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• Metagenomic Analysis to Identify Novel Infectious Agents in Systemic Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma

  Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a rare T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Risk of systemic ALCL is markedly increased among immunosuppressed people, such as those with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or solid organ transplant recipients. This increased risk in immunosuppressed populations suggests a viral etiology, given similar elevations for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), Burkitt lymphoma, and Hodgkin lymphoma (caused by Epstein-Barr virus [EBV]) and other virus-related cancers in immunosuppressed individuals. EBV might be a plausible candidate, but most reported ALCL tumors are EBV-negative. Therefore, we conducted a metagenomic analysis of microbial associations with ALCL to determine whether a known or novel pathogen is associated with the tumor. We obtained archived formal fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) ALCL tumor tissue from the Iowa cancer registry and an additional case from an immunosuppressed individual infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Controls included 3 diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCLs) in transplant recipients (shown to be related to Epstein-Barr virus [EBV] by in situ hybridization) and 3 breast cancers (no known viral etiology). RNA was extracted from FFPE specimens, and total RNA libraries were prepared using the KAPA RNA HyperPrep Kit (Roche). Five samples (IA01, IA53, IA57, IA07, and IA17) were sequenced on a NextSeq 500 (Illumina) and the remainder on a NovSeq 6000 (Illumina). Using novel computational approaches, we eliminated human reads and aligned residual non-human reads to known microbial references using GATK-PathSeq or conducted de novo assembly of unassigned reads using virID pipeline. Although EBV was detected in the 3 DLBCL controls, we did not detect EBV or any novel pathogen in ALCL tumors or in the breast cancers. Our study had a modest sample size and only one case arising in HIV-infected individual. Therefore, further studies are required to characterize the metagenome of systemic ALCLs, especially cases arising in immunosuppressed people.

  Study phs002064

• Structure and Diversity of Urinary Cell-Free DNA Informative of Host-Pathogen Interactions in Human Urinary Tract Infection

  The risk of acquiring urinary tract infection (UTI) is very high for patients who have received kidney transplants; nearly half will develop bacteriuria and an eighth viruria via BK polyomavirus in the first three years following transplantation. Current methodology for diagnosing viral and bacterial infections, while well practiced, is often limited in scope. The advent of next generation sequencing of cell-free DNA has shown promise in its ability to capture multiple perspectives of human health from discovering the origin of cell-free DNA in plasma; such a diagnostic has not been readily applied to urinary cell-free DNA. In this study, we selected 141 urine samples from a cohort of kidney transplant patients, which were collected and stored at Weill Cornell Medical College - New York Presbyterian Hospital. Of these samples, 43 samples were determined to be culture positive (> 10,000 CFU) for one or more bacterial species, including E. coli, Enterococcus, Klebsiella, Haemophilus, and Raoultella. A separate 23 samples were confirmed for BK virus nephropathy, with presence of BK polyomavirus confirmed via qPCR. We also included 29 samples from 14 patients who did not develop UTIs in the first three months following transplantation, and 11 samples that were negative for BK virus nephropathy. For a full description of samples, please see the Supplementary Data 1 in https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29925834/. From these urine samples, we aimed to capture and sequence urinary cell-free DNA using a single-stranded library preparation. In addition, we performed whole-genome bisulfite sequencing to 170 plasma samples collected from 27 hematopoietic cell transplant patients who developed graft-versus host disease and BK polyomavirus infection. We also performed Sample-Intrinsic microbial DNA Found by Tagging and sequencing (SIFT-seq) on 196 cell-free DNA (cfDNA) samples (154 plasma and 42 urine) collected from five groups of subjects. For a full description of samples, please see publications in PMID: 35864089 and PMID: 35058359.

  Study phs001564

• Local In Time Statistics for processual research

  Background: Functional genomics in a processual analysis cover the time-dependent changes in transcriptomics and epigenetics before diagnosis of a disease, reflecting the changes in both life style and disease processes. The aim of this paper is to explore the dynamic, time-dependent mechanisms of the metastatic processes, using blood transcriptomics and including time in a continuous manner. For achieving this goal we develop new statistical methods based on statistics that are local in time. Methods: The new statistical method, Local In Time Statistics (LITS), is based on calculating statistics in moving windows and randomization. The method has been tested for the analysis of a dataset that collectively provides information on the blood transcriptome up to eight years before breast cancer diagnosis. The dataset from the NOWAC Post-genome Cohort consists of 467 case-control pairs matched on birth year and time of blood sampling. The data for a pair is the difference in log2 gene expression between the case and control. The stratified analyses are based on important biological differences like metastatic versus non-metastatic cancer, and the mode of cancer detection, i.e. screening detected versus clinically detected cancers. The dataset was used for examining whether the gene expression profile varies between cases and controls, with time, or between cases with and without metastases. Results: The null hypotheses of no differences between cases and controls, no time-dependent changes, and no differences between different strata were all rejected. For screening detected cancers the probability of correct prediction of metastasis status was best in year 1 before diagnosis compared to year 3 and 4 before diagnosis for clinically detected cancers. The predictor was not very sensitive to the number of genes included.Conclusions: Using a new statistical method, LITS, we have demonstrated time-dependent changes of the blood transcriptome up to eight years before breast cancer diagnosis.

  Study EGAS00001002520

• The G2 gene expression signature and MYC overexpression are independent poor prognostic factors in childhood high-grade osteosarcoma

  Purpose In high-grade osteosarcoma, prognostic factors at diagnosis are insufficient for stratifying patients into relevant subgroups. Recently, a transcriptomic study developed the G1/G2 gene expression signature, in which the G2 signature was associated with unfavorable survival. An orthogonal study identified MYC amplification as an unfavorable prognostic factor using targeted next-generation sequencing. The purpose of this study was to validate the independent prognostic value and to investigate the combined prognostic value of the G1/G2 signature with, MYC amplification and/or MYC expression for survival prediction. Material and methods This study included pediatric and adolescent patients with high-grade osteosarcoma. RNA sequencing was performed in 48 patients. Whole-exome sequencing was performed in 40 patients. Gene expression signature scores, MYC amplification (defined as > 7 copies) and MYC expression levels were calculated. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards analysis was performed for event-free survival (EFS) (primary endpoint) and overall survival (OS) (secondary endpoint). Results In the full cohort, the 3-year event-free survival rate was 37%. In multivariable Cox regression analysis with metastatic disease stage (n=21, 44%) as covariate, the G2 signature and MYC expression were independently associated with worse outcomes in terms of EFS (Hazard ratio (HR) 3.32, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.34-8.21 and HR 3.38, 95%-CI 1.71-6.66, respectively) and OS (HR 4.07, 95%-CI 1.19-13.9 and HR 2.88, 95%-CI 1.22-6.76, respectively). MYC amplification was not associated with EFS or OS in univariable analysis (HR 1.88, 95% -CI 0.74-4.77 and HR 0.79, 95%-CI 0.21-3.05, respectively). Conclusion The G2 gene expression signature and MYC expression were independently associated with unfavorable outcomes in a pediatric cohort of patients with high-grade osteosarcoma. The combined prognostic value warrants further prospective validation and could potentially serve as a stratification marker for future osteosarcoma treatment protocols.

  Study EGAS00001008073

• Immune induction strategies to enhance the sensitivity to PD-1 blockade in metastatic triple negative breast cancer: the TONIC-trial

  The response rate in metastatic triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) to PD-1 blockade is low, highlighting an urgent clinical need for strategies that render the TNBC tumor microenvironment (TME) more sensitive to PD-1 blockade. Immunomodulatory mechanisms have been proposed for both chemotherapy and irradiation, but it has not been established whether these therapies may improve efficacy of PD-1 blockade by favorably changing the TME. In the first stage of this adaptive, non-comparative phase II trial (TONIC-trial; NCT02499367), 67 patients with metastatic TNBC were randomized to nivolumab without induction or to one of four induction treatments, consisting of irradiation of one metastatic lesion (3x8 Gy) or a two- week low-dose regimen of cyclophosphamide, cisplatin or doxorubicin, all followed by nivolumab. In the overall cohort of 66 evaluable patients, the objective response rate (ORR; iRECIST16) was 20% (95% CI: 11%-31%), with two complete responses and 11 partial responses. The majority of clinical responses were observed on nivolumab in the cisplatin (ORR 23%; 3/13) and doxorubicin (ORR 35%; 6/17) cohorts. After doxorubicin and cisplatin induction, we detected an upregulation of immune-related genes, involved in PD-1/PD-L1, and T-cell cytotoxicity pathways. This was further supported by enrichment among upregulated genes related to inflammation, JAK-STAT and TNFα-signaling after doxorubicin. In addition, we observed a trend towards increased T-cell infiltration, measured using T-cell receptor (TCR) sequencing, after doxorubicin. Together, the clinical and translational data of this study testing different immune induction strategies prior to nivolumab suggest that short-term doxorubicin and cisplatin may induce a more favorable TME and increase the likelihood of response to PD-1 blockade in TNBC. These data warrant further confirmation in TNBC and exploration of induction treatments prior to PD-1 blockade in other cancer types.

  Study EGAS00001003535

• Circulating kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) and association with response to adjuvant immunotherapy in renal cell carcinoma

  Adjuvant immunotherapy is currently the standard of care for patients with resected renal cell carcinoma (RCC) at increased risk of recurrence, but there are no biomarkers available to guide treatment decisions. Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) has previously been described as a potential circulating biomarker in renal cell carcinoma. We evaluated biomarkers and outcomes among patients who participated in a randomized phase III trial of adjuvant atezolizumab versus placebo in resected RCC (IMmotion010). This trial did not meet its primary DFS endpoint in the intention-to-treat population. An affinity-based proximity extension proteomics assay was used to compare levels of circulating proteins among baseline (post-nephrectomy) serum samples and also with samples taken at time of recurrence. We demonstrate that serum KIM-1 was the most significantly enriched protein at recurrence versus baseline. Patients with serum KIM-1high at baseline had worse disease-free survival (DFS) (hazard ratio 1.68, 95% CI 1.35-2.09), but also had improved DFS when treated with adjuvant atezolizumab versus placebo (hazard ratio 0.72, 95% CI 0.52-0.99). An increase in KIM-1 during follow-up was associated with worse DFS compared to patients with no increase in KIM-1. Comparison of transcriptomic expression profiles in paired primary and recurrent tumor samples revealed that metastatic recurrence is associated with upregulation of transcriptional programs associated with tumor proliferation and myeloid immune suppression. Downregulation of an MHC class I signature was seen among patients with recurrence after treatment with atezolizumab but not placebo, suggesting this is a mechanism of resistance to PD-L1 immunotherapy. These analyses suggest that elevated post-nephrectomy serum KIM-1 enriches for benefit from adjuvant immunotherapy in RCC, and that biomarker driven adjuvant therapy should be evaluated as a potential new paradigm in RCC trials.

  Study EGAS50000001285

• Integration of Clinical and Molecular Biomarkers for Melanoma Survival (Berwick)

  The long-term goal of the InterMEL Program Project: Integration of Clinical and Molecular Biomarkers for Melanoma Survival is to identify molecular and clinical factors that predict survival of melanoma patients. Our overarching hypothesis is that we can identify factors in the primary melanoma tumor that will lead to more aggressive disease. Melanoma patients diagnosed at American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) tumor, lymph nodes, and metastases (TNM) stages IIA/IIB/IIC/IIIA/IIIB/IIIC/IIID display highly variable clinical outcomes and responses to therapy. We wish to identify robust and reproducible biomarkers or sets of classifiers that distinguish patients likely to have poor prognosis. These biomarkers will help establish targets for adjuvant therapies for this set of patients before the tumors metastasize. Aim 1. Classify actionable somatic mutations, and copy number variations (CNVs) in relationship to melanoma survival. In Project 1, Targeted Sequencing and Clinicopathology to Evaluate Primary Melanoma Molecular Subtypes and Outcomes, we will profile 468 genes using the MSKIMPACT ™ assay and identify somatic mutations and CNVs associated with melanoma-specific survival, as well as their co-occurrence with other mutations, in 1,000 tumors from patients at AJCC TNM stages IIA-IIID: approximately 500 from patients who died with melanoma within five years and approximately 500 from individuals who have lived at least five years. We will also evaluate the joint effects of somatic mutations, CNVs and pathologic characteristics associated with good and poor outcomes. Aim 2. Identify primary melanoma DNA methylation profiles to evaluate subtypes and survival. Although it has been established that melanomas frequently have aberrant DNA methylation, it is unknown if DNA methylation in primary melanomas predicts outcome. In Project 2, Primary Melanoma DNA Methylation Profiling for Evaluating Subtypes and Survival, we will profile the same primary melanomas as in Project 1 with Illumina Infinium 850K methylation arrays. We expect to: identify and characterize DNA methylation-based melanoma subclasses; train, test and validate a CpG signature prognostic for survival from melanoma; determine whether this profile adds information to outcome prediction beyond AJCC TNM staging. This project is based on the hypothesis that DNA methylation in primary melanoma will define subgroups (including a poor-prognosis CIMP – ‘CpG island methylator phenotype' subtype) and that a CpG signature will be prognostic for melanoma survival. Aim 3. Define microRNA expression changes in relation to melanoma survival. MicroRNAs have been associated with poor prognosis in melanoma, as well as in other cancers. In Project 3, Prognostic and Functional Role of a Gene Expression Signature in Melanoma Patients, we hypothesize that altered miRNA expression, captured at the time of diagnosis, may contribute to the aggressive behavior of a subset of early stage primary melanomas. We will profile the same primary melanomas as in Projects 1 and 2 with a Nanostring assay. This project will define and validate a tissue-based microRNA signature in conducted to determine whether the prognostic miRNA signature, as well as other candidate genes emerging from other projects, contribute to melanoma survival. Aim 4. Integrate data from multiple platforms to identify melanoma subtypes and survival. Despite substantial literature on gene tumor mutation-, methylation- and gene expression-based prognostic and predictive signatures for melanoma, few such signatures are used in clinical practice. Project 4, Multiplatform Analysis of Melanoma Molecular Subtypes and Patient Survival Outcome, will use novel integrative clustering methods to identify molecular subtypes of melanoma jointly defined across these platforms.

  Study phs003099

• Genomic landscape of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia

  Abstract in preparation

  Study EGAS00001001317

• Data Access Commitee Polymorphisms in the Mitochondrial Genome associated with Bullous Pemphigoid in Germans

  Dac EGAC00001001341

• Somatic mutations in lymphocytes in patients with immune-mediated aplastic anemia

  Study EGAS00001004994

• Characterization of a Metastatic Cervical Cancer Patient and HPV18 Integration Using Next Generation Sequencing

  In this study, we used shallow whole genome, exome, and RNA sequencing to genomically and transcriptomically characterize a cervical squamous carcinoma lesion metastatic to the lung and to detect and analyze HPV infection in the same sample.

  Study phs000628

• Molecular Characterization of Germ Cell Tumors

  We performed comprehensive molecular profiling of germ cell tumors, including whole exome sequencing and transcriptome sequencing, derived from patient samples. This project additionally explores mechanisms of chemosensivity in these patients, as well as mechanisms of tumor evolution in the context of treatment.

  Study phs000923

• Eosinophil Activation and Function in Parasitic Infections and Other Conditions with Increased Tissue or Peripheral Blood Eosinophilia in Humans

  Whole-genome sequencing of tumors and matched normal samples from 11 patients with PDGFR-rearranged hypereosinophilic syndrome reveals simple genomic alterations in this disease without recurrent somatic changes besides the known rearrangement.

  Study phs003180

• Variant calling from CC220-MM-001 cohorts A,B,D

  These are genomic and transcriptomic high risk molecular segments for 167 samples collected at baseline from deidentified patients enrolled in cohorts A,B or D in the CC-220-MM-001 clinical study. Data are provided in a patient call table in csv format. Calls are generated from WGS data with mutations called by mutect2 best practices pipeline, CNV calls from Battenberg; and RNA-seq aligned with star aligner and quantified by Salmon.

  Dataset EGAD50000000388

• EOSC4Cancer Synthetic Colorectal Cancer Genomic data

  In this study there are stored the synthetic datasets produced by partners involved in EOSC4Cancer. The study contains independent datasets available for the research community. The synthetic genomes have been created trying to mimic real cancer data.

  Study EGAS50000000190

• Target bisulfite sequencing of uterine cervical cancer

  We performed targeted bisulfite sequencing of the HLA-A promoter region in cervical tissue samples to investigate DNA methylation patterns that regulate immune recognition and antigen presentation, which may influence viral immune surveillance and malignant transformation in cervical pathology.

  Study JGAS000825

• Indonesian Genome Diversity Project 3

  Low coverage whole genome sequences were collected to study the population history in Eastern Indonesia, in particular Wallacea and Papua region. We have sequenced the genomes of 254 individuals from 12 Wallacean and 3 Papuan populations spanning this geographical region.

  Study EGAS50000000447

• Comprehensive molecular and clinicopathological profiling of desmoid tumors

  Previous studies have not clearly identified a prognostic factor for desmoid tumors (DT). Whole-exome sequencing and/or RNA sequencing were performed in 64 cases of DT to investigate the molecular profiles in combination with the clinicopathological characteristics.

  Study JGAS000270

• Chromatin accessibility of clear cell renal cell carcinoma

  To investigate chromatin accessibility in ccRCC, we performed ATAC-seq in 3 ccRCC cell lines (786-O, A498, UMRC-2), and 1 normal kidney epithelium cell line (HK-2), cultured under normoxic (20% O2) and hypoxic (0.05% O2) conditions

  Study EGAS50000001325

• Whole exome sequencing of virus-associated HCC

  To understand comprehensive combinations of molecular alterations and seek for potential therapeutic targets/pathways in virus-associated HCC, we have conducted a whole exome sequencing (in-solution capturing all human coding exons) of 150 pairs of HCC cases.

  Study EGAS00001000389

• Single-cell profiling maps the spectrum of crosstalk between glioma cells and tumor associated macrophages

  Tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) are a heterogeneous glioma infiltrate, implicated in cancer progression. We performed single-cell RNA-sequencing, to survey TAM response-patterns in glioma.

  Study EGAS00001002185

• RNA-Sequencing data of patient derived normal fibroblasts (NFs), cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and tumor spheroid samples

  RNA-Sequencing data of patient derived normal fibroblasts (NFs), cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and tumor spheroid samples performed in the context of the characterization of an IL1R1 positive CAF population in CRC tumour samples.

  Study EGAS00001007205

• Predictor_RIO_TNBC

  In this study, samples fom a window study of the PARP inhibitor rucaparib in patients with primary triple negative or BRCA1/2 related breast cancer (RIO trial) will be investigated. Samples will undergo whole genome sequence and analysis, including use of HR Predict.

  Study EGAS00001002805

• Chromatin run-on and RNA sequencing of fibrolamellar carcinoma

  Fibrolamellar carcinoma (FLC) is a rare, therapeutically intractable liver cancer that disproportionately affects youth. Here we used chromatin run-on sequencing to characterize the enhancer landscape in FLC and RNA sequencing to identify dysregulated genes in FLC.

  Study EGAS00001004169

• Insights from genome-wide data from Thailand and Laos

  We provide the first detailed insights into the genetic profiles of Thai/Lao ethnolinguistic groups, which should be helpful for reconstructing human genetic history in MSEA and selecting populations for participation in ongoing whole genome sequence and biomedical studies

  Study EGAS00001006053