4002 results for "*geneti*"

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• cfDNA in health

  This study investigates baseline methylome and fragmentomic profiles in circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) from healthy individuals. Two cohorts were assembled: a diurnal cohort to evaluate temporal variation in cfDNA features, and a cross-sectional cohort to assess inter-individual variability. The project’s goal was to generate a reference dataset for plasma cfDNA to support future studies in biomarker discovery and disease detection.

  Study EGAS50000001209

• Diagnostic utility of clinical genome reanalysis in rare pediatric disorders using long-read sequencing

  More than half of presumed genetic disease cases remain undiagnosed following exome and/or short-read genome sequencing (SR-GS). Long-read genome sequencing (LR-GS) has emerged as a promising next step for uncovering etiologies missed by current standard-of-care SR genetic testing. However, structural variant (SV) interpretation remains a major challenge in LR-GS clinical pipelines, owing to limitations in SV call reliability, population allele frequency estimation, and evaluation of functional impact. To further develop strategies for the effective clinical use of LR-GS, we performed LR-GS using PacBio HiFi technology on 20 families with developmental disorders of suspected genetic origin and prior negative or inconclusive genetic testing (including exome and/or genome sequencing). Analysis was performed using a comprehensive pipeline integrating phased assembly– and read-based variant calling with LR-GS population allele frequency filtering. Phenotype-driven variant prioritization using Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) terms was performed using a combination of tertiary analysis solutions, including publicly (SvAnna) and commercially (Illumina Emedgene) available tools. Definitive diagnostic findings were identified in 1/20 (5%) families. Variants of suspicious diagnostic significance were identified in 6/20 (30%). All findings of diagnostic significance were clinically confirmed using the proband’s prior clinical SR sequencing results, demonstrating the value of reanalysis and highlighting differences in clinical interpretation. One case harbored a homozygous ~50 kb deletion of initial interest that was only detected with LR-GS; however, it was ruled inconclusive based on frequency data from LR-GS population databases, underscoring the necessity of population filtering for structural variant clinical interpretation. Collectively, the observed increase in diagnostic yield (by 35% including suspicious findings) in this exome-/SR-GS-negative clinical cohort was driven primarily by genome reanalysis rather than identification of variants unique to LR-GS data. Additional functional studies are necessary to elucidate the clinical relevance of suspicious findings.

  Study EGAS50000001464

• Frequent Genetic Alterations in Myositis Autoantigen Genes in Cancer-Associated Dermatomyositis

  One-third of patients diagnosed with dermatomyositis harbor an occult cancer, a rare condition named cancer-associated dermatomyositis (CAD). Emerging evidence suggests that genetic alterations in autoantibody-related genes give rise neoantigens and specific autoantibodies that initiate an autoimmune response characteristic of CAD. This study evaluated the prevalence of such genetic alterations and elucidated molecular mechanisms that may underlie their role in triggering autoimmunity. We detected highly frequent genetic alterations in autoantibody-related genes, supporting their role in the CAD pathogenic mechanisms. Distinct TCR repertoire and immune signatures between tumoral and non-tumoral tissues may underlie divergent cancer and dermatomyositis outcomes. Neglected, immunotherapy may offer clinical benefit in selected cases of CAD and warrants further investigation.

  Study EGAS50000001367

• Heterogeneous endocrine cell composition defines human islet functional phenotypes

  Phenotyping and genotyping initiatives within the Integrated Islet Distribution Program (IIDP), the largest source of human islets for research in the U.S., provide standardized assessment of islet preparations distributed to researchers, enabling the integration of multiple data types. Data from islets of the first 299 organ donors without diabetes, analyzed using this pipeline, highlights substantial heterogeneity in islet cell composition associated with hormone secretory traits, sex, reported race and ethnicity, genetically predicted ancestry, and genetic risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D). While α and β cell composition influenced insulin and glucagon secretory traits, the abundance of δ cells showed the strongest association with insulin secretion and was also associated with the genetic risk score (GRS) for T2D. These findings have important implications for understanding mechanisms underlying diabetes heterogeneity and islet dysfunction and may provide insight into strategies for personalized medicine and β cell replacement therapy.

  Study EGAS50000000697

• Acute Myeloid Leukemia peripheral blood samples

  Study EGAS00001004896

• Hepatoblastoma tumoroid biobank as a key resource for tumour genetics

  Study EGAS00001008251

• Genetic control of naive T cell receptor gene usage in celiac disease

  We have characterized the TCR repertoire of naïve CD4+ T cells in 103 individuals with CeD and 103 control subjects by undertaking gene usage quantitative trait loci analyses based on repertoire sequencing and single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping. Variants within the TCR alpha and beta loci and HLA region as well as HLA-DQ allotypes and alleles were tested for association with TCR gene usage.

  Study EGAS50000001882

• Personalized Medicine Based on Genomic Data

  Understanding how an individual's genetics are associated with their susceptibility to complex diseases and phenotypes is fundamental to advancing precision medicine. This study involved a series of integrative analyses of biospecimens and corresponding clinical data. This study aims to comprehensively investigate genotype-phenotype associations.

  Study JGAS000874

• Genetic control of naive B cell receptor gene usage in celiac disease

  We have characterized the BCR repertoire of naïve B cells in 102 individuals with CeD and 102 control subjects by undertaking gene usage quantitative trait loci analyses based on BCR repertoire sequencing and single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping within the IGH, IGK and IGL loci.

  Study EGAS50000001881

• WES Analysis of precancerous lesions in Lynch Syndrome

  The project focuses on identifying the genetic alterations involved in the early stages of tumor development in individuals with Lynch Syndrome. Using Whole Exome Sequencing (WES), the study aims to characterize somatic mutations and molecular pathways that drive the transformation from normal tissue to precancerous lesions. This research contributes to a better understanding of tumorigenesis in hereditary colorectal cancer syndromes.

  Study EGAS50000001546

• Single nucleus ATAC sequencing of isolated NK cells and CD56+ T cells from digested NSCLC tumor lesions

  In order to explore the intratumoral NK cell heterogeneity at an epigenetic level, we performed matched single nucleus ATAC sequencing of isolated CD45+CD3+CD56+ immune cells from 11 NSCLC patients.

  Study EGAS50000001190

• Expanding CIRdb, a comprehensive catalog of whole-exome sequencing data of Canary Islanders

  This study aimed to comprehensively characterize the full spectrum of small genetic variation among 920 unrelated donors from this population based on whole-exome sequencing data to further develop CIRdb as the Canary Islanders-specific reference catalog of genetic variation.

  Study EGAS50000001726

• Epigenetic characterization of glioblastoma stem cells

  Chromatin accessibility discriminates stem from mature cell populations, enabling the identification of primitive stem-like cells in primary tumors, such as glioblastoma (GBM) where self-renewing cells driving cancer progression and recurrence are prime targets for therapeutic intervention. We show, using single-cell chromatin accessibility, that primary human GBMs harbor a heterogeneous self-renewing population whose diversity is captured in patient-derived glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs). In-depth characterization of chromatin accessibility in GSCs identifies three GSC states: Reactive, Constructive, and Invasive, each governed by uniquely essential transcription factors and present within GBMs in varying proportions. Orthotopic xenografts reveal that GSC states associate with survival, and identify an invasive GSC signature predictive of low patient survival, in line with the higher invasive properties of Invasive state GSCs compared to Reactive and Constructive GSCs as shown by in vitro and in vivo assays. Our chromatin-driven characterization of GSC states improves prognostic precision and identifies dependencies to guide combination therapies.

  Study EGAS50000001804

• Integrated single cell analysis identifies CD39+ tumor-associated NK cells with cytotoxic potential in NSCLC

  In order to explore the intratumoral NK cell heterogeneity at a transcriptomic and epigenetic level, we performed matched single nucleus RNA and ATAC sequencing of isolated CD45+CD3+CD56+ immune cells from 11 NSCLC patients.

  Dataset EGAD50000001695

• Epigenetic characterization of patient-derived glioblastoma stem cell (GSC)

  ATAC-Seq data on 43 samples of glioblastoma stem cells mapped to hg19. Fastq files are available. PMID: 33427645

  Dataset EGAD50000002603

• Genetic architecture of disease in Greenland is shaped by demographic history, fine-structure, and selection - WGS data

  This data was generated as part of the project titled "Genetic architecture of disease in Greenland is shaped by demographic history, fine-structure, and selection." The study was carried out to investigate the genetic architecture of the Greenlandic population and the consequences it has for disease mapping, diagnosis and prediction.

  Study EGAS50000000657

• Genetic architecture of disease in Greenland is shaped by demographic history, fine-structure, and selection - MEGA chip data

  This data was generated as part of the project titled "Genetic architecture of disease in Greenland is shaped by demographic history, fine-structure, and selection." The study was carried out to investigate the genetic architecture of the Greenlandic population and the consequences it has for disease mapping, diagnosis and prediction.

  Study EGAS50000000658

• Multimodal epigenetic sequencing analysis of cell-free DNA identifies biomarkers for ALS diagnosis and progression

  The role of the circulating epigenome in ALS remains understudied. We aim to develop diagnostic and prognostic blood-based biomarkers for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) by profiling methylome signatures in circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) in 20 sporadic ALS cases, 10 C9orf72-associated ALS cases, 10 asymptomatic C9orf72 expansion carriers, and 21 healthy controls using targeted enzymatic methyl-sequencing (EM-seq) of ~4 million CpG loci. We detected numerous differentially methylated genes, including several implicated in ALS risk and pathobiology, and integrated multiple epigenetic features with our Multimodal Epigenetic Sequencing Analysis (MESA) algorithm, achieving an ROC AUC of 0.91 and detecting ~70% of ALS cases at ~100% specificity. Methylation at a subset of loci also correlated with clinical progression and cerebrospinal-fluid neurofilament levels, supporting the potential of cfDNA-based biomarkers for ALS diagnosis and monitoring.

  Study EGAS50000001267

• Malignant mesothelioma EWAS on European prospective study

  Study EGAS00001006432

• Cell-free DNA methylation profiling for non-invasive detection and classification of lymphoma

  Compared with traditional tissue biopsies used for lymphoma diagnosis, cell-free DNA methylation profiling offers a minimally invasive approach capable of capturing lymphoma-specific epigenetic alterations. This study investigates genome-wide methylation patterns in plasma using cell-free methylated DNA immunoprecipitation and sequencing (cfMeDIP-seq). Differential methylation analysis of discovery samples identified lymphoma-associated hypermethylated regions that were used to develop classification models for lymphoma detection. Validation analyses demonstrated high accuracy and strong associations between cfDNA methylation scores and independent measures of tumor burden and clinical outcome. These findings support cfDNA methylation profiling as a sensitive approach for non-invasive lymphoma diagnosis.

  Study EGAS50000001463

• Huch Lab, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics

  Dac EGAC50000000112

• Shaping the Genetic Landscape of Northeast India

  The genetic landscape of South Asia is intriguing. In a vast geographical region like India, mostly genes follow geography. Moreover, at neighbouring regions like East and Southeast Asia, language is the major denominator of the genes. However, these are not just the two alternatives, in many geographical pockets, ethnicity plays a stronger role than either of these. Being a crossroad of South and Southeast Asia, the Himalayan region is mostly populated by the people speaking the Trans-Himalayan language. Archaeological and anthropological studies suggest migration and cultural diffusion in this region with the Tibetan plateau in the North. To understand this complex pattern, we have performed a fine-grained genetic analysis of the major Mizo population and its various clans living at the Himalayan geography. We have investigated 110 individuals belonging to seven different clans of Mizo people for hundred thousand of autosomal markers. In contrast to the East and Southeast Asian genetic landscape, our results suggested that the fine-scaled genetic structure of Northeast India is much more complex and mixture of interplay between languages, ethnicity and geography. Allelic frequency-based analyses indicated that a novel Trans-Himalayan ancestry unite all the populations of this region.

  Study EGAS00001008205

• Epigenetic reprogramming shapes monocytes and heterologous T cell derived cytokine responses in BCG vaccination

  Study EGAS00001007498

• Multi-omic data of subjects of FUSION study

  Finland-United States Investigation of NIDDM Genetics (FUSION) Study has sought to understand the genetic basis of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and diabetes-related traits including glucose, insulin, lipid levels, and obesity. We have performed extensive multi-omic characterization of the study subjects, including SNP array genotyping, whole genome/exome DNA sequencing of blood/tissue/iPSC cells generated from fibroblast, as well as RNAs. The study has provided crucial data for understanding molecular and cellular mechanisms of the disease-causing variants and their respective target genes. This set of data will be a valuable resource to the T2D community.

  Study EGAS00001008440

• Interferon-related inflammaging links epigenetic age acceleration to multimorbidity

  Study EGAS00001008029

• Interferon-related inflammaging links epigenetic age acceleration to multimorbidity

  Study EGAS00001008030

• Interferon-related inflammaging links epigenetic age acceleration to multimorbidity

  Study EGAS00001008031

• RNA sequencing data and whole exome sequencing data of genetically modified IDH1 wildtype and mutant chondrosarcoma cell lines

  This dataset contains total RNA sequencing (polyA enriched) data of early and late passages of n=5 vector-based CH2879 empty vector and IDH1mut cell lines. Total RNA sequencing (polyA enriched) using 150bp paired-end reads was performed in triplicate using the NEBNext Ultra II Directional RNA Library Prep Kit (New England Biolabs) on the NovaSeq6000 platform (Illumina). Additionally, this dataset contains whole exome sequencing data of n=15 parental, mock, and CRISPR-edited IDH1mut and IDH1wt CH2879 and JJ012 cell lines. Whole exome sequencing using 150bp paired-end reads with a minimum coverage of 100x was performed in single using the SureSelect Human All Exon V8 library (Agilent Technologies) on the NovaSeq X platform (Illumina).

  Dataset EGAD50000002703

• Screening for Prostate Cancer-Specific Differentially Methylated Regions Based on BSAC

  Bisulfite Amplicon Sequencing on tissue samples from prostate cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and bladder cancer.

  Study EGAS50000001895

• Screening for Prostate Cancer-Specific Differentially Methylated Regions Based on MeDIP-seq

  Methylated DNA Immunoprecipitation Sequencing (MeDIP-seq) on tissue samples from prostate cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and bladder cancer.

  Study EGAS50000001894

• Differential Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Activities Shape Distinct Tumor Cell Phenotypes

  By profiling patient-derived hepatoblastoma organoids via single-cell transcriptomics and chromatin dynamics, we identify subtype-specific transcriptional and epigenetic profiles. Using CUT&RUN, we show that β-catenin engages distinct genomic regions, which is dictated by differential association with TCF/LEF family transcription factors. TCF7L2 binds to a motif, distinct from the classical Wnt consensus sequence, which is found in the promoter of hepatic target genes.

  Study EGAS50000001229

• Full AfricanNeo ModernDNA Study

  With the largest genomic dataset to date of Bantu-speaking populations, including newly generated data of modern-day and ancient DNA from previously unsampled regions in Africa, we shed fresh light on the expansion of peoples speaking Bantu languages that started ~4000 years ago in western Africa. We have genotyped 1,763 participants, including 1,487 Bantu speakers from 143 populations across 14 African countries. Our comprehensive genetic analysis of the expansion of people speaking Bantu languages reveals a complex history of serial founder events, variable levels of contact with local groups, and spread-over-spread events.

  Study EGAS50000000006

• Integrating transcriptional regulatory networks with chromatin accessibility as markers of survival outcome and drug response in triple-negative breast cancer

  Patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), a highly aggressive and heterogeneous breast cancer subtype, have limited effective targeted therapy options and frequently develop resistance to chemotherapy. Transcription regulators (TRs) guided precision medicine, namely anti-estrogen receptor therapy, has proven successful in hormone-dependent breast cancer, but remains a challenge in TNBC. Here, we identified key TRs underlying TNBC identity by combining a transcriptional interaction network with chromatin accessibility and defined TR activity score metrics. We show that the activity scores of these TRs independently discriminate patient outcome across different clinical endpoints. Matching TR activity scores to drug sensitivity identified drug-TR pairs across independent datasets, including NFE2L3 and CBFB activity associated with sensitivity to mTOR inhibition, which we validated using a cohort of TNBC patient-derived xenografts. Collectively, we present methodology to promote TR-guided precision medicine that captures inter-tumor heterogeneity in TNBC and nominates drug sensitivities according to TR activity scores inferred from expression and chromatin accessibility data.

  Study EGAS50000001691

• Molecular Landscape of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Across Disease Stages and Genotypes

  Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) is marked by asymmetric cardiac wall thickening, enhanced contractility, diastolic dysfunction, and fibrosis. Pathogenic sarcomere gene variants cause HCM, but comparable abnormalities occur in patients with unexplained disease albeit with fewer adverse events. We applied single-nucleus RNA sequencing to investigate how genetic and unexplained HCM affect early disease mechanisms and to contrast HCM with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). This EGA dataset contains HCM and control data. DCM and additional control snRNA-seq data, integrated in this study, are available under the EGA dataset accession number: EGAD00001009292.

  Study EGAS50000001411

• Long-read single-cell genome, transcriptome and open chromatin profiling links genotype to phenotypes

  Current single-cell multiomics methods typically provide limited genomic information, constraining genotype-phenotype studies. To address this gap, we developed SPLONGGET (Single-cell Profiling of LONG-read Genome, Epigenome, and Transcriptome), which integrates 10X Genomics barcoding with Oxford Nanopore sequencing to simultaneously profile genome, chromatin accessibility, and full-length transcriptomes in thousands of single cells. By retaining all tagmentation fragments during library preparation, SPLONGGET delivers whole-genome coverage, supports target enrichment for effective single-cell genotyping, and remains backwards compatible with existing short-read workflows. We apply SPLONGGET to longitudinal samples from a case of pediatric B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) to reveal clonal dynamics during therapy and the phenotypic effects of somatic variation, providing valuable insights into disease progression and relapse. In conclusion, SPLONGGET enables integrated high-throughput analysis of genetic variation and molecular phenotypes using off-the-shelf kits, offering a timely and powerful tool to study genetically heterogeneous samples, such as tumours but also ageing normal tissues.

  Study EGAS50000001278

• Raw fastq files (not trimmed) from RNAseq sequencing

  Samples from infants diagnosed with KMT2A-r B-ALL confirmed by comprehensive immunophenotypic and molecular/cytogenetic features. Mononuclear cells containing >87% blasts were isolated by density gradient centrifugation. Immunophenotyping was performed using the monoclonal antibodies CD45-FITC, CD19-APC, and NG2-PE. NG2POS (NG2 positive) and NG2NEG (NG2 Negative) B-ALL blasts (CD45dimCD19+) were sorted by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) using a FACS-Aria Fusion cell sorter (BD Biosciences).

  Study EGAS50000001244

• Proteomics of human cancer-associated T cells identifies regulators of T cell functionality

  CD8⁺ T cells in solid tumors progressively lose anti-tumor activity, yet the cell-intrinsic mechanisms driving this loss of function remain incompletely defined. Here, we performed matched proteomic and transcriptomic profiling of dysfunctional and bystander CD8⁺ tumor-infiltrating T cells isolated from primary tumors of treatment-naïve non-small cell lung cancer patients. Proteomic analysis revealed widespread discordance with mRNA expression, with 8% of differentially expressed proteins detected exclusively at the protein level. Genetic perturbation of such differentially expressed proteins identified the chromatin remodeler CHD4 and fatty acid synthase (FASN) as cell-intrinsic regulators of T cell function. CHD4 deletion promoted effector differentiation and enhanced cytokine production, whereas FASN deletion preserved mitochondrial fitness and sustained T cell functionality under chronic T cell receptor stimulation. Together, these findings demonstrate that proteomic profiling uncovers regulators of T cell functionality that are not apparent from transcriptomic analyses alone, highlighting an additional layer of regulatory control.

  Study EGAS50000001886

• Frequency and prognostic significance of genetic abnormalities in a subgroup of intermediate risk neuroblastoma patients: A SIOPEN study

  Intermediate risk neuroblastoma includes a rare subgroup of patients over the age of 18 months at diagnosis with unresectable, localised tumours with unfavourable histology without MYCN amplification. This group is treated differently around the world with some patients receiving upfront myeloablative therapy (MAT) in addition to standard treatment with chemotherapy, surgery, radiotherapy and 13 cis retinoic acid, but the overall 5-year patient survival with or without MAT is similar (75%). This study aimed to understand the neuroblastoma biology of this rare patient subgroup.

  Study EGAS50000001908

• After the completion of CINECA, EUCANCan, and euCanSHare. What's next?

  CINECA, EUCANCan, and euCanSHare were part of the EUCAN Cluster, made up of six projects that received funding under the same Horizon 2020 call. All EUCAN projects (CINECA, EUCANCan, EUCAN-Connect, euCanSHare, Receptor Plus, and ReCoDID) were aimed at facilitating data reuse and knowledge discovery by enhancing data exchange and long-term collaboration in the health field. Here are some highlights about EGA’s contribution to these projects. CINECA: advances in Federated discovery and infrastructure for cohorts CINECA (Common Infrastructure for National Cohorts in Europe, Canada, and Africa) developed a federated cloud-based infrastructure for making genomic and biomolecular data accessible. The project has assembled a virtual cohort of 1.4 million individuals from sources such as the EGA, CanDIG and H3Africa. The EGA–CRG co-leaded a work package Work Package 1 on Federated Data Discovery and Querying. Beacon v2, championed by Jordi Rambla and Lauren Fromont, has been one of the central elements for the discovery of human genetic and phenotypic data. The EGA-CRG contributed to the development of a model for cohort discovery inside the Beacon v2 model. The team also delivered a Discovery Portal was implemented to explore cohorts and individuals of synthetic data. It is a UI that gathers a network of Beacons, a service for query expansion, and a visualisation tool. Have a look at the Discovery Portal UI, gathering a network of Beacons. You will find entities such as the Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), BioData.pt and the European Genomic Data Infrastructure (GDI), among others. euCanSHare: facilitation of data access management This joint EU-Canada project aimed to build a European and Canadian FAIR platform for cardiovascular data sharing and analysis. The EGA’s tasks contributed to the development of the data management plan and data flows, main web-portal and interoperability protocols. An important part of the EuCanShare platform is the data access manager, a tool for the data owners to control the access to their sensitive datasets. We built a user-friendly interface for data access committees (data owners) to easily manage their data requests and access credentials. The data access portal facilitates the creation and internal organization of the data access committees as well as the linkage of data usage conditions to specific datasets. The interface includes filters for browsing requests and page to visualize the request history helping with the handling of data access requests. EUCANCan: toward a federation of clinical institutions in oncology The EUropean-CAnadian CANcer Network worked towards building a federated network to advance personalized medicine in oncology, by promoting the standard analysis, management and sharing of harmonized genomic and phenotypic data. The EGA led tasks on defining data flows and preparing an adapted infrastructure for long-term data storage and sharing. One of the key contributions was the conception of the EGA communities, offering standard and interoperable solutions for data discovery, processing, and sharing to projects and institutions that would like to manage and share data in the context of the EGA ecosystem. What's Next? The participation in projects such as CINECA, EUCANCan, and euCanSHare provide us with experience for future projects. We are happy to enhance data sharing and reuse, vital for advancing clinical and genomic research. The Discovery Portal is a wonderful proof of concept for the Beacon network. Next, we will finalise both the network and the user interface, and make sure it can be applied to more clinically-centred settings like hospitals. Most data hosted at the EGA are about cancer research. Currently, we contribute to building tools and infrastructure to empower oncology research in several European projects such as EUCAIM, EUCANIMAGE and EOSC4Cancer. We also do not lose sight of initiatives in the field such as the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) with the project ARGO, whose data model was adopted in EUCanCan.

  Blog cineca-eucancan-and-eucanshare-were-concluded-in-june

• The EGA at the International Congress of Human Genetics

  Today is the start of the International Congress of Human Genetics (ICHG). This event, hosted by the African Society of Human Genetics (AfSHG) and the Southern African Society for Human Genetics (SASHG), will reunite international experts to highlight how genomic technologies are being managed to address challenges generated by the current status of Human Health and Genomics. The European Genome-phenome Archive (EGA) will be at the Congress participating in workshops, meetings and talks where topics such as data access and discovery as well as the Federated EGA will be present. Data access and discovery In the context of the “Federated data analysis workshop“ that will be held the 26ᵗʰ, managed in the context of the CINECA project, a hands-on-session on Beacon v2 Discovery will be led by Mauricio Moldes. Another session on authorisation and data access will be presented by Mallory Freeberg and Coline Thomas, with and introduction by Thomas Keane. During the workshop, an end-to-end federated data analysis use case will be presented. Data access and discovery In the context of the “ Federated data analysis workshop“ that will be held the 26ᵗʰ, managed in the context of the CINECA project, a hands-on-session on Beacon v2 Discovery will be led by Mauricio Moldes. Another session on authorisation and data access will be presented by Mallory Freeberg and Coline Thomas, with and introduction by Thomas Keane. During the workshop, an end-to-end federated data analysis use case will be presented. During the last four years, CINECA has been identifying gaps in data sharing between Africa, Canada and Europe in order to build a federated solution for data access. Thomas Keane will present the project within the sessions happening the 24ᵗʰ. The Federated EGA at the ICHG A Federated EGA poster will be shown during the Poster Session 1 that will take place the 23ʳᵈ. The objective is to bring awareness of the European Genome-phenome Archive as a resource for permanent archive and secure data sharing. In this context, the network generated by the Federated EGA is key for cases where research data cannot be shared outside local jurisdictions. The Federated EGA was officially launched on 2022 with research institutes from five countries becoming the first nodes of this network. Nowadays, with more than 20 nodes preparing to join, it aims to become the largest human omics data sharing initiative towards understanding human health and disease. The H3Africa Initiative and the African research represented in the EGA 1.1% of the EGA studies include samples from African populations. Countries such as South Africa, Kenya, Uganda or Egypt, among others, are present in the 72.577 samples from African individuals archived at the EGA. 23 EGA datasets are managed by the Human Heredity and Health in Africa Initiative (H3Africa). This Initiative will celebrate its Consortium Meeting the 27ᵗʰ and 28ᵗʰ, back-to-back with the ICHG. H3ABioNet, the Pan African Bioinformatics Network for the H3Africa consortium, will also take this context to celebrate its 10-Year Symposium during the Congress. Members of the EGA team will attend both of them, as the H3ABioNet works in conjunction with H3Africa projects, to submit data to the European Genome-Phenome Archive.

  Blog the-ega-at-the-international-congress-of-human-genetics

• Shedding light over COVID-19 susceptibility and severity

  “One of the most remarkable features of SARS-CoV-2 infection is the variation in consequence ranging from asymptomatic to life-threatening” state the authors of the majestic Nature paper released in accelerated pre-view on July 2021. This variation in consequences represent not only an issue of burning medical relevance, but also a scientific and intellectual challenge for scientists around the globe. Researchers are known to be easily triggered by a challenge, and they recently demonstrated to be even better at double their efforts to focus on an urgent societal need. In this work led and coordinated by the COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative (COVID-19 HGI), researchers gathered data from 49,562 cases and two million controls from 46 studies performed worldwide. The majority of the data has been deposited at the EGA, where 29 datasets have been collected under the study number EGAS00001005304. Data gathered from diverse sources conferred a huge robustness to the results. Genetic data from different ancestry origin were included in the analyses, even though data from patients with European origin was highly predominant (approx. 75%). Separated analysis of the different ancestries gave rise to relevant differences in the results, highlighting how important it is to take this aspect in consideration for future studies. Data from the individual studies was compiled into three categories according to COVID-19 severity for a meta-analysis: (a) critically ill cases (b) moderate or severe cases (c) all cases. They were paired with non-COVID-19-reported controls. All three analysis resulted in a total of 13 genetic loci associated with COVID-19 severity. Out of those, 9 loci associated specifically with critical illness, while 6 (a few overlapped) associated with moderated illness. Some genomic position matched previous findings. Interestingly, working with such an enormous amount of data allowed the depth to discriminate association with disease susceptibility vs severity, an issue of large medical relevance. Several loci mapped into biological relevant genes, like TYK2, PPP1R15A and FOXP4, previously implicated in immune response and/or lung functions. Researchers participating in the COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative have worked in an unprecedented time-tight collaboration, prioritizing data sharing and collective results to tackle the pandemic affecting the world. The scientific community won’t miss any of the lessons to learn from this, and the EGA is ready to keep working to enable safe data sharing and fruitful collaborations.

  Blog covid-19-susceptibility-and-severity

• GCAT | Genomes for life

  The GCAT project is a prospective cohort study that was designed to recruit the general population of Catalonia, the north-east region of Spain. This study is a long-term genomic, environmental and lifestyle cohort project that aims to evaluate and track multiple pathologies as well as biologically related traits. By the end of 2017, the GCAT Study had recruited a total of 20 000 participants aged 40–65 years. Participants who agreed to take part in the study completed a self-administered computer-driven questionnaire, and underwent blood pressure, cardiac frequency and anthropometry measurements. For each participant, blood plasma, blood serum and white blood cells are collected at baseline. The GCAT Study has access to the electronic health records of the Catalan Public Healthcare System. Participants are followed biannually for/during, at least, 20 years after recruitment. Therefore, the GCAT Study offers a unique opportunity to integrate diverse data to allow the identification of novel relations among different biomarkers and conditions. Results may lead to the development of new genetic, genomic, epigenomic and proteomic diagnoses and screening tests, as well as new public health recommendations. The only currently available population-based prospective cohort study in Spain to the date, including more than 4899 genotyped participants and 800 whole genome sequences is now stored in the EGA archive under accession id EGAS00001003018.

  Blog gcat-genomes-for-life

• Providing access to COVID-19 data: one year later

  response efforts On 11 March 2020 the World Health Organization declared the novel coronavirus outbreak a global pandemic. Four months later, the European Genome-phenome Archive (EGA) released its first COVID-19 dataset. This dataset – single cell RNA and VDJ sequencing of B cells from 60 COVID-19 patients – showed that neutralizing antibodies could be identified by high-throughput sequencing in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. That was one year ago. Today, the EGA provides access to fifteen COVID-19 datasets from researchers across seven countries in Asia, Europe, and North America. These studies represent almost 17,000 individuals and have resulted in at least sixteen publications and preprints. Researchers deposit controlled access COVID-19 data at EGA The global research community has come together rapidly to investigate the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus and better understand the related disease, COVID-19. These research efforts generate valuable genetic and phenotypic data from patients and research participants that can be shared with approved researchers. The EGA enables sharing of this research data by providing a service for archiving and controlled distribution of sensitive data. Over the past year, the EGA has worked with researchers to archive and distribute COVID-19 data from high-throughput sequencing experiments, genotyping studies, and phenotypic information. These datasets investigate the immune system, blood, and cells and tissues of the lung, which are relevant for studying a contagious respiratory illness caused by a viral infection. *Study Spotlight. In January 2021, Ancestry.com demonstrated the utility of deep phenotyping based on self-reported outcomes from a large population of mild and asymptomatic COVID-19 cases. They identified genetic associations with eight COVID-19 phenotypes and showed distinct patterns of association, most notably related to the chr3/SLC6A20/LZTFL1 and chr9/ABO regions. The supporting data is available at the EGA to approved researchers and includes both genotype and phenotype data for 15,000 individuals. EGA collaborates with global COVID-19 community Since the coronavirus outbreak, the EGA has collaborated with other life science resources to support discovery and access to COVID-19 datasets. COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative. With the NHGRI’s Genomic Data Science Analysis, Visualization, and Informatics Lab-space (AnVIL) platform, the EGA enables sharing of individual-level genetic and phenotypic data from the COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative (HGI). This initiative aims to generate, share, and analyze data from COVID-19 host genetics research projects to better understand the genetic determinants of COVID-19 susceptibility, severity, and outcomes. In response to COVID-19, the EGA actively supports COVID-19 data submissions and integration of data access and flow into the COVID-19-HGI analysis platform. *Study Spotlight. The COVID-19 HGI has combined individual-level data for 13,868 COVID-19 positive patients (N=7,167 hospitalized) from 17 cohorts in nine countries. The data were used to assess the association of the major common COVID-19 genetic risk factor (chromosome 3 locus tagged by rs10490770) with mortality, COVID-19-related complications, and laboratory values. The genotype and phenotype data for 10 of these cohorts is available at the EGA to approved researchers under accession EGAS00001005304. Fig 1: EGA COVID-19 studies are searchable in the European COVID-19 Data Portal alongside other COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 public datasets. European COVID-19 Data Portal. EGA-archived COVID-19 data are discoverable via the European COVID-19 Data Portal (Fig. 1), which brings together public and controlled access data to accelerate coronavirus research for the international community. By indexing all COVID-19-related data in one place, researchers can more easily discover relevant datasets of interest, thus increasing the “FAIRness” (Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability, Reusability) of this valuable data. Fig 2: SARS-CoV-2 viral sequences are imported from ENA and analysed in Galaxy to detect variants. Results are accessible to researchers through the COVID-19 Viral Beacon. COVID-19 Viral Beacon. The COVID-19 Viral Beacon tool was developed in collaboration with the European Nucleotide Archive and Galaxy to enable near real-time browsing of SARS-CoV-2 variability at genomic, amino acid, and motif levels (Fig. 2). The COVID-19 Viral Beacon allows researchers to (i) perform detailed searches about genomic variants, (ii) filter queries and find unique cases, (iii) filter data based on strain-specific variants, and (iv) explore associated metadata. It uses the Global Alliance for Genomics and Health (GA4GH) Beacon standard including new Beacon v2 features. With this tool, researchers can study intra-host mutations on genomic regions of interest, or trace any variant frequency over time using raw read data. More than 200,000 SARS-CoV-2 analysed genomic data files are now available to researchers for further exploration. Ongoing COVID-19 efforts at EGA Addressing the COVID-19 pandemic is a global effort. Federated resources are necessary to support transnational deposition, access, and analysis of sensitive COVID-19 host genetics and other related data. At the same time, many countries now have emerging personalized medicine programmes which are generating data from national or regional healthcare initiatives. These data are subject to more stringent information governance than research data and often must comply with national data protection legislation. To address this need, the Federated EGA was established to serve as the primary global resource for discovery and access of sensitive human omics and associated data consented for secondary use. The Federated EGA will comprise a network of national human data repositories and will implement community standards and common interfaces. Launching Federated EGA promises to accelerate not only global research efforts to understand, diagnose, and treat COVID-19, but also to foster data reuse, enable reproducibility, and accelerate biomedical and disease research to ultimately improve human health.

  Blog providing-access-to-covid-19

• The last addition to the list of clonal evolution studies in the EGA

  Tumours of different types may arise from a single cell with at least one malignant mutation. Accumulation of subsequent hits generates lineages of cells with different cancer transformation power; thus, every clone follows an autonomous evolution, and several clones may co-exist into the same solid or liquid tumour. Clonal evolution studies are not new: the conceptual power of this approach has been recognized since the early ’80, especially in leukaemia patients. Nonetheless, these studies greatly benefit from recent technological improvements -machineries and protocols-, which enable ever-increasing sequencing depth, allowing the detection of low frequency variants and consequently more tumour clones. Note: the figure belongs to the original paper and is owned by the authors. Researchers at the University of Kyoto in Japan, have indeed used state of the art knowledge to investigate the clonal evolution of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in a large panel of patients. CML progresses from a majoritarian benign chronic phase into an often fatal blast crisis phase. It is nowadays known that blast crisis are triggered by genetic instability and disrupted DNA repair, which lead to accumulation of DNA mutations. The use of thyrosine kinase inhibitors targeting the Philadelphia chromosome have enormously improved the treatment of blast crisis, nonetheless resistant patients are still a medical challenge. Yotaro Ochi and collegues used Whole Exome Sequencing of paired chronic phase and blast crisis samples to depict the genetic landscape of progression from the first to the second stage of the disease (as illustrated in their figure). Their results were published in Nature Communication on this May 2021. They used a dataset previously deposited at the EGA (EGAS00001003071) and their new generated data have been made available under accession number EGAS00001005075. Their analysis of the occurring mutations contribute to understanding the mechanisms of CML evolution and therefore develop a protocol for early management of patients with a TKI resistance signature. Up to date, the EGA hosts 99 clonal evolution studies, developed in several cancer types, including myeloma, renal carcinomas and ovarian cancer, in addition to various leukaemia subtypes, where this approach has been more widely applied and produced important results and seminal papers. From a pan-cancer point of view, the definition of tumour architecture through clonal evolution studies is instrumental to unravel the mechanisms of disease progression and treatment-resistance insource. At the EGA, we are honoured to contribute to exciting and important science advances with our service!

  Blog the-last-addition-to-the-list-of-clonal-evolution-studies-in-the-ega

• The Federated EGA network

  In the last 10 years, most human omics data has been generated in the context of research consortia while recently there has been an emergence of large cohorts of human data generated by healthcare initiatives. Many countries in Europe now have nascent personalised medicine programmes. Thus, human genomics is shifting from being predominantly research-driven to being funded through healthcare systems. Genetic data generated in a healthcare context is subject to more stringent information governance than research data and nonetheless all data must adhere to national data protections laws. In this context, EGA identified the need for the development of a federated network to enable secure sharing of data whilst enabling genetic data to remain within the jurisdiction in which it was generated. The Federated EGA is designed to support national data management requirements for genomic and clinical data collected from citizens as part of healthcare or biomedical research projects. It includes a secure authorised access mechanism to support research use of these data across Europe and worldwide. We have engaged with over 14 ELIXIR countries to develop the federation model. The EGA federated configuration is composed of Central EGA, Federated EGA nodes and Community EGA nodes: Central EGA offers international submissions and helpdesk support, currently EGA co-managed by EMBL-EBI and CRG, Federated EGA nodes offer EGA services to researchers within their national jurisdiction, Community EGA nodes are individual institutions or initiatives with human genetic data intended to be shared with the research community. Key services available in the Federated EGA structure are: Central EGA Federated EGA node Community EGA nodes Data submission Offers international submissions service Offers submission service in a particular jurisdiction Does not offer an external submissions service Helpdesk support Provides external international helpdesk Provides helpdesk support for submitters in its jurisdiction and for approved users of data managed at its facilities Provides helpdesk support only for approved users of data managed at its facilities Data distribution Manages worldwide distribution for data hosted at Central EGA Manages worldwide distribution for data hosted at Federated EGA node Distribution for data hosted at Community EGA node EMBL-EBI and CRG have prepared a series of documents describing the overall governance and coordination framework. These describe the Federated EGA structure, the rights and responsibilities of the different parties and governing committees, and node operation guidelines. The federation governance proposal is under review by the first countries invited to join as Federated nodes, with further interested countries likely to join in the coming years. The Central EGA team has been working closely with many ELIXIR partners, including ELIXIR Finland, Luxembourg, Germany, Norway, Spain and Sweden.

  Blog the-federated-ega-network

• Data upcycling, powered by EGA

  In 2012 a collaborative effort headed by the teams of Carlos Caldas in Cambridge, UK and Samuel Aparicio, Canada, produced a pivotal study aimed at defining the mutational landscape of breast cancer. They gathered a collection of over 2000 breast cancer samples (METABRIC) associated with long-term clinical follow-up. They delineated an array of inherited and somatically acquired genetic variants and associated them to gene expression. This led to the identification of putative cancer-driving events and improved stratification of breast cancer patients. The study elicited huge attention and was tackled as herculean effort by fellow researchers. Cristina Curtis and her colleagues deposited the data in the EGA archive (EGAS00000000083). What they probably could not foresee is that their data would be reused more than 100 times, becoming one of the most downloaded datasets at EGA. In 2015, Frederik S. Varn and colleagues accessed the above-mentioned data from the New Hampshire, USA, to correlate it to transcriptional programs of hematopoietic cells infiltrated in breast tumours and found that those can influence patients' prognosis. Their findings, published in Nature Communications, improved the understanding of the interplay between immune system and cancer. Again, in 2017 the dataset was downloaded by an Italian/Polish collaboration and used to corroborate their mechanistic study that demonstrate how a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) is aberrantly localized into the chromatin, where it modulates oncogenic isoforms expression, thus contributing to breast cancer. To date, the METABRIC dataset has been reused to contribute to 147 publications. Its impact on breast cancer research is incalculable, and it even spread beyond that, with recent contributions to the understanding of pan-cancer mechanisms and features. Some of the publications are translating into improvements in diagnosis and treatment of different types of breast cancer. This is just an example of how data upcycling can amplify the potential of any dataset, well past the scope of its creation, the imagination of its owners and any geographical border. At EGA, we are proud to empower such fruitful worldwide cycles of knowledge, providing a platform that enables safe sharing of sensitive genetic data.

  Blog data-upcycling-powered-by-ega

• Youth-GEMs, the project using data to define the mental health trajectories of young people

  Mental health trajectories are shaped by genetic, cognitive, social, and environmental factors that are particularly influential during human development. How exactly the interplay between these factors is impacting mental health, however, is yet unknown. The project “Gene Environment interactions in Mental health trajectories of Youth (Youth-GEMs)”, funded by the European Commission under the Horizon Europe programme, aims to help reducing mental suffering among European youth. How do Youth-GEMs contribute to bettering mental health in young people? Youth-GEMs aims to identify specific neurological, (epi)genetic and environmental drivers on mental health trajectories of young people. To do so, the project is working on a public knowledge base on functional genomics of the developing human brain, between birth and 24 years old. Reliable predictive models for trajectories of onset and course of mental illness in young people of the general population in Europe will be developed. Additionally, a secure and FAIR data infrastructure in mental health is being produced. Engaging and empowering young people Youth-GEMs is also working on the engagement of young people in the scientific field of Psychiatry. For that, the project is developing initiatives such as Science Café, intended to create a learning community where ideas and stories are shared. The 10th Science Café will take place today, with the participation of Lauren Fromont from the EGA. How do the EGA contribute to Youth-GEMs? The contributions require careful data management and harmonisation: we are dealing with an extraordinary amount of data types, sources, and time points (since the studies are longitudinal). To analyse them together and to determine which factors and interactions are truly key to account for mental health trajectories, the variables need to be transformed in a common “language”, i.e., harmonised under a common data model. Further, to guarantee FAIRness of data storage and sharing for future projects that will further advance our knowledge in the mental health field, we are ensuring that data are processed securely but can also be discovered easily. Find out more information about the project in the Youth-GEMs website.

  Blog youth-gems-mental-health

• From research to data sharing: exploring EGA user's experiences

  The Cell Plasticity and Regeneration Group at the Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBELL focuses on the process of recruitment of macrophages that takes place in the small intestine during injury and healing. They recently published a paper titled “Mucosal Macrophages Govern Intestinal Regeneration in Response to Injury" in Gastroenterology Journal. As part of the research, some experiments were conducted using human intestinal organoid lines. These cells were processed for RNA sequencing, and the sequencing data were deposited at the EGA to be made available to the scientific community. When dealing with human genomic information, repositories must ensure the availability of the datasets while ensuring data protection. In this context, the European Genome-phenome Archive stands as a service for secure archiving and sharing of genetic, phenotypic and clinical data resulting from biomedical research. Following the recent publication of their paper, we took the opportunity to talk to Ilias Moraitis, first author, and Jordi Guiu, group leader, to find out about their experience with data sharing. Could you explain the focus of your research? In the lab, we study intestinal regeneration and how immune cells participate in this process. We use several techniques: engineered mouse models, image tracing, as well as mouse and human cells intestinal organoids. What challenges do you face regarding data management? We didn’t have a lot of problems. Always the informatic part, the data analysis, can give problems. But everything was smooth and working. We think it’s very important to deposit the data in repositories. For the mouse data it is very straightforward, but for us it was the first time depositing human data, which is sensitive because it comes from patients, and this is legally regulated. That’s why we thought about the EGA, and it was our first time. Why do you think it is important to submit data to repositories such as EGA? Because we think data is important for the science. Nowadays, we are sequencing a lot everywhere worldwide and having these resources shared with the scientific community it’s not only good for science, but it is also saving money and reducing costs. And there is so much data in there that can be used for other projects and for other questions. And it saves time! How was the process of submitting the data to the EGA? The communication worked very well but it was slower than we would like. But I think this is something we learn on the way. People usually wait until the last minute to do this before publication but if you know it in advance, you can start the process earlier. If you had to repeat the process, would you do anything differently? It’s like everything, isn’t it? For the first time you don’t know, you aren’t sure, but for the second time you know the steps, you know what to do and it’s faster. Of course, we would to do it earlier. Also, there were some things related to the control access that we didn’t know how to manage, but it was something more internal to us. Who is going to receive the communications and when, is our ethical committee going to evaluate this? All these technicalities that we didn’t know before starting this process, so we had to think about all these things. Next time it will be faster on our side. Do you have any suggestions for us to improve the submission process? Maybe we’ll need to ask our bioinformatician who did it! He was in charge of this part. Besides that, we think if the process were faster, it would be better for everyone. Also, in science a lot of times you have to do a lot of things at the very last minute, because of the nature of the experiments, or the need to accomplish for submitting a paper. Being faster in the process would be a plus. On your side, we went through the process and were able to find some information, but there were aspects we weren't aware of and weren't sure how to handle. I'm not sure if other institutes have different protocols for managing data requests or how they handle these internally. We believe the main issue lies in how the forms are filled out. Do you have any recommendations for other submitters? The main advice is to do this with enough time. Submit the data when you have the sequences, and don’t wait until the last minute. And then it can be under embargo, so you don’t need to make it public at that moment. As soon as you sequence, upload it and then it will be there for whenever you need to publish. How do you think we could encourage other researchers to submit their data? There are different layers here. One is that it is mandatory. You have to do this. The other is that we belong to a research community, to the same community and sharing this is making our research community stronger and more efficient. And then, also because this gives you visibility. The data is there, other people can analyse your data, and this also will bring citations to your papers. It has many advantages.

  Blog from-research-to-data-sharing

• Reduced platelet formation associated with serine metabolic dysregulation in integrin αIIbβ3-deficient megakaryocytes

  Glanzmann Thrombasthenia (GT) is characterized by absent platelet aggregation in response to all agonists except ristocetin and is caused by recessive inactivating variants in ITGA2B or ITGB3. While GT patients typically are described as having normal platelet counts, autosomal dominant activating variants in ITGA2B or ITGB3 cause macrothrombocytopenia. Interestingly, in our cohort of 16 GT patients, eight consistently exhibited platelet counts at the lower end of the normal range. We studied the role of integrin αIIbβ3 in platelet formation using megakaryocytes (MKs) derived from genetically modified immortalized megakaryocyte cell lines (imMKCLs), focusing on two modifications of ITGB3: ITGB3-/- (inactivating) and ITGB3WT/D673_E713del (activating). In static differentiation cultures, ITGB3-/- and ITGB3WT/D673_E713del imMKCLs exhibited normal MK differentiation but reduced proplatelet formation. Platelet production was also impaired in a 3D silk-based bone marrow system and in shaking cultures, confirming a quantitative role for ITGB3 in platelet production, independent of the type of variant. While TRAP-activated in vitro-generated platelets lacking αIIbβ3 failed to bind the activation-dependent PAC-1 antibody, ITGB3WT/D673_E713del platelets bound PAC-1 prior to activation mimicking the patient’s phenotype. Transcriptome profiling and metabolomic analyses ofintegrin αIIbβ3 deficient MKs revealed impaired serine metabolism and downregulation of SLC3A2 (CD98hc), an amino acid transporter chaperon known to interact with the β3 subunit. Flow cytometry confirmed decreased CD98hc in mutant MKs, while re-expression of wild-type ITGB3 in ITGB3-/- MKs restored αIIbβ3 and CD98hc expression, normalized proplatelet formation, and enhanced serine uptake. These results uncover a previously unrecognized role of integrin αIIbβ3 in coupling serine metabolism to platelet biogenesis.

  Study EGAS50000001711

• RNA sequencing of genetically modifed immortalized megakaryocytes

  The dataset contains bulk RNAseq samples from 7 ITGB3 mutants (3 with ITGB3 knock-out and 4 with an ITGB3 splice variant) compared to 4 wildtypes. The ITGB3 mutants and WT_1 and WT_2 are from the same batch; WT_3 and WT_4 are from another sequencing batch. The library was performed using the TruSeq Stranded Total RNA with Ribo-Zero H/M/R_Gold kit and the read length is 100 bp.

  Dataset EGAD50000002462