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• Disorders/Differences of Sex Development (DSD) Study Performed at UCLA in Collaboration with the DSD-Translational Research Network (DSD-TRN), with the Support of the Gabriella Miller Kids First Pediatric Research Program

  The Gabriella Miller Kids First Pediatric Research Program (Kids First) is a trans-NIH effort initiated in response to the 2014 Gabriella Miller Kids First Research Act and supported by the NIH Common Fund. This program focuses on gene discovery in pediatric cancers and structural birth defects and the development of the Gabriella Miller Kids First Pediatric Data Resource (Kids First Data Resource). Both childhood cancers and structural birth defects are critical and costly conditions associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Elucidating the underlying genetic etiology of these diseases has the potential to profoundly improve preventative measures, diagnostics, and therapeutic interventions. Whole Genome Sequence (WGS) and phenotypic data from this study are accessible through dbGaP and kidsfirstdrc.org, where other Kids First datasets can also be accessed. Disorders/Differences of Sex Development (DSD) are congenital conditions in which development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomic sex is atypical. DSD are chronic medical conditions collectively affecting ~1% of the population, frequently requiring life-long care by multiple specialists, and carrying a significant public health burden. Some are associated with life-threatening events, such as adrenal crises in Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH). DSD are also associated with increased infertility, cancer, gender dysphoria risks, psychosocial distress and pervasive challenges to health-related quality of life (HRQoL) for patients and families. DSD are broadly classified into three categories: sex chromosome DSD, 46,XY DSD and 46,XX DSD, and further classified according to the type of gonad found in the patient (ovary, testis, ovotestis). We were able to increase significantly the diagnostic success for DSD using Whole Exome Sequencing (WES), with the identification of disease-causing and likely pathogenic variants in a third of a cohort of 46,XY patients. We have therefore proposed a shift in the diagnostic approach to DSD to use next-gen sequencing as a first-line clinical test, which could lead to faster and more accurate diagnosis, and orient further clinical management, limiting unnecessary, costly, and often invasive endocrine testing and imaging. However many remain unexplained (over half of the XY cases, a significant minority of XX cases, including most ovotesticular DSD, and most syndromic cases). In addition, the very large phenotypic variability in cases with known variants in the same gene is unexplained. We here propose to use Whole-Genome Sequencing (WGS), which dramatically improves upon exome sequencing, covering both coding and non-coding parts of the genome more uniformly, as an approach to not only improve diagnostic yield, but also to identify novel genes and regulatory elements involved in DSD.

  Study phs001178

• Functional and genomic heterogeneity of long-term self-renewing compartment as the origin of treatment resistance in pancreatic tumors

  Adaptive drug-resistance mechanisms allow human tumors to evade treatment through selection and expansion of treatment-resistant clones. Here, studying clonal evolution of tumor cells derived from human pancreatic tumors, we demonstrate that in vitro cultures and in vivo tumors are maintained by a common set of tumorigenic cells that can be used to establish clonal replica tumors (CRTs), large cohorts of animals bearing human tumors with identical clonal composition. Using CRTs to conduct quantitative assessments of adaptive responses to therapeutics, we uncovered a multitude of functionally heterogeneous subpopulations of cells with differential degrees of drug sensitivity. High-throughput isolation and deep characterization of unique clonal lineages showed genetic and transcriptomic diversity underlying functionally diverse subpopulations. Molecular annotation of gemcitabine-naïve clonal lineages with distinct responses to treatment in the context of CRTs generated signatures that can predict the response to chemotherapy, representing a potential biomarker to stratify patients with pancreatic cancer. RNA-Seq data on these clones are available on EBI ENA, under accession number: PRJEB27735.

  Study EGAS00001003442

• Molecular Genetics of Heterotaxy and Related Congenital Heart Defects

  Heterotaxy syndrome is a congenital anomaly syndrome accompanied by thoracic and abdominal situs abnormalities. The study cohort comprises of individuals with heterotaxy or related congenital heart disease (CHD) who have undergone exome sequencing. The purpose of the study is to elucidate the molecular genetics of the disorder as well as contribute to knowledge about the biology of normal and abnormal development of left-right anatomic asymmetry. These results will further help delineate genotype-phenotype associations and provide important information on the causes, management, and prognosis of heterotaxy syndrome.

  Study phs001814

• ATAC-Seq of healthy and IBD blood samples

  PBMCs from blood samples of 9 age- and gender-matched healthy subjects and 25 IBD patients were isolated through a Ficoll density gradient and used to isolate live CD4 T cells through a magnetic cell isolation kit (Miltenyi Biotec). Twelve thousand live CD4 T cells were then used to prepare ATAC-Seq libraries. Briefly, crude nuclei of live CD4+ T cells were treated with Tagment DNA buffer and Tagment DNA Enzyme (Nextera DNA Library Prep Kit, Illumina), and then the DNA was purified by MinElute PCR Purification Kit (Qiagen). Transposed DNA fragments were amplified using specific adapters followed by purification with MinElute PCR Purification Kit (Qiagen). Fragments from 240-360pb were selected in the PippinHT system (Sage Science). The quality of the library and its DNA concentration were assessed by Bioanalyzer instruments (Agilent Technologies) and ultimately submitted for sequencing using Illumina HiSeq 2500 sequencer, V4 chemistry.

  Study EGAS00001007343

• Detecting and quantifying clonal selection in somatic mosaicism

  In this study, we introduce a scalable method to identify clonal selection in an individual tissue, agnostic of the underlying mutations. To study clonal selection in the haematopoietic system, we performed whole genome sequencing on bone marrow CD34+ haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells from 22 non-leukemic individuals, 30-89 years of age. We performed 90x whole genome sequencing for all samples and re-sequenced 19 samples with sufficient DNA to a total target coverage of 270x. Whole genome sequencing of hair follicle DNA from the same individuals was used as germline control. In addition, we sequenced unseparated bone marrow mononuclear cells, CD3-CD34- bone marrow mononuclear cells, and peripheral blood granulocytes from 14 samples. Samples were collected from individuals undergoing hip replacement surgery as part of the Mechanisms of Age-Related Clonal Haematopoiesis (MARCH) Study (REC Ref: 17/YH/0382).

  Study EGAS00001007558

• Myoepithelial progenitors as founder cells of hyperplastic human breast lesions upon PIK3CA transformation

  The myoepithelial (MEP) lineage of human breast comprises bipotent and multipotent progenitors in ducts and terminal duct lobular units (TDLUs). We here assess whether this heterogeneity impacts on oncogenic PIK3CA transformation. Single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and multicolor imaging reveal that terminal ducts represent the most enriched source of cells with ductal MEP markers including a-smooth muscle actin (a-SMA), keratin K14, K17 and CD200. Furthermore, we find neighboring CD200high and CD200low progenitors within terminal ducts. When sorted and kept in ground state conditions, their CD200low and CD200high phenotypes are preserved. Upon differentiation, progenitors remain multipotent and bipotent, respectively. Immortalized progenitors are transduced with shp53 and mutant PIK3CA. Upon transplantation, CD200low MEP progenitors distinguish from CD200high by the formation of multilayered structures with a hyperplastic inner layer of luminal epithelial cells. We suggest a model with spatially distributed MEP progenitors as founder cells of biphasic breast lesions with implications for early detection and prevention strategies.

  Study EGAS00001005933

• Single-cell landscapes of primary glioblastomas and matched organoids and cell lines reveal variable retention of inter- and intra-tumor heterogeneity

  Glioblastomas (GBMs) are aggressive primary malignant brain tumors characterized by extensive levels of inter- and intra-tumor genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity. Patient-derived organoids (PDOs) have recently emerged as useful models to study such heterogeneity. Here, we present bulk exome as well as single-cell genome and transcriptome profiles of primary IDH wild type GBMs from ten patients, including two recurrent tumors, as well as PDOs and brain tumor-initiating cell (BTIC) lines derived from these patients. We find that PDOs are genetically similar to and variably retain gene expression characteristics of their parent tumors. At the phenotypic level, PDOs appear to exhibit similar levels of transcriptional heterogeneity as their parent tumors, whereas BTIC lines tend to be enriched for cells in a more uniform transcriptional state. The datasets introduced here will provide a valuable resource to help guide experiments using GBM-derived organoids, especially in the context of studying cellular heterogeneity.

  Study EGAS00001005227

• TenK10K Phase 1:  Single Cell

  Understanding the genetic basis of gene expression can shed light on the regulatory mechanisms underlying complex traits and diseases. Single-cell resolved measures of RNA levels and single-cell expression quantitative trait loci (sc-eQTLs) have revealed genetic regulation that drives sub-tissue cell states and types across diverse human tissues. Here, we describe the first phase of TenK10K, the largest- to-date dataset of matched whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq). We leverage scRNA-seq data from over 5 million cells across 28 immune cell types and matched WGS from 1,925 individuals. This provides power to detect associations between rare and low-frequency genetic variants that have largely been uncharacterised in their impact on cell-specific gene expression. We map the effects of both common and rare variants in a cell type specific manner using SAIGE-QTL.

  Study EGAS50000001653

• Conserved interferon-gamma signaling and decreased immune exclusion programs in responses to immune checkpoint blockade therapy

  We analyzed baseline and on-therapy tumor biopsies from 101 patients with advanced melanoma treated with nivolumab (anti-PD-1) alone or combined with ipilimumab (anti-CTLA-4). Analysis of whole transcriptome data showed that T cell infiltration and interferon-gamma signaling signatures corresponded most highly with clinical response to therapy, with a reciprocal decrease in cell cycle and WNT signaling pathways in responding biopsies. Clinical outcome differences were likely not due to differential melanoma cell responses to interferon-gamma, as 57 human melanoma cell lines exposed in vitro to this cytokine showed a conserved interferon-gamma transcriptome response unless they had mutations that precluded signaling from the interferon-gamma receptor. Therefore, the magnitude of the antitumor T cell response and the corresponding downstream interferon-gamma signaling are the main drivers of clinical response or resistance to immune checkpoint blockade therapy.

  Study EGAS00001004545

• fibroblast RNAseq from a GINS3 patient and two parents

  RNA-seq was performed from 3 separate GINS3 patient fibroblast cultures and 1 replicate of fibroblasts derived from each of the two parents. RNA-seq libraries were generated with NEBNext Ultra II Directional RNA library prep for Illumina with NEBNext Poly(A) mRNA Magnetic Isolation Module (New England Biolabs) and sequenced on Illumina NextSeq500 with paired-end 150 bp read length. SIRV Set 3 (Lexogen) spike-ins were added. Two fastq files are provided for each RNAseq sample.

  Dataset EGAD00001008571

• Multidimensional and Longitudinal Immune Profiling of Sepsis in Uganda

  We conducted a prospective, observational cohort study of adults (RESERVE-U-2-TOR) admitted to Tororo General Hospital in eastern Uganda with severe, undifferentiated infection (i.e., suspected sepsis). Briefly, whole-blood samples were collected in PAXgene blood RNA tubes (PreAnalytiX, Qiagen, Germantown, MD, USA), from which RNA was extracted using PAXgene Blood RNA Kits (cat. no. 762164) (Qiagen). Sequencing libraries were constructed with the NEBNext Ultra II RNA Library Preparation Kit for Illumina, after which libraries were multiplexed and sequenced on the Illumina NovaSeq X Plus platform (Illumina, Inc, San Diego, CA). Data from this study available through dbGaP include raw RNA-Seq data generated from whole-blood samples collected upon RESERVE-U-2-TOR study enrollment (N=274).

  Study phs003914

• Single cell transcriptome and TCR sequencing of EBNA1, ANO2 and CRYAB-reactive T cells in multiple sclerosis.

  Molecular mimicry between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and self antigens in the brain has been suggested as a mechanism for how adaptive immune responses to EBV may contribute to multiple sclerosis (MS) disease pathogenesis. Anoctamin-2 (ANO2) and ɑ-crystallin B (CRYAB) have been identified as having homologous peptide sequences with the EBV antigen EBNA1. To explore T cell cross-reactivity, we stimulated PBMC from four natalizumab-treated persons with MS with full-length bead-coupled antigens and sorted proliferating CD4+ T cells by flow cytometry after 8 days. Single cell RNA sequencing was performed on T cells reacting to EBV EBNA1, ANO2, CRYAB, albumin binding domain (ABD, irrelevant protein control) and anti-CD3.

  Study EGAS50000001531

• Breast Cancer Follow Up Series

  This study's purpose is to use data generated in whole genome and exome Breast Cancer sequencing to target specific areas in multiple other Breast Cancer samples. These areas will then be subjected to PCR in multiple cases, tagged and then pool the resultant amplicons. These amplicons will then be sequenced on the Illumina GAII. This is hoped to show the prevalence of previous findings in multiple individuals in a high throughput method.

  Study EGAS00001000002

• RNA sequencing of untreated and treated KRAS-mutated metastatic colorectal cancer PDX-derived organoids.

  RNA sequencing was performed on patient-derived xenograft (PDX)-derived organoid models of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). The aim of this study was to characterize the transcriptional landscape of KRAS-mutant mCRC cells in response to therapeutic strategies targeting the EGFR and KRAS signaling pathways. Transcriptomic profiling was conducted following drug treatments to investigate molecular changes associated with single and combination therapies. A total of 24 samples were analyzed.

  Dataset EGAD50000002443

• Whole genome sequence of monozygotic twins

  We generated whole genome sequence data from a family of monozygotic twins. DNA was obtained from blood, buccal epithelial cells, placenta, and umbilical cords of monozygotic twins. DNA from the parents were also obtained. Libraries were generated using Truseq-PCR free, Truseq nano, and NEBnext Ultra II depending on the availability of DNA. Data was generated on Illumina NovaSeq platform. Raw sequence data was aligned to the human reference genome GRCh38 using bwa mem aligner.

  Dataset EGAD00001008677

• Genome-wide association study for Bladder Cancer Risk

  This study funded by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) involves conducting a genome-wide association study of common genetic variants to identify markers of susceptibility to bladder cancer. This bladder GWAS has led to the discovery of three novel regions in the genome associated with bladder cancer risk. Cases were defined as individuals having histologically confirmed primary carcinoma of the urinary bladder, including carcinoma in situ (ICD-0-2 topography codes C67.0-C67.9 or ICD9 codes 188.1-188.9). Scan data were obtained from two case-control studies carried out in Spain and the United States (specifically, those in the Maine and Vermont components of the New England Bladder Cancer Study) and three prospective cohort studies in Finland and the United States (specifically Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study, Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial, and The American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort). We used data from 591,637 single nucleotide polymorphisms 3,532 affected individuals (cases) and 5,119 controls of European descent and replication including 8382 cases and 48275 controls from 16 studies. In a combined analysis, we identified three new regions associated with bladder cancer on chromosomes 22q13.1, 19q12 and 2q37.1: rs1014971, (P ≈ 8 x 10-12) maps to a non-genic region of chromosome 22q13.1, rs8102137 (P = 2 x 10-11) on maps to CCNE1 and rs11892031 (P = 1 x 10-7) maps to the UGT1A cluster on 2q37.1. We confirmed four previously identified genome-wide associations on chromosomes 3q28, 4p16.3, 8q24.21 and 8q24.3 (Rothman N et al., Nature Genetics, 2010, PMID: 20972438). Through meta-analysis with the MD Anderson Texas Bladder Cancer Study (TXBCS), we also identified a novel susceptibility locus that mapped to a region of 18q12.3, marked by rs7238033 (P = 8.7 x 10(-9); allelic odds ratio 1.20 with 95% CI: 1.13-1.28) and two highly correlated SNPs, rs10775480/rs10853535 (r(2)= 1.00; P = 8.9 x 10(-9); allelic odds ratio 1.16 with 95% CI: 1.10-1.22) (Garcia-Closas M et al, Human Molecular Genetics, 2011) For NCI-GWAS2, we performed genotyping on cases and controls for the New Hampshire component of the New England Bladder Cancer Study (NEBCS-NH). For the majority of new bladder cancer cases, we genotyped only cases from four case-control studies, the Los Angeles Bladder Cancer Study (LABCS), the French Center for Research on Prostate Diseases (CeRePP), the French Bladder Study (FBCS) and the Brescia Bladder Cancer Study (BBCS). We used existing control data from four cohort studies already genotyped and subjected to rigorous quality control metrics: the European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer and Nutrition Study (EPIC), Womens Health Initiative (WHI), Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS), Nurses Health Study (NHS), which have been a part of Cancer Genetic Markers of Susceptibility (CGEMS). Meta-analysis of NCI-GWAS1, NCI-GWAS2 and a previously reported GWAS TXBCS-GWAS along with taqman replication, identified two new loci: rs10936599 on 3q26.2 (P = 4.53 x 10(-9)) and rs907611 on 11p15.5 (P = 4.11 x 10(-8)). Two notable loci were also identified that approached genome-wide statistical significance: rs6104690 on 20p12.2 (P = 7.13 x 10(-7)) and rs4510656 on 6p22.3 (P = 6.98 X 10(-7)); these require further studies for confirmation (Figueroa J et al, Human Molecular Genetics, 2013).

  Study phs000346

• BipEx_Timpson_Bristol

  "BipEx_EGAS00001006274_Timpson_Bristol Controls Exomes. This research project was a collaboration between University of Bristol, UK and the Stanley Center at the Broad Institute. In this project we sequenced and analyzed the whole exomes of 2,981 Control samples from collaborators in UK. Genomic DNA from each sample was sequenced to a mean depth of 20x."

  Dac EGAC50000000144

• 2 paired WGS samples of peritumour regions of colorectal cancer

  2 paired WGS samples of peritumour regions of colorectal cancer (2 patients). The library was prepared using the Illumina TruSeq Nano FFPE kit and the sequencing was done on NovaSeq6000.

  Dataset EGAD00001009714

• Spontaneous mutations in the single TTN gene represent high tumor mutation burden

  Tumor mutation burden (TMB) is an emerging biomarker, whose calculation requires targeted sequencing of many genes. We investigated if the measurement of mutation counts within a single gene is representative of TMB. Whole exome sequencing (WES) data from the pan-cancer cohort (n=10,224) of TCGA, and targeted sequencing (tNGS) and TTN gene sequencing from 24 colorectal cancer samples (AMC cohort) were analyzed.

  Study EGAS00001004009

• Impact of BRCA mutation type in non-tumorous breast tissue transcriptome

  To investigate the transcriptomic difference between BRCA1 vs. BRCA2 carriers, RNA sequencing was carried out.

  Study EGAS00001004890

• Characterization of patient-derived xenograft models of myxoid liposarcoma either sentitive or resistant to trabectedin

  Two patient-derived xenograft model of myxoid liposarcoma one sensitive and one resistant to trabectedin. The aim of the study was to study the resistance to the drug.

  Study EGAS00001003715

• Combined – whole blood and skin fibroblasts - transcriptomic analysis in Psoriatic arthritis.

  Whole blood RNA sequencing was performed longitudinally in 27 subjects with PsA at the beginning, one month and six months after treatment and response to therapy was defined at 6 months. As control groups 7 healthy individuals and 9 subjects with rheumatoid arthritis were recruited combined with public RNA-sequencing datasets from patients with psoriasis and systemic lupus erythematous. Differential expression analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis were performed to identify gene expression signatures, while deconvolution and flow cytometry to characterize the peripheral blood immune cell profile. RNA sequencing of skin fibroblasts was performed in a subset of affected (n=3) and healthy individuals (n=3) combined with CellChat to identify the blood-skin fibroblasts interaction network.

  Study EGAS00001006288

• Pulmonary Fibrosis and Telomerase Dysfunction

  This study was used to perform an exome-limited analysis of whole genome sequencing data of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) or familial pulmonary fibrosis. Case cohorts were derived from local centers at University of Southwestern or Columbia University, and subjects were from the IPFnet cohort of clinical trial. Rare damaging mutations in the coding regions of cases were compared to healthy controls, and gene burden analysis was performed to identify enrichment of novel risk genes in the development of pulmonary fibrosis. 

  Study phs002692

• Impact of allogeneic umbilical-cord derived mesenchymal stromal cells on B-cell scRNAseq in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

  The impact of MSC(UC) on peripheral B cells from Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) patients was studied by 10X scRNAseq. This scRNAseq study encompassed 3 SLE patients at 3 time points: before or after (1 month, and 3 months) MSC injection in order to analyze B cell subsets and their DEG. The aim of this study was to observe the potential changes of B cell subsets after MSC(UC) injection in SLE patients.

  Study EGAS50000000325

• Mutational spectrum of highly differentiated, fusion-negative rhabdomyosarcoma (set 1).

  Pediatric PAX-FOXO1 fusion-negative rhabdomyosarcoma represents a diverse spectrum of tumors. In this study, the mutational spectrum of 22 fusion-negative rhabdomyosarcomas with high, rhabdomyoma-like levels of differentiation was evaluated using OncoPanel v.2 (OPv2), an Agilent SureSelect custom designed bait set consisting of the coding regions of 504 cancer-relevant genes. Corresponding normal tissue was not available. Discarded normal human skeletal muscle, obtained from 7 donors without tumor history, were also included in the sequencing run.

  Study EGAS00001002630