feasible interventions that even out signalling imbalances between wild type and mutant cells may therefore limit the expansion of oncogenic mutants in normal tissues.

  Dataset EGAD00001008281

• Neuroblastoma patient Total RNA Seq data

  Tumor Total RNA Seq data of primary neuroblastomas. This is an update of the „Berlin Neuroblastoma Dataset” (EGAS00001004022). This data was used for the analysis of circular RNA expression and regulation in neuroblastoma.

  Dataset EGAD00001008124

• THE GENOMIC LANDSCAPE OF ACTINIC KERATOSIS

  Actinic keratoses (AK) are lesions of epidermal keratinocyte dysplasia and are precursors for invasive cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC). Identifying the specific genomic alterations driving progression from normal skin-AK-invasive CSCC is challenging due to the massive ultraviolet radiation-induced mutational burden characteristic at all stages of this progression. Here, we report the largest AK whole exome sequencing study to date and perform mutational signature and candidate driver gene analysis on these lesions. We demonstrate in 37 AK, from both immunosuppressed and immunocompetent patients, that there are significant similarities to CSCC in terms of mutational burden, copy number alterations, mutational signatures and patterns of driver gene mutations. We identify 44 significantly mutated AK driver genes and confirm that these genes are similarly altered in CSCC. We identify the azathioprine mutational signature in all AK from patients exposed to the drug, providing further evidence for its role in keratinocyte carcinogenesis. CSCC differ from AK in having higher levels of intra-sample heterogeneity. Alterations in signaling pathways also differ, with immune-related signaling and TGF-β signaling significantly more mutated in CSCC. Integrating our findings with independent gene expression datasets confirms that dysregulated TGF-β signaling may represent an important event in AK-CSCC progression.

  Dataset EGAD00001006894

• BLUEPRINT EpiVar ChIP-seq in lineage specifying transcription factors

  The BLUEPRINT project is a large-scale project investigating epigenetic mechanisms involved in blood formation, in health and disease. The human variation workpackage (WP10) of the project seeks to characterize the effect of common sequence variation on the epigenome status of a cell. To do this, the project will use highly purified blood cells to minimise "experimental noise" and therefore enhance the power to discover modest effects. Two peripheral blood cell types, the CD14+CD16- monocyte (an important central orchestrator of adaptive immunity and a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity) and the CD65+CD9- neutrophilic granulocyte (the frontline cell for innate immunity) have been selected for this purpose. The two types of cells will be obtained at high purity from adult blood (AB) of 200 healthy males and females, respectively. Cells will be purified by using already validated and fully operational protocols that are based on density gradient centrifugation of the buffy coat obtained from whole blood, followed by magnetic bead-based purification using monoclonal antibodies against Cluster of Differentiation (CD) lineage-specific cell surface markers. This data set contains functional genomics data for gene expression and chromatin state.

  Dataset EGAD00001004571

• Ovarian Cancer Organoid Biobank

  WGS of ovarian cancer organoids, tumor samples and blood references. Ovarian cancer (OC) is a heterogeneous disease usually diagnosed at a late stage. Experimental in vitro models that faithfully capture the hallmarks and tumor heterogeneity of OC are limited and hard to establish. We present a novel protocol that enables efficient derivation and long-term expansion of OC organoids. Utilizing this protocol, we have established 56 organoid lines from 32 patients, representing the spectrum of ovarian neoplasms, including non-malignant borderline tumors, as well as mucinous, clear-cell, endometrioid, low- and high-grade serous carcinomas. OC organoids recapitulate histological and genomic features of the pertinent lesion from which they were derived, illustrating intra- and inter-patient heterogeneity, and can be genetically modified. We show that OC organoids can be used for drug screening assays and capture different tumor subtype responses to the gold standard platinum-based chemotherapy, including acquisition of chemoresistance in recurrent disease. Finally, OC organoids can be xenografted, enabling in vivo drug sensitivity assays. Taken together, this demonstrates their potential application for research and personalized medicine.

  Dataset EGAD00001004387

• Mechanisms of patient response to Dabrafenib in Melanoma

  Samples will be from the BRF113683 (BREAK-3) study which is a Phase III Randomized, Open-label Study Comparing GSK2118436 to Dacarbazine (DTIC) in Previously Untreated Subjects With BRAF Mutation Positive Advanced (Stage III) or Metastatic (Stage IV) Melanoma (n=250 enrolled)*NGS [Agilent capture (Sanger V2 panel): 360 genes and 20 gene fusions; Illumina HiSEQ Sequencing]*CNV: [via NGS or Affy SNP 6.0 or Illumina Omni (TBD)]Bioinformatics: Analysis will be performed using core Sanger informatics pipelines similar to those previously described (Papaemmanuil E et al. (2013) Blood. 22:3616 -3627). Briefly, copy number analysis will be performed using the ASCAT algorithm, and base substitutions, small insertions and deletions using the CAVEMAN and Pindel algorithms, respectively. Statistical approaches including generalized linear models will be used to predict clinical variables such as maximum clinical response and duration of response using genetic data. Sanger and EBI to conduct analysis; Raw data and correlation with clinical endpoints to be analyzed by both EBI/Sanger and GSK (unique pipeline analyses to increase call confidence)

  Dataset EGAD00001001375

• TRACERx100 metastatic samples

  Whole exome sequencing of 10 metastatic biopsies from four TRACERx100 patients (see EGA dataset EGAS00001002247), collected either after relapse or death. The data from these samples are initially published with Abbosh, C. et al. Phylogenetic ctDNA analysis depicts early stage lung cancer evolution. Nature, http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature22364 (2017). Abstract: Earlier detection of relapse following primary surgery for non-small cell lung cancer and the characterization of emerging subclones seeding metastatic sites might offer new therapeutic approaches to limit tumor recurrence. The potential to non-invasively track tumor evolutionary dynamics in ctDNA of early-stage lung cancer is not established. Here we conduct a patient-specific approach to ctDNA profiling in the first 100 lung TRACERx (TRAcking Cancer Evolution through therapy (Rx)) study participants, including one patient co-recruited to the PEACE (Posthumous Evaluation of Advanced Cancer Environment) post-mortem study. We identify independent predictors of ctDNA release in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer and perform tumor volume limit of detection analyses. Through blinded profiling of post-operative plasma, we observe evidence of adjuvant chemotherapy resistance and identify patients destined to experience recurrence of their lung cancer. Finally, we show that phylogenetic ctDNA profiling tracks the subclonal nature of lung cancer relapse and metastases, providing a new approach for ctDNA driven therapeutic studies.

  Dataset EGAD00001003301

• Epigenome maps of time-resolved monocyte to macrophage differentiation and innate immune memory

  Innate immune memory is the phenomenon whereby innate immune cells such as monocytes or macrophages undergo functional reprogramming after exposure to microbial components such as LPS. We apply an integrated epigenomic approach to characterize the molecular events involved in LPS-induced tolerance in a time dependent manner. ChIP-seq, RNA-seq, WGBS and ATAC-seq data were generated. This analysis identified epigenetic programs in tolerance and trained macrophages, and the potential transcription factors involved. Experimental set-up Time-course in vitro culture of human monocytes. Two innate immune memory states can be induced in culture through an initial exposure of primary human monocytes to either LPS or BG for 24 hours, followed by removal of stimulus and differentiation to macrophages for an additional 5 days. Cells were collected at baseline (day 0), 1 hour, 4 hour, 24 hour and 6 days.

  Dataset EGAD00001002693

• Ethiopia Genome Project (low coverage)

  The Ethiopian area stands among the most ancient ones ever occupied by human populations and their ancestors. Particularly, according to archaeological evidences, it is possible to trace back the presence of Hominids up to at least 3 million years ago. Furthermore, the present day human populations show a great cultural, linguistic and historic diversity which makes them essential candidate to investigate a considerable part of the African variability. Following the typing of 300 Ethiopian samples on Illumina Omni 1M (see Human Variability in Ethiopia project, previously approved by the Genotyping committee) we now have a clearer idea on which populations living in the area include the most of the diversity.This project therefore aims to sequence the whole genome of 300 individuals at low (4-8x) depth belonging to the six most representative populations of the Ethiopian area to produce a unique catalogue of variants peculiar of the North East Africa. Furthermore 6 samples (one from each population) will also be sequenced at high (30x) depth to ensure full coverage of the diversity spectrum.The retrieved variants will be of great help in evaluating the demographic dynamics of those populations as well as shedding light on the migrations out of Africa.

  Dataset EGAD00001000598

• Hydroxyurea to Prevent Organ Damage in Children with Sickle Cell Anemia (BABY HUG) Phase III Clinical Trial and Follow-Up Observational Studies I and II

  Sickle cell anemia is associated with substantial morbidity from acute complications and organ dysfunction beginning in the first year of life. In 1995, the Multicenter Study of Hydroxyurea (MSH) (dbGaP phs002348) demonstrated that, in adults, hydroxyurea is effective in decreasing the frequency of painful crises, hospitalizations for crises, acute chest syndrome, and blood transfusions by 50%. The phase I/II study of hydroxyurea in children (HUG KIDS) demonstrated that children have a response to hydroxyurea similar to that seen in adults in terms of increasing fetal hemoglobin levels and total hemoglobin, and decreasing complications associated with sickle cell anemia. In addition, this study demonstrated that the drug does not adversely affect growth and development between the ages of 5 and 15. A pilot study of hydroxyurea (HUSOFT) given to children between the ages of 6 months and 24 months demonstrated that the drug was well tolerated and that the fetal hemoglobin levels rose and remained elevated compared to baseline with continued hydroxyurea administration. A Special Emphasis Panel (SEP) met on April 12, 1996 to review the results of the MSH trial and the progress to date of the HUG KIDS study. The SEP recommended that NHLBI undertake the BABY HUG trial. The BABY HUG Randomized Controlled Trial concluded that hydroxyurea treatment in very young children seemed to have an acceptable safety profile and to reduce complications of sickle cell anemia. However, more data were needed on the long-term safety of hydroxyurea use in very young children. As a result, follow-up studies were initiated. The Follow-Up Study II provided longer follow-up than Follow-Up Study I, and included more assessment types than Follow-Up Study I.The BABY HUG program consisted of three related studies, each of which has associated datasets and bio-specimens. A randomized controlled trial comparing hydroxyurea to placebo in very young children with sickle cell anemia (BABY HUG Randomized Controlled Trial) The first observational follow-up study of children from the randomized controlled trial (BABY HUG Follow-Up Study I). All children in Follow-Up Study I were offered the option of taking open-label hydroxyurea, with treatment decisions made by the family and the clinical team caring for the child. The second observational follow-up study of children from BABY HUG Follow-Up Study I. All children in Follow-Up Study II were offered the option of taking open-label hydroxyurea, with treatment decisions made by the family and the clinical team caring for the child.The purpose of the Randomized Controlled Trial was to determine if hydroxyurea can safely prevent early end organ damage in very young children with sickle cell anemia. The purpose of the BABY HUG Follow-up Study I was to provide structured follow-up of the children enrolled in the BABY HUG Randomized Controlled Trial, in order to characterize the long-term toxicities and unexpected risks (if any) associated with treatment with hydroxyurea at an early age. The objective of Follow-Up Study II was to obtain additional data about the long-term safety and efficacy of hydroxyurea use in children with Sickle Cell Anemia through at least the first decade of life.Instructions for requesting individual-level data are available on BioData Catalyst at https://biodatacatalyst.nhlbi.nih.gov/resources/data/. Apply for data access in dbGaP. Upon approval, users may begin accessing requested data in BioData Catalyst. For questions about availability, you may contact the BioData Catalyst team at https://biodatacatalyst.nhlbi.nih.gov/contact.

  Study phs002415

• Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension and Sickle Cell Disease with Sildenafil Therapy (Walk-PHaSST)

  Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive condition characterized by narrowing or stiffening pulmonary arterioles resulting in increased pulmonary blood pressure and reduced delivery of oxygenated blood to the body. It is a common complication of sickle cell disease and initially presents with the symptom of shortness of breath (dyspnea) on exertion. As the condition worsens, other symptoms such as dizziness, lower extremity edema, and chest pain can develop. The drug, sildenafil, works by relaxing blood vessels in the lungs which reduces pulmonary blood pressure and allows more oxygenated blood to circulate. Increased levels of oxygenated blood allows individuals with PAH to tolerate more activity, but guidelines for using sildenafil in patients with PAH and sickle cell disease were unavailable at the time of the Walk-PHaSST trial.Participants were screened for the existence of pulmonary hypertension with a six minute walk test and a Doppler echocardiogram that assessed TRV, diastolic function, and valvular and systolic function. Subjects with TRV ≥ 2.7 m/s received further clinical evaluation for possible causes of pulmonary hypertension. Other screening data included medical history, a physical exam, and standard laboratory testing. For individuals with moderate to severe pulmonary hypertension (TRV ≥ 3.0), a cardiac catheterization was done at the baseline and week 16 data collection periods.Subjects eligible for the main intervention trial based on screening results were randomized in a 1:1 double blind fashion to receive sildenafil or placebo for 16 weeks. Subjects received 20 mg of oral sildenafil or matching placebo 3 times daily for 6 weeks, followed by 40 mg 3 times daily for 4 weeks, followed by 80 mg 3 times daily for 6 weeks, as tolerated. Participants could also receive other therapies as needed to manage sickle cell and related complications. The primary outcome measure of the trial was change in the six minute walk test, a standard indicator of a person's heart and lung function and exercise capacity, from baseline to week 16. After completing the study treatment (or placebo), participants could choose to be part of the open-label follow-up phase of the study and continue to be assessed for up to one year.The study was intended to screen about 1000 subjects and randomize 132 subjects, however it was terminated early due to the unforeseen increase in adverse events in participants treated with sildenafil as compared to placebo. When the study was stopped, 33 participants had completed the trial. Subjects continued to be monitored, but were instructed to taper sildenafil treatment over three to seven days.There was no evidence that treatment with sildenafil impacted the six minute walk distance from baseline to week 16. In addition, treatment with sildenafil appeared to increase rates of hospitalization due to sickle cell disease pain.Due to in part to the early termination of the trial, the majority of subject data was collected from the screening phase of the study (n=720), as opposed to the main intervention trial (n=74).Instructions for requesting individual-level data are available on BioData Catalyst at https://biodatacatalyst.nhlbi.nih.gov/resources/data/. Apply for data access in dbGaP. Upon approval, users may begin accessing requested data in BioData Catalyst. For questions about availability, you may contact the BioData Catalyst team at https://biodatacatalyst.nhlbi.nih.gov/contact.

  Study phs002383

• National Cancer Institute (NCI) Adding Hispanics to Ongoing GWAS in Colorectal Cancer

  Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of colorectal cancer (CRC) have been instrumental in identifying a number of common susceptibility loci in Non Hispanic (NH)-White populations, and a NCI priority is to extend GWAS findings to other populations to address racial/ethnic disparities in cancer susceptibility. Currently, GWA studies of CRC in NH-Whites, Japanese and African-Americans are ongoing. We propose a complementary study to address this critical research area in Hispanics. Hispanics represent the fastest growing ethnic population in the U.S. and have been largely understudied in terms of genetic susceptibility to cancer. There are noted differences in incidence, survival and mortality in CRC by ethnic/racial groups. Hispanics often present with CRC at a younger age and have a significantly greater incidence of stage IV tumors or metastatic disease compared to NH-Whites. We propose to conduct a large, cost-efficient, population-based GWAS in Hispanics by building upon existing NIH-funded resources, the Colon Cancer Family Registry (Colon CFR) and the Multiethnic Cohort Study (MEC). We plan to recruit 2,500 Hispanic men and women diagnosed with CRC between 01/2008 to present using cancer registries in California, physican referrals and familial referrals. Risk factor/diet questionnaires, pathology reports, Oragene saliva samples (for genotyping), optional blood samples (for genotyping and biometric analysis) and tumor blocks (for MSI testing) will be collected using methodologies developed in the Colon CFR/MEC. Cases of CRC in the MEC (currently 473; anticipated 600 at end) will also be included. Population-based Hispanic individuals without a diagnosis of CRC participating in other GWA studies in the MEC (n=3,900, U01HG004726, Haiman) will be used as controls. We will genotype all 3,100 cases using the Illumina 1M array and use available genotype and epidemiologic data collected on 3,900 controls. Our statistical analyses will include: single-SNP and haplotype effects, gene-environment interactions and heterogeneity by MSI, tumor subtype and family history of CRC. We will replicate findings in a second-stage using CRC cases and controls from Mexico (1,000 cases and 1,000 controls, EU FP7 funding, CHIBCHA, Carvajal-Carmona/Tomlinson). We will also examine heterogeneity of the risk estimates by ethnicity/race by leveraging GWA data on NH-Whites (2,142 cases, 1,909 controls, U01 CA122839, Casey), (4,000 cases, 6,000 NH-White controls, UK-CHIBCHA, Tomlinson), Colombians (2,000 cases and 2,000 controls, CHIBCHA), Japanese (1,000 cases and 1,000 controls) and African-Americans (1,500 cases and 1,500 controls, R01CA126895, Le Marchand). We will genotype replicated significant SNPs in our main and combined analysis in several Hispanic populations (note: studies funded by EU or NIH for data collection but not GWAS), including 800 Puerto Ricans, 2,000 Brazilians, 2,000 Argentineans and 3,000 Spanish/Portuguese, to assess generalizability of findings. We will examine the differences in inflammatory gene transcription dynamics in leukocytes (from blood sample collection) by fatigue level (as assessed from study questionnaire data). This study will have a high impact by addressing the key question of racial/ethnic disparities related to genetic susceptibility to CRC, will provide translational guidelines on biological mechanisms during the cancer survivorship period to increase quality of life among cancer survivors, and will enable further growth and investment into research among Hispanics by providing a resource of genetic data and biospecimens, which is lacking.

  Study phs001193

• Adipose Tissue Omics In Obesity

  This project used a multi-omics approach to study the adipose tissue transcriptome in humans with and without obesity. Our human cohort included males and females between the ages of 18-80 who underwent elective abdominal surgery at the University of Michigan and the Ann Arbor Veterans Affairs Healthcare System.Patients with advanced cancer or immuncompromised status were excluded. Visceral adipose tissue (VAT/omental) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT/abdominal wall) were collected from subjects with obesity (BMI>=35) at the beginning of elective surgical procedures, placed on ice, and transported back to the laboratory for immediate processing. For adipose tissue stromal cells (ASC) isolation, adipose tissue was digested with Type II collagenase (2 mg/mL in PBS/2% BSA) at 37oC, 60min, centrifuged at 250 rcf, and the stromal-vascular cell pellet was retrieved, plated overnight, and the adherent cells passaged three times to enrich for ASC, which were then frozen in DMEM/F12, 15% fetal calf serum, and 10% DMSO in liquid nitrogen until use. Single nuclear sequencing was performed on preparations from intact adipose tissue. Bulk RNA sequencing and single cell sequencing were performed on ASC isolated from intact adipose tissue and cultured in 2D and 3D culture systems. We currently apply bulk, single cell, and single nuclear sequencing analyses to these tissues. One component of this project studies single nuclear sequencing in nuclei isolated from intact adipose tissues from human subjects with obesity, focusing on depot comparisons (VAT vs. SAT). This cohort also permits comparisons of adipose tissue transcriptomes between male and female subjects, controlling for age and BMI. Primary findings to date include identification of multiple ASC, adipocyte, and endothelial cell (EC) subpopulations, T-cell, and macrophage (MAC) populations that are in concordance with and expand upon other published datasets. Of two dominant ASC subpopulations, one (inflammatory-mesothelial, IM- ASC) is present in VAT, but absent in SAT, while the other (fibroadipogenic, FA-ASC) is present in both VAT and SAT. We identified multiple EC subtypes with features of lymphatic, venous, and arterial EC, and a PRDM16 expressing population with features of an EC progenitor. Immune cell populations match recent experimental validation of lipid-activated macrophage (LAM) phenotypes, TIM4 macrophages, and a prominent population of MRC1/CD206+ resident AT macrophages with expression signatures related to glucocorticoid activation. These data support depot-specific differences in ASC subpopulations and previously unrecognized EC heterogeneity within human AT, with the potential to shed light on functional differences in AT depot and disease state. Planned future studies include ATAC-Seq and other omics analyses. Another component of this project studies transcriptional responses of ASC in vitro to various stimuli, including different matrix environments. Current data includes bulk RNA Sequencing of human ASC from VAT and SAT differentiated into mature adipocytes in hydrogels of differing stiffness (3%, 5%, 10%) to define transcriptional responses to matrix environments of different stiffness. Primary findings to date include enrichment of adipogenesis and lipid and oxidative metabolic gene pathways in adipocytes in 5% relative to 3% hydrogels, while fibrotic gene pathways have been enriched in 3% hydrogels. These data demonstrate that intermediate density matrix promotes a more adipogenic, less fibrotic adipocyte phenotype geared towards increased lipid and aerobic metabolism. Planned future studies include expansion of intact tissues from our cohort studied with single nuclear sequencing, as well as further study of ASC responses in vitro to different biologic stimuli, including different matrix environments.

  Study phs003390

• Heart Failure Network - Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibition to Improve Clinical Status and Exercise Capacity in Diastolic Heart Failure (HFN RELAX-BioLINCC)

  Data Access NOTE: Please refer to the “Authorized Access” section below for information about how access to the data from this accession differs from many other dbGaP accessions. Related StudyEcho images are available through HFN RELAX-ImagingObjectivesThe RELAX trial tested the hypothesis that chronic phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitor therapy with sildenafil would improve exercise capacity and clinical status in heart failure patients with normal ejection fraction, as compared to placebo. Background Heart failure (HF) with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a common and highly morbid condition that is characterized by chronic exercise intolerance, progressive functional decline and a high rate of readmission. At the time of the RELAX trial, clinical trials of renin-angiotensin system antagonists had not demonstrated improvement in outcomes or clinical status in HFpEF, and effective therapies were needed. Phosphodiesterase type-5 (PDE-5) metabolizes the nitric oxide (NO) and natriuretic peptide (NP) systems' second messenger cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), and thus may limit beneficial NO and NP actions in the heart, vasculature and kidney. Pre-clinical studies suggest that inhibition of PDE-5 reverses adverse cardiac structural and functional remodeling and enhances vascular, neuroendocrine and renal function. In clinical studies, PDE-5 inhibitor therapy improved exercise tolerance and clinical status in patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension and in patients with HF and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). A small, single-center study in HFpEF observed improved hemodynamics, left ventricular (LV) diastolic function, right ventricular (RV) systolic function, LV hypertrophy and lung function with chronic PDE-5 inhibition as compared to placebo. In aggregate, these studies suggested the potential for PDE-5 inhibition to ameliorate several key pathophysiological perturbations in HFpEF, and thus improve exercise capacity and clinical status. ParticipantsA total of 216 participants were enrolled in the trial with 113 in the Sildenafil group and 103 in the placebo group. Design Participants who met screening criteria underwent baseline studies including a history and physical examination, cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPXT), six-minute walk distance, Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLWHFQ), echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, and phlebotomy for biomarkers. Subjects were then randomly assigned, in a 1:1 ratio, to either the sildenafil or placebo intervention group. The study drug was administered orally at 20 mg three times daily (TID) for 12 weeks. If the dose was well tolerated at 12 weeks, it was increased to 60 mg TID for another 12 weeks. If side effects developed, study staff could recommend discontinuation or return to a lower or previously tolerated dose of study drug. Sildenafil levels 2 hours after a scheduled dose of study drug were obtained at 12 and 24 weeks. The primary endpoint was exercise capacity determined by change in peak oxygen consumption during the CPXT after 24 weeks of therapy. Secondary endpoints included change in six-minute walk distance at 12 and 24 weeks, change in peak oxygen consumption at 12 weeks, and a three tier score reflective of clinical status where patients were ranked based on time to death (lowest tier), time to cardiovascular or cardiorenal hospitalization (middle tier), and change in the MLWHFQ for patients alive without cardiovascular or cardiorenal hospitalization after 24 weeks (highest tier). Conclusions Chronic phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitor therapy with sildenafil for 24 weeks did not alter exercise capacity or clinical status compared to placebo in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction.

  Study phs003565

• Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA-BioLINCC)

  Data Access NOTE: Please refer to the “Authorized Access” section below for information about how access to the data from this accession differs from many other dbGaP accessions.Related Studies: Other CARDIA data available include:phs000236.v2.p2 PAGE: CALiCo: Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults(CARDIA) phs000309.v3.p2 The CARDIA-GENEVA Study phs000399.v1.p2 NHLBI GO-ESP: Heart Cohorts Exome Sequencing Project (CARDIA) phs000613.v1.p2 NHLBI CARDIA Candidate Gene Association Resource (CARe) phs003675.v1.p1 CARDIA Multi-omics Obesity & CVD Substudy – Year 20 Untargeted Metabolomics Data phs001612.v3.p2 NHLBI TOPMed: CARDIA (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults) phs003045.v1.p1 Collaborative Cohort of Cohorts for COVID-19 Research (C4R): Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study (CARDIA) phs000285.v4.p3 CARDIA_Cohort Available Data: Available data for request include exam data through Year 30 and outcomes and death data through 2022. Additionally, data from 28 ancillary studies are available for request.Objectives: The original objectives of CARDIA were to document levels of risk factors for coronary artery disease and potential determinants of these risk factors in young adults; to study the interrelationships of risk factors and lifestyles and to document behavioral and environmental changes during the transition from young adulthood to middle age; to compare cross-sectional and longitudinal data on age-related trends in cardiovascular disease risk factors; and to compare levels and evolution of risk factors between men and women, blacks and whites, and in groups of differing socioeconomic status. Goals of the study have evolved to emphasize understanding determinants of left ventricular mass, emerging obesity and hypertension, and sequelae of hypertension in pregnancy.Background: CARDIA is designed to increase understanding of contributors to changes in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors during the critical years of transition from young adulthood to middle age. CARDIA was funded initially in 1983 for a five-year cycle that included two rounds of examinations. Contract renewals have allowed for subsequent re-examinations.Participants: Black and white men and women; ages 18-30 years at entry with a range of attained education; original sample size: 5,115.Design: CARDIA is a population-based observational study of 5,115 participants aged 18-30 years recruited in 1985-1986. The sample was designed to achieve approximately balanced subgroups of race, gender, education (high school or less and more than high school) and age (18-24 and 25-30). Forty percent of the cohort had no more than a high school education. A total of nine examinations have been completed in the cohort with examination cycles at year 2 of the project and years 5, 7, 10 , 15, 20, 25, and 30.In addition to standard measurements of blood pressure, anthropometry, blood lipids, smoking behavior, physical activity, diet, pulmonary function, and many psychological factors, CARDIA has other included measurements (in subsets or in the full cohort) to obtain unique information on other aspects of risk factor development and early morbidity. These have included: graded exercise treadmill testing; echocardiography, particularly for measurement of left ventricular mass; cardiovascular reactivity; serum cotinine; Lp(a), apoE phenotype, apolipoprotein A1 and B; homocysteine; skin reflectance; body composition by dual X-ray absorptiometry; glucose tolerance testing; vascular resistance and compliance; and plasma renin activity and sympathetic nervous system activity.

  Study phs003739

• Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA): African American Family GWAS

  COGA is a family study of alcoholism, in which the subjects have been drawn from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA), a large, ongoing family-based study that includes subjects from seven sites around the US. COGA has gathered detailed, standardized data on study participants, including diagnostic and neurophysiological assessments. This project has already proved successful in identifying several genes that influence the risk for alcoholism and neurophysiological endophenotypes, which have been independently replicated. COGA data were included as part of two Genetic Analysis Workshops, and the phenotypes are familiar to the genetics community. Alcoholic probands were recruited from treatment facilities, assessed by personal interview, and after securing permission, other family members were also assessed. A set of comparison families was drawn from the same communities as the families recruited through an alcoholic proband. Assessment involved a detailed personal interview developed for this project, the Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism (SSAGA), which gathers detailed information on alcoholism related symptoms along with other drugs and psychiatric symptoms. Many participants also came to the laboratories for electroencephalographic studies. Neurophysiological features that have been shown to be useful endophenotypes for which we have linkage and in some cases association results are included on a subset of the case-control sample: the beta power of the resting electroencephalogram (EEG), the P3(00) amplitude of the visual event-related potential (ERP), and the theta and delta event-related oscillations (EROs) underlying the P3. As part of COGA, a set of informative African American families were selected to have Genome-Wide Association data obtained within families. Genotyping was performed using the Illumina Omni2.5_080814_1 chip to genotype 3,438 subjects selected from densely affected families. Genotyping was performed at CIDR. This sample complements a set of densely affected European American families previously made available under dbGaP study accession phs000763. In addition, exome sequencing data on a subset of individuals with GWAS were added in version 2.For version 3, a subset had 30X Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) as part of the NIDA Sequencing Initiative. The subset contained two distinct sets: Sibling pairs where one sibling had at least two dependence diagnoses in the set (alcohol, cannabis, cocaine, and opioid), and the other had none, and non-related Case-Control pairs matched for age and ethnicity where the cases had alcohol and at least 2 other dependence diagnoses and controls had none. After sequencing, some sibling pairs are re-classified as half siblings, Three VCF files (small variants, structural variants, and copy number variations) are provided. Additional substance abuse variables are made available in version 3. We note that the full sample data are deposited in four dbGaP submissions and the sequenced samples are split across all four: CIDR: Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism Case Control Study (phs000125). GWAS data on cases (primarily probands) and controls drawn from the families. Families with highest density of alcohol dependence and/or extreme event-related oscillation data (phs000763). GWAS data on 119 extended families of European descent are available here, along with extensive documentation. Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA): African American Family GWAS (phs000976). GWAS data on all available COGA families of African descent are available. COGA: Smokescreen GWAS (phs001208). GWAS data on all remaining COGA DNA samples, primarily of other racial background, were genotyped on the Smoke Screen array. A listing of all sequenced pairs is provided in the documentation to facilitate the merging of these samples.

  Study phs000976

• Exome sequencing reveals pathogenic variants in known and novel candidate genes for severe sperm motility disorders

  STUDY QUESTION: What are the causative genetic variants in patients with male infertility due to severe sperm motility disorders? SUMMARY ANSWER: We identified high confidence disease-causing variants in multiple genes previously associated with severe sperm motility disorders in 9 out of 21 patients (43%). We also identified variants in novel candidate genes in 8 additional patients (38%). WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Severe sperm motility disorders are a form of male infertility characterised by vital, but immotile sperm often in combination with a spectrum of structural abnormalities of the sperm flagellum. Examples of this spectrum of disorders include dysplasia of the fibrous sheath / multiple morphological abnormalities of the sperm flagella (DFS-MMAF) and severe forms of asthenozoospermia associated to non-specific structural defects. These disorders frequently recur in families and may include chronic respiratory disease. As such, genetic causes are suspected and many genes have recently been reported. Currently, depending on the clinical sub-categorisation, up to 50% of causality in patients with severe sperm motility disorders can be explained by pathogenic variants in at least 21 known genes. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: We performed exome sequencing in patients with severe sperm motility disorders from two different clinics, aiming to identify the underlying genetic defects and establishing a diagnostic yield in both. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHOD: Two groups of infertile men, one from Argentina (n= 9) and one from Australia (n=12), with clinically defined sperm motility disorders were included. All patients in the Argentine cohort were diagnosed with DFS-MMAF, based on transmission electron microscopy. Exome sequencing was performed in all 21 patients and variants with an allele frequency of <1% in the gnomAD population were prioritised and interpreted. MAIN RESULTS AND ROLE OF CHANCE: In 9/21 patients (43%), we identified pathogenic variants in known sperm motility disorder genes: CFAP43 (3 patients); CFAP44 (2 patients), QRICH2 (2 patients), DNAH1 (1 patient) and DNAH6 (1 patient). The diagnostic rate did not differ markedly between the Argentinian and the Australian cohort (44% and 42%, respectively). Furthermore, we identified patients with variants in the novel candidate sperm motility genes CFAP58, DNAH12, DRC1, MDC1, PACRG, SSPL2C and TPTE2. One patient presented with two possibly damaging variants in four candidate genes and it remains unclear which variants were responsible for the severe sperm motility defect in this patient. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: In this study, we described patients with potential bi-allelic variants in known and novel candidate genes for severe sperm motility disorders. Due to unavailability of parental DNA, we have not assessed de novo or maternally inherited dominant variants and could not phase the mutations to establish in all cases that the mutations occur on both alleles. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: Our results confirm an important role for five known genes for sperm motility and we demonstrate that exome sequencing is an effective method to diagnose patients with severe sperm motility defects (9/21 diagnosed; 43%). Furthermore, our analysis revealed seven novel candidate genes for severe sperm motility disorders. Genome-wide sequencing of additional patient cohorts and re-analysis of exome data of currently unsolved cases may reveal additional variants in these novel candidate genes.

  Study EGAS00001005018

• Genome-Wide Association Study of Sporadic and Familial Testicular Germ Cell Tumors

  Case-Control Study:Testicular germ cell cancer has been increasing among men during most of the 20th century. Despite this increase, the etiology of testicular cancer is poorly understood. To better understand the molecular epidemiology of testicular cancer, the National Cancer Institute and the Department of Defense are conducting a case-control study of testicular cancer among military servicemen. The project includes obtaining biosamples and questionnaire data from all participants. Pre-diagnostic serum samples are available from the approximately 1,000 cases and 1,000 controls enrolled in the study. Multiple-Case Family Study:In a parallel project, we are also studying families in which 2 or more testicular cancers have occurred. Among those men diagnosed with testicular cancer, about 1-3 percent report a family history of the disease (FTGCT). Brothers of affected individuals are 8 to 10 times more likely to develop testicular cancer, and men whose fathers had testicular cancer are four times more likely to develop testicular cancer, when compared with the relatives of men who have never had testicular cancer. Large-scale genetic linkage studies have failed to identify one or more rare, highly-penetrant testicular susceptibility genes. Rather, it appears that these familial clusters are due to the combined effects of multiple more common genes with low penetrance (so-called "polygenic inheritance"). Our cohort of FTGCT families was assembled to characterize this syndrome's clinical phenotype, and to discover the full range of cancer susceptibility loci that influence TGCT pathogenesis.

  Study phs001303

• STAMPEED: Whole Genome Association Analysis of Hematopoietic Cell Transplant (HCT) Outcomes

  This retrospective cohort study was designed to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are associated with complications after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Validated discoveries provide information to improve risk assessment, counseling and treatment planning and to direct future mechanistic studies of the genes and pathways that influence outcomes, thereby providing insight and rationale for new targeted therapies. The study was conducted with the use of 3 different approaches. (1) We used GWAS discovery and replication analyses to identify SNPs variants associated with outcomes after HCT. (2) We tested SNP alleles in HLA-matched sibling donors and recipients to determine whether mismatching in the recipient is associated with graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) or the risk of recurrent malignancy after HCT. Such associations would suggest that the peptide encoded by the SNP allele functions as a minor histocompatibility antigen. (3) We performed in silico candidate SNP studies to determine the validity of previously published results showing associations with outcomes after HCT. The study population represents a large cohort from the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and consists of 4,471 recipients and 4,628 donors containing 4,258 recipient-donor pairs. Recipients suffered from a hematologic malignancy or myelodysplastic syndrome and were treated in a highly structured clinical research environment with comprehensive monitoring and systematic data recording. We used proportional hazards analyses to test for associations with acute and chronic GVHD, acute kidney injury, gram-negative bacteremia, invasive fungal disease, CMV infection and disease, recurrent malignancy, death not attributable to recurrent malignancy, and death after recurrent or progressive malignancy.

  Study phs001918

• Center for Common Disease Genomics [CCDG] - Neuropsychiatric: Autism - Simons Simplex Collection (SSC)

  In this study, we address the enormous challenges common complex diseases pose for genomic analysis and the enormous opportunities surmounting them offers for advancing healthcare. The common genetic disorders proposed for study here are believed to have extreme locus heterogeneity, requiring the analysis of large numbers of samples to comprehensively identify the genomic variants underlying them. We propose that a combination of deep population studies and joint analysis of SNPs, indels, and structural variants both in coding and noncoding regions will provide the next level of understanding of common genetic disorders. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) will be critical to this next-generation approach to the genomics of complex disease. WGS will need to be accompanied by the technical ability to generate and handle very large data sets, a particular focus and strength of New York Genome Center (NYGC). WGS will also need to be accompanied by new statistical tools and algorithms, which will be developed by the strong core group committed to this proposal. An overarching goal of this proposal, one that capitalizes on the power of WGS, is to identify disease-associated variants at the individual nucleotide level. In many cases pathogenic mutations fall in noncoding regions of the genome, which can only be fruitfully explored with WGS. A major effort was put into building new computational strategies to functionally annotate noncoding transcribed sequences, and to build new datasets to enable such strategies, opening new frontiers of understanding of disease-related regulatory variants.

  Study phs001676