15041 results for "cancer studies using rna-seq"

in 22.78 milliseconds.

• Genetic_Heterogeneity_of_the_familial_gastric_neuroendocrine_tumors

  Gastric neuroendocrine tumors (gNETs) occur with an estimated frequency of 2 per 100,000 in the general population. Type I gastric neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) represent the 75% of gNTEs and arise from gastric enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells. They have late age of onset and usually benigh course. Classically, hypergastrinemia in patients who have autoimmune atrophic gastritis, causes hyperplasia of gastric ECL cells that progresses into type I gastric NETs and parietal cell (PC) destruction. The genetic bases in families with this disease are unknown. We performed an exome sequencing study of an atypical aggressive familial gNETs case (with early age onset, nodal infiltrations and gastric adenocarcinomas) that followed a recessive model. We identified a deleterious mutation in homozygosis in the ATP4A gene, which encodes the proton pump responsible for acid secretion by gastric parietal cells. This mutation lead to achlorhydria first, and hypergastrinemia and gNET developing as consequence (Calvete et al. 2014). Recently, two more families with gNETs, classical clinical traits and recessive model have been studies by WES but we didn't find any mutation in the ATP4a gene. However, putative mutations affecting genes that contribute to the development and the integrity of PC have been found suggesting that genetic alterations associated to this disorder target to a unique cell type (parietal cells). In order to cinfirm this hypothesis, it is necessary the search for new genes implicated in the gNETs, more familial cases are needed to be studied. We have identified four more new familial gNETs cases. Here, we propose their study by WES. The first family is formed by thress siblings with gNETs. The other families include two siblings with gNETs. This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

  Study EGAS00001002273

• UK10K_NEURO_ASD_FI

  In the UK10K project we propose a series of complementary genetic approaches to find new low frequency/rare variants contributing to disease phenotypes. These will be based on obtaining the genome wide sequence of 4000 samples from the TwinsUK and ALSPAC cohorts (at 6x sequence coverage), and the exome sequence (protein coding regions and related conserved sequence) of 6000 samples selected for extreme phenotypes. Our studies will focus primarily on cardiovascular-related quantitative traits, obesity and related metabolic traits, neurodevelopmental disorders and a limited number of extreme clinical phenotypes that will provide proof-of-concept for future familial trait sequencing. We will analyse directly quantitative traits in the cohorts and the selected traits in the extreme samples, and also use imputation down to 0.1% allele frequency to extend the analyses to further sample sets with genome wide genotype data. In each case we will investigate indels and larger structural variants as well as SNPs, and use statistical methods that combine rare variants in a locus or pathway as well as single-variant approaches.These samples are a subset of a nationwide collection of Finnish autism spectrum disorder (ASD) samples. The samples have been collected from Central Hospitals across Finland in collaboration with the University of Helsinki. The samples consist of 93 individuals with a diagnosis of autistic disorder or Asperger syndrome from 36 families with at least two affected individuals. Of these individuals, 16 can be genealogically connected to form two large pedigrees originating from Central Finland, suggesting possible genetic risk factors shared identical by descent within the pedigrees. All diagnoses are based on ICD-10 and DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for ASDs. Additional phenotypic data is available for a subset of the individuals.For further information with regard to this cohort please contact Aarno Palotie (Aarno.palotie@helsinki.fi).

  Study EGAS00001000110

• Whole genome and whole exome sequencing of serial biopsies of relapsed/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.

  Purpose: Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is cured in more than 60% of patients, but outcomes remain poor for patients experiencing disease progression or relapse (refractory or relapsed DLBCL [rrDLBCL]), particularly if these events occur early. Although previous studies examining cohorts of rrDLBCL have identified features that are enriched at relapse, few have directly compared serial biopsies to uncover biological and evolutionary dynamics driving rrDLBCL. Here, we sought to confirm the relationship between relapse timing and outcomes after second-line (immuno)chemotherapy and determine the evolutionary dynamics that underpin that relationship. Patients and methods: Outcomes were examined in a population-based cohort of 221 patients with DLBCL who experienced progression/relapse after frontline treatment and were treated with second-line (immuno)chemotherapy with an intention-to-treat with autologous stem-cell transplantation (ASCT). Serial DLBCL biopsies from a partially overlapping cohort of 129 patients underwent molecular characterization, including whole-genome or whole-exome sequencing in 73 patients. Results: Outcomes to second-line therapy and ASCT are superior for late relapse (>2 years postdiagnosis) versus primary refractory (<9 months) or early relapse (9-24 months). Diagnostic and relapse biopsies were mostly concordant for cell-of-origin classification and genetics-based subgroup. Despite this concordance, the number of mutations exclusive to each biopsy increased with time since diagnosis, and late relapses shared few mutations with their diagnostic counterpart, demonstrating a branching evolution pattern. In patients with highly divergent tumors, many of the same genes acquired new mutations independently in each tumor, suggesting that the earliest mutations in a shared precursor cell constrain tumor evolution toward the same genetics-based subgroups at both diagnosis and relapse. Conclusion: These results suggest that late relapses commonly represent genetically distinct and chemotherapy-naïve disease and have implications for optimal patient management.

  Study EGAS00001007053

• Whole Genome Sequencing of Asian Lung Cancers: Second Hand Smoke is Not Responsible for Higher Incidence of Lung Cancer Among Asian Never-Smokers

  Background Asian nonsmoking populations have a higher incidence of lung cancer compared to their European counterparts. There is a long-standing hypothesis that the increase of lung cancer in Asian never-smokers is due to environmental factors such as second-hand smoke. Results We analyzed whole-genome sequencing of 30 Asian lung cancers. Unsupervised clustering of mutational signatures separated the patients into two categories: i) all of the never-smokers, and ii) only smokers or ex-smokers. Half of the ex-smokers / smokers were in the never-smoker-like cluster. The overall somatic variant profiles of Asian lung cancers were similar to that of European origin with G.C>T.A being predominant in smokers. We found EGFR and TP53 are the most frequently mutated genes with mutations in 50% and 27% of individuals, respectively. Among these Asian never-smokers, 71% had an EGFR mutation compared to 20% of the smokers in the smoking cluster. Other frequently mutated genes include RYR2, SATB2, C1orf88, FERMT1 and CTNNB1. Somatic alterations occurred in WNT signaling pathway genes, suggesting this pathway plays a role in both Western and Asian lung cancers. Conclusions Asian never-smokers have lung cancer signatures distinct from the smoker signature and their mutation profiles are similar to that of European never-smokers. The profiles of Asian and European smokers are also similar. This suggests that the same mutational mechanisms underlie the etiology for both ethnic groups, and the high incidence of lung cancer in Asian never-smokers might not be due to second hand smoke or other carcinogens that cause oxidative DNA damage. Half of the ex-smokers/smokers have a molecular phenotype similar to never-smokers; of which, 50% had EGFR mutations. This suggests that routine EGFR testing is warranted in the Asian population, regardless of smoking status.

  Study EGAS00001000621

• NINDS Deep Sequencing for the Detection of Viral Sequences in Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis Brains

  Deep sequencing allows for a rapid, accurate characterization of microbial DNA and RNA sequences in many types of samples. Deep sequencing (also called next generation sequencing or NGS) is being developed to assist with the diagnosis of a wide variety of infectious diseases. In this study, seven frozen brain samples (n = 7) from deceased subjects with recent encephalitis were investigated. RNA from each sample was extracted, randomly reverse transcribed, and sequenced. The sequence analysis was performed in a blinded fashion and confirmed with pathogen-specific PCR. This analysis successfully identified measles virus sequences in two brain samples and herpes simplex virus type-1 sequences in three brain samples. No pathogen was identified in the other two brain specimens. These results were concordant with pathogen-specific PCR and partially concordant with prior neuropathological examinations, demonstrating that deep sequencing can accurately identify viral infections in frozen brain tissue (Chan et al., 2014). Data from the primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS) brain specimens (n = 14) and Normal Control brain specimens (n = 14) are also submitted here. All the subjects studied here (encephalitis, PPMS, and controls) were selected from existing collections at the Rocky Mountain and UCLA brain banks. These selections were performed by the directors at the two centers (Dr. Corboy at RM and Nagra at UCLA) based on clinic information provided at the time of collection. All the specimens are from deidentified deceased individuals. The submitting investigators have no identifying information on any of these subjects. To avoid confusion, the dbGaP Subject IDs are identical to the brain bank identifying numbers.

  Study phs000715

• 18 Whole Exome Sequencing for Radiation Induced-Meningiomas

  Purpose: Majority of pediatric cancers require the irradiation of the central nervous system (CNS), and as more patients survive into adulthood from improved oncological therapy the sequelae of brain radiation are increasing in prevalence. Radiation-induced meningiomas (RIMs), one such secondary effect, demonstrate a clinically more aggressive behaviour than sporadic meningiomas (SMs). We aimed to describe the genomic mutational landscape of RIMs.Methods: We analyzed a principal cohort of 18 RIMs, with 31 RIMs overall, from patients who received childhood radiation therapy and 30 SMs, as a comparator population. We performed a multiplatform integrative genomic analysis; including methylation, whole exome and RNA sequencing. Results: RIMs exhibited a five-fold increase in copy number alterations, commonly the loss of chromosome 1p (17/18 RIMs) and 22q (17/18 RIMs), which was significantly more than observed in sporadic meningiomas. Furthermore, RNA sequencing data revealed an NF2 gene fusion event in 35.3% of RIMs. In all 6 cases, there was a complete NF2 exon spliced into a complete exon of a reciprocal gene, suggesting that the breakpoints of genomic rearrangement are intronic. All tumours with the NF2 fusion also possessed monosomy of chromosome 22q, rendering the cells with homozygous disruption of NF2. Clinically, RIMs with the NF2 fusion exhibited ill-defined borders and a tendency to develop in anatomic frontal location. Also, targeted sequencing panel confirmed that RIMs had fewer nonsynonymous NF2 mutations (6.5% vs. 30% in SM) and absence of mutations in TRAF7, SMO, KLF4, PIK3CA and AKT1, genes traditionally involved in SMs.Conclusion: Our study demonstrates that RIMs have distinct genomic drivers of oncogenesis as compared to SMs, specifically NF2 inactivation through fusion event. Radiation therapy possibly triggers genomic structural rearrangements through error-prone repair of double-stranded DNA breaks.

  Study EGAS00001002317

• Whole transcriptome sequencing data of 3 histiocytic tumors with CLTC::SYK fusions

  The 3 tumor samples are PMLBM000JFR, PMLBM000JFT, and PMLBM000JFF. All samples are from different patients: Case 9 (PMLBM000JFR), Case 10 (PMLBM000JFT), and Case 12 (PMLBM000JFF) from the article by Kemps et al (Blood 2024 - In production). Methods: Total RNA was isolated and the generated libraries were sequenced on a NovaSeq 6000 (as described in Hehir-Kwa, et al. JCO Precis Oncol 2022). Data files: Provided are .cram and .crai files.

  Dataset EGAD50000000834

• RNA sequencing of multiple myeloma identifies genes dysregulated by structural variants.

  Multiple myeloma is a disease of structural changes brought about by copy number abnormalities and translocations. Many of these changes result in super-enhancers being placed next to key oncogenes. Here, we have investigated which genes are commonly dysregulated by these changes.

  Study EGAS00001003411

• TTV018 RORC IBD-associated genotype effects on RORgT expression and function in ex vivo T cells (2019-02-15)

  RNA sequencing of peripheral immune cells from patients +/- an IBD risk variant. Peripheral immune cells +/- in vitro test compound treatment. This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/ . This dataset contains all the data available for this study on 2019-02-15.

  Dataset EGAD00001004777

• Cell types of the human retina and its organoids at single-cell resolution. Cowan et al

  Human organoids recapitulating the cell-type diversity and function of their target organ are valuable for basic and translational research. We developed light-sensitive human retinal organoids with multiple nuclear and synaptic layers, and functional synapses. We sequenced the RNA of 285,441 single cells from these organoids at seven developmental time points and from the periphery, fovea, pigment epithelium and choroid of light-responsive adult human retinas.

  Dataset EGAD00001006350

• LSC RNA-Sequencing

  To infer the proteomic Mito signature in the LSC subcompartiment, myeloid blasts for 10 patients from the discovery cohort were FACS-sorted into CD34-GPR56+NKG2DLigands- (CD34-), alias 61dc5fb798e2520001702c03 CD34+GPR56+NKG2DLigands- (CD34+), alias 61dc5fb798e2520001702c03 Detailed gating strategy will be described in Donato, Correia, Andresen and Trumpp et al., (manuscript in preparation)

  Dataset EGAD00001008488

• Single cell sequencing on whole bone marrow of NBM and AML

  To generate a cellular taxonomy of the human NBM and AML, representing both rare hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) and stromal niche populations, allowing assessment of their cellular diversity and predicted intercellular signaling, we performed single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) on viably frozen bone marrow (BM) aspirates from four healthy donors and 6 NPM1+ AML patients at diagnosis

  Dataset EGAD00001011057

• RNAseq Iron-Treated iPSC-derived Microglia

  Iron accumulation in microglia has been observed in Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative disorders and is thought to contribute to disease progression through various mechanisms including neuroinflammation. To study the interaction between iron accumulation and inflammation, we treated human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived microglia (iPSC-MG) with an increasing concentration of iron, in combination with inflammatory stimuli such as interferon gamma and amyloid β, and performed RNA sequencing.

  Dataset EGAD00001008660

• Genetic determinants of monocyte splicing are enriched for disease susceptibility loci including for COVID-19

  These data correspond to samples used in the following papers: 1. GWAS and meta-analysis identifies 49 genetic variants underlying critical Covid-19 2. Genetic determinants of monocyte splicing are enriched for disease susceptibility loci including for COVID-19. 3. Identification of Genetic Determinants of Transcriptional Response to Metformin in Primary Human Monocytes. They are the raw RNA sequencing files as used in all downstream analysis.

  Dataset EGAD00001010176

• Transcriptomic profiling of primary tumor and paired hepatic oligometastasis of PDAC

  The dataset was generated for studying metastatic mechanism of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). It is consisted of pair-end raw RNA sequencing reads of 33 fresh froze PDAC specimens, which includes 6 tumor-adjacent normal tissues (N), 13 primary tumors (PT), and 14 hepatic metastases (HM) from 14 PDAC patients (6 N-PT-HM trios, 7 PT-HM paires, and 1 HM).

  Dataset EGAD00001006598

• GSCAN GWAS Meta-analysis of Tobacco and Alcohol use (GSCAN-GWAS)

  This study was a meta-analysis of genome-wide association study (GWAS) of substance use across 1.2 million total participants with European ancestry (some phenotypes are based on fewer participants). The phenotypes were chosen to represent different stages and kinds of substance use from initiation (age of smoking initiation) to regular use (cigarettes per day and drinks per week) to cessation (smoking cessation). For each of those phenotypes, collaborators shared their GWAS summary statistics, which were then meta-analyzed using a method that incorporates into the meta-analytic weighting the sample size, allele frequency and imputation quality score.

  Study phs001809

• NHLBI TOPMed: Study of African Americans, Asthma, Genes and Environment (SAGE)

  This is a parallel case-control pharmacogenetic study of bronchodilator drug response among African American children with and without asthma. Each participant had spirometry measured using the KoKo PFT System. Asthmatic participants were administered with 4 puffs of HFA Albuterol. Healthy participants were given a baseline spirometry test. The overall goal is to identify genetic factors which are predictive of drug response in children with asthma. The principal tools include a questionnaire and biological specimen collection. Participants were 8-21 years old at time of recruitment. Children with asthma have physician-diagnosed asthma, symptoms and medications.

  Study phs000921

• Biology and Molecular Analysis of Human Hematopoiesis Genetics

  In this study we have performed exome sequencing using the hybrid capture method that has previously been described (Gnirke et al., Nature Biotechnology, 2009) on genomic DNA samples from patients with the congenital bone marrow failure syndrome that affects the erythroid lineage, specifically, Diamond-Blackfan anemia. This disease is characterized by a hypoplastic anemia and approximately 50% of cases are attributable to mutations in ribosomal protein gene subunits. The other 50% of cases do not have a known genetic etiology and the purpose of this study is to attempt to delineate such causes.

  Study phs000474

• Maternal Plasma Folate and DNA Methylation in Epigenome-Wide Meta-Analysis of Newborns

  Folic acid is routinely recommended for women trying to conceive to ensure proper fetal development. Mechanisms whereby periconceptional folate influences normal development and disease are poorly understood: epigenetics may be involved. This data represents meta-analysis results from a large epigenomics study to examine the association between maternal plasma folate during pregnancy and epigenome-wide DNA methylation using Illumina's HumanMethyl450 (450K) Beadchip in 1,996 newborns from two European cohorts. Results for all CpGs analyzed (419,905) are provided. These data may be downloaded through the dbGaP Authorized Access portal under phg000701.v1.

  Study phs001059

• Profiles of extracellular miRNA in cerebrospinal fluid and serum from patients with Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease correlate with disease status and features of pathology

  We profiled the miRNA contents from cerebrospinal fluid and serum (using next generation sequencing) from postmortem patients diagnosed with Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease, and neurologically normal controls. All biofluids were cell-free and patient matched, there was one cerebrospinal fluid and one serum sample from each of 70 patients with Alzheimer's disease, 67 patients with Parkinson's disease and 78 age-similar controls. We correlated the miRNA changes with measurements of neuropathology such as plaques, tangles and Lewy bodies.

  Study phs000727

• TCR Repertoire Sequencing to Evaluate the Diversity of Follicular Helper T Cells in HIV Infected Lymph Nodes

  The TCR repertoire of CD4+ T cells in human lymph nodes is a case-based analysis of the TCR repertoire of CD4+ T cells in human lymph nodes. The study aims to determine how HIV infection alters the repertoire complexity of follicular helper T cells (TFH) in relationship to other T cell subsets in the lymphoid compartment. This study performs TCR repertoire sequencing using Molecular Identifier Clustering-based Immune Repertoire Sequencing (MIDCIRS). We found TFH cells become clonally expanded and convergently selected in LNs from patients with chronic HIV infection.

  Study phs001548

• Cognitively Affected DMD Patients have Unique Methylation Signatures Compared to Cognitively Normal DMD Patients

  The overarching goal of this project was to identify changes in methylation patterns in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients with discordant symptoms using whole genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) from genomic DNA isolated from whole serum. DMD siblings (biological brothers) had the same genetic mutation in the dystrophin gene but with discordance in symptoms such as ambulation, cardiopulmonary function, and cognition. Trios (DMD sibling brothers and biological mother or father) and quartets (DMD sibling brothers and biological mother and father) were recruited for this study for intra- and inter-familial comparisons of the methylation of gene bodies.

  Study phs003118

• Genetics of Eating Disorders

  This genetic study examines Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge Eating Disorder. We performed whole exome sequencing (WES) on 93 unrelated individuals with eating disorders (38 restricted-eating, 55 binge-eating) to identify novel damaging variants. Using an unbiased, data-driven approach, we prioritized candidate genes with an excessive burden of predicted damaging variants. We then empirically tested one top candidate pathway in a mouse model of binge-like eating. We identified an excess of novel damaging variants in 186 genes in the restricted-eating group and 245 genes in the binge-eating group. The list of genes significantly enriched (OR = 4.6, p

  Study phs001414

• human CMV-specific CD8+ T cells

  In this study we established a comprehensive workflow to collect multi-omics single-cell data using a commercially available micro-well based platform. This included whole transcriptome, cell surface markers (targeted sequencing-based cell surface proteomics), T cell specificities, adaptive immune receptor repertoire (AIRR) profiles and sample multiplexing. With this technique we identified novel paired T cell receptor sequences for three prominent human CMV epitopes. In addition, we review the ability of dCODE dextramers to detect antigenspecific T cells at low frequencies by estimating sensitivities and specificities when used as reagents for single-cell multi-omics.

  Study EGAS50000000633

• Mechanism of Decitabine response in MDS/AML patients

  Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with complex or monosomy karyotype show high prevalence of TP53 mutations (TP53m), poor response to induction chemotherapy and adverse outcome. These diseases may respond to decitabine but the mechanisms are presently unclear. This study investigates MDS/AML patients who were treated with decitabine for 10 days in a Phase II clinical trial. Serial samples were collected from patients before and at completion of decitabine treatment, morphologic remission and relapse. The samples were interrogated using single-cell transcriptomics to investigate potential interactions between leukemic and immune populations."

  Study EGAS50000000924

• Single cell transcriptomics of human kidney organoid endothelium reveals vessel growth processes and arterial maturation upon transplantation

  Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived kidney organoids have potential for disease modeling and regenerative medicine purposes. However, they lack a functional vasculature in in vitro culture. Here, we transplanted kidney organoids at day 7+12 of differentiation in the coelomic cavity of chicken embryos. We then compared human endothelial cells from transplanted organoids to their respective untransplanted controls at d7+13 and d7+20 using scRNAseq. We demonstrate metabolic and phenotypic effect of transplantation with increased endothelial cell proliferation and differentiation to a fetal-like renal arterial/afferent arteriolar phenotype.

  Study EGAS50000001068

• GenomeAsia 100K Project: Human DNA samples collecting and whole genome sequencing of Asian populations

  The number of basal divergences, admixture, and the degrees of isolation among Indigenous North Eurasian and Native South American populations remain debated, with most insights derived from genome-wide genotyping data. This study aims to improve our understanding of the ancient dynamics and shaping of the contemporary populations of North Eurasia and the Americas. Using large-scale whole-genome sequencing of 1,537 individuals across 139 ethnic groups from these regions, we identify population structures, clarify the prehistoric migrations and the role of past environments in the diversification of human populations.

  Study JGAS000781

• Correction of the cytosine deamination artifacts in FFPE-based sequencing experiments

  Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples are widely used in research and diagnostics, but cytosine deamination during fixation introduces sequencing artifacts, particularly C>T substitutions, which complicate reliable mutation detection. In this study, we systematically evaluated five computational methods and an enzymatic repair approach for FFPE artifact removal, as well as their combined application, using a custom dataset based on whole exome sequencing. Our results demonstrate that while computational strategies improve data quality, the enzymatic approach provides the most effective artifact correction. The study provides guidelines for both computational and enzymatic artifact correction strategies for reliable downstream analyses.

  Study EGAS50000001354

• Adult B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia RoCK and ROI single-cell transcriptome

  Whohle Transcriptome sequencing was performed following the manufactures protocol from BD Rhapsody. Capture of BCR::ABL1 was performed using RoCK and ROI. RoCK and ROI is based on barcoded beads of the BD Rhapsody platform. For RoCKseq specific capture, TSO oligos on BD Rhapsody beads are modified with a/ multiple capture sequence(s) specific to transcripts of interest. ROIseq, on the other hand, is based on specific primers which are spiked in during library generation, directing reads to regions of interest (ROIs). Multiple scRNAseq experiments were performed on several biological samples to validate RoCK and ROI.

  Study EGAS50000001366

• Single-cell transcriptomic data from tumor samples

  Extramedullary multiple myeloma is an aggressive form of multiple myeloma where the myeloma cells escape BM microenvironment and infiltrate distant tissues.We analyse using single cell techniques, the composition and functional state of major immune cells in EMM tumor microenvironment, T and NK cells. This dataset contains the singlecell RNAseq data used in the publication. It includes scRNAseq data from tumor samples across extramedullary multiple myeloma soft tissue (EMM) (n=5; 3 additional samples in the study are under accession numbers mentioned in the publication), EMM bone marrow (EMM_BM) (n=5), and relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM_BM) BM (n=6).

  Study EGAS50000001038

• Lethal malformation syndrome

  Identification of the genetic basis of rare monogenic diseases can provide insights into disease mechanisms, biological pathways and potential therapeutic targets. Exome sequencing has proven to be a powerful, efficient strategy for the identification of the genes underlying rare Mendelian disorders. The genetic defect behind the lethal malformation syndrome under study is known in some cases and has proven useful in revealing the primary underlying defect. We have six typical unrelated families with no known mutation. The aim of this study is to identify the locus associated with this lethal malformation syndrome in these families using exome sequencing.

  Study EGAS00001000061

• COMPARE study: participants typed during UK Biobank version 2 array development phase

  The COMPARE study enrolled 29,066 British blood between donors between February 2016 and March 2017, the study aim is to find the optimum technology for haemoglobin screening (ISRCTN 90871183). All participants were at the time of recruitment active blood donors. The 4,796 participants in this dataset have consented to join the NIHR BioResource. Genotyping data was produced using the Thermo Fisher Scientific Axiom Genotyping platform. The UK Biobank version 2 array design was used, content on this array has been added to allow for accurate DNA based identification of human blood group antigens.

  Study EGAS00001003748