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in 46.33 milliseconds.

• DNA methylation sequencing profiles of 1538 breast tumors and 244 normal breast tissues

  DNA methylation sequencing profiles of 1538 breast tumors and 244 normal breast tissues. Libraries were prepared using a custom Reduced Representation Bisulfite Sequencing pipeline. Sequencing was performed on the Illumina HiSeq 2500 (v4 chemistry), with single-end reads of 125 bp length. Multiplexing was conducted at the level of 8 samples per lane. FASTQ files are provided for 1538 breast tumors and 244 normal breast tissues. Reference: Batra et al. (2021). DNA methylation landscapes of 1538 breast cancers reveal a replication-linked clock, epigenomic instability and cis-regulation.

  Dataset EGAD00001007976

• Single nuclei RNA-Seq from 5 regions of the human fetal brain

  Data generated through single nuclei RNA sequencing on 5 regions of the brain (frontal cortex, ganglionic eminence, hippocampus, thalamus and cerebellum) from 3 fetuses (two of 14 and one of 15 post-conception weeks, all female). Tissue was acquired from the MRC-Wellcome Trust Human Developmental Biology Resource (HDBR) with ethical approval. snRNA-seq libraries were prepared from ∼10,000 nuclei from each sample using Chromium Single Cell 3ʹ (v3) reagents (10X Genomics). Quality control of libraries was performed using the Agilent 5200 Fragment Analyzer before sequencing on an Illumina NovaSeq 6000 to a depth of at least 865 million (median = 1.01 billion) read pairs per library. Raw sequencing data were converted into FASTQ files. For a full description of data generation, please see Cameron et al, Biological Psychiatry 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.06.033.

  Dataset EGAD00001009303

• Comprehensive cancer predisposition gene testing in an adult multiple primary tumor series shows a broad range of deleterious variants and atypical tumor phenotypes

  Multiple primary tumors (MPT) affect a substantial proportion of cancer survivors and may result from various causes including inherited predisposition. Currently, germline genetic testing of MPT cases for cancer predisposition gene (CPG) variants is mostly targeted by tumor type. We ascertained pre-assessed MPT cases from genetics centers (defined as ≥2 primaries by age 60 years or ≥3 by 70) and performed whole genome sequencing (WGS) on 460 individuals from 440 families. Despite previous negative genetic assessment/molecular investigations, pathogenic variants in moderate and high-risk CPGs were detected in 67/440 (15.2%) of probands. WGS detected variants that would not be (or were not) detected by targeted resequencing strategies including structural variants at low frequency (6/440 (1.4%) of probands). In most individuals with a germline variant assessed as pathogenic or likely pathogenic (P/LP), at least one of their tumor types was characteristic of variants in the relevant CPG. However, in 29 probands (42.2% of those with a P/LP variant) the tumor phenotype appeared discordant. The frequency of individuals with truncating or splice site CPG variants and at least one discordant tumor type was significantly higher than a control population (χ2=43.642 P=<0.0001). 2/67 (3%) of probands with P/LP variants had evidence of multiple inherited neoplasia allele syndrome (MINAS) with deleterious variants in two CPGs. Summing together variant detection rates from a similarly ascertained previous MPT case series, the present results suggest that first-line comprehensive CPG analysis in a clinical genetics referral-based MPT cohort would detect a deleterious variant in about a third of cases.

  Dataset EGAD00001004088

• Whole transcriptome RNA sequencing as comprehensive diagnostic tool for acute myeloid leukemia.

  BackgroundAcute myeloid leukemia (AML) is characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of malignant hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow that are arrested in differentiation. In AML pathogenesis, hematopoietic progenitor cells acquire multiple genetic aberrations often occurring in the same set of genes that ultimately lead to malignant transformation. In the WHO classification 2016, six AML classes with different prognosis are identified by chromosomal translocations measured by standard cytogenetics. All balanced translocations produce fusion genes, except for t(3;3)/inv(3;3), which lead to overexpression of MECOM/EVI1 associated with poor prognosis. For accurate risk assessment of cytogenetically normal AML, four genes need to be screened to distinguish AML with mutated NPM1 in the absence of FLT3 mutations and AML with bi-allelic CEBPA mutations, which have a favorable prognosis, and AML with RUNX1 mutations which have a poor prognosis. Recently, a full genomic classification system has been proposed by Papaemmanuil et al. (NEJM 2016). In this system, the same six classes with chromosomal translocations are identified by standard cytogenetics as well as five additional classes characterized by genetic mutations in 14 different genes. AimThe aim of the study was to investigate whether whole transcriptome RNA-sequencing (RNAseq) can be used as single technology for classification of AML. MethodA panel of 100 AML were analyzed and a bio-informatics pipeline called HAMLET (Human AML Expedited Transcriptomics) was developed in which 4 modules are integrated to detect (1) fusion genes, (2) small variants in 13 recurrently mutated genes, (3) internal tandem duplications in FLT3 (FLT3-ITD) and partial tandem duplications in KMT2A (KMT2A-PTD) and (4) overexpression of MECOM/EVI1. All mutations that were called by HAMLET were validated by diagnostic data as available for all 100 AML or targeted PCR followed by Sanger or next generation sequencing on all positive AML and at least an equal number of negative cases. Results & discussionThe data showed that HAMLET accurately identified all genetic aberrations with high sensitivity and specificity. In addition, in 7 AML, fusion transcripts were detected that are not measured by standard cytogenetics including three cases that lack any class-defining lesion according to Papaemmanuil et al. Moreover, overexpression of MECOM/EVI1 was detected in two AML with inv(3) as well as in five cases without inv(3)/t(3;3), and a gene signature was measured to distinguish AML with CEBPA mutations with favorable prognosis. In conclusion, HAMLET provides a comprehensive and flexible pipeline for RNAseq analysis to retrieve all relevant information for current classification of AML as well as additional information that may improve classification in the future.

  Study EGAS00001003096

• How to encrypt files with EGACryptor

  File preparation Due to the processes used at the EGA for file archival the use of non-alphanumeric characters in a filename will cause issues in archival. By convention whitespaces in filenames are to be avoided and should be replaced with the underscore character (_). Before encrypting your files please make sure that any files that will be uploaded to EGA do not use special characters such as # ? ( ) [ ] / \ = + < > : ; " ' , * ^ | &  Crypt4gh EGACryptor Files encrypted with EGACryptor must be uploaded via FTP EGACryptor The EGACryptor v.2.0.0 is a JAVA-based application which enables submitters to produce EGA compliant encrypted files along with files for the encrypted and unencrypted md5sum for each file to be submitted. The application will generate an output folder that will by default mirror the directory structure containing the original files. This output folder can subsequently be uploaded to the EGA FTP staging area via an FTP or Aspera client. Download EgaCryptor Download EgaCryptor Using the EgaCryptor Using the EgaCryptor Encrypting single file Encrypting multiple files Encrypting all files in folder Points to note Troubleshooting Troubleshooting Download EGACryptor The required jar files can be obtained by downloading EgaCrytptor jar file After the file has been downloaded, extraction of the zipped archive is required. The EGACryptor has been built to work with Java Runtime Environments from version 6 and above and with the OpenJDK Environment. Please refer to the relevant resources for installation guidance. Installing the latest version of the OpenJDK will include the JCE files. If your installation of Java JRE is less than 1.8.0_151 will require the manual installation of the JCE Policy Files. You can verify the version of the Java SE Runtime Environment (JRE) installed by using the command: $ java -version If you need to install the JCE please follow the instructions below: Installing the JCE policy files (due to licensing terms and conditions the required policy files must be downloaded direct from the ORACLE website) : Download the unlimited strength JCE policy files (JRE 6 / JRE 7/ JRE 8) Uncompress and extract the downloaded file. This will create a subdirectory called JCE. This directory contains the following files: README.txt, COPYRIGHT.html, local_policy.jar and US_export_policy.jar Install the two policy JAR files by replacing the existing ones in your java home directory. Install the two policy JAR files by replacing the existing ones in your directory. The standard place for JCE jurisdiction policy JAR files is: /lib/security [Unix] or \lib\security [Win32] Notes: refers to the directory where the Java SE Runtime Environment (JRE) was installed. Additional performance enhancements that have been included in the EGACryptor V2.0.0: The ability to parallelise the processing of datasets through the use of the resources on a system. Multicore systems will allow the user to specify n-1 cores for an n-core system. The use of this feature on clusters may speed up the processing of datasets that have large file numbers but consult your local cluster guide to ensure that there are not monopolising resources that are needed by other system users. The default for this process remains single threaded. 3 levels of system usage can be specified. Full usage within the limits detailed above. A limited mode that will ensure that 50% of the system resources are available for other tasks. Maximum mode is limited to 75% of system resources, this allows encryption to be prioritised but allows for the system to be usable for light alternate tasks. Finally there is a throttling mode that allows you to specify the exact number of computational threads to be used. the EGACryptor is able to ingest a structured directory and will output a directory with the same structure containing the encrypted files along with the md5checksums for the plain and encrypted files. The entire output directory can then be uploaded to the EGA for archival. as with the input path, it is now possible to specify the output path. the options have been updated inline with the upgraded functionality. The tool can only be used via the command line. The EGACryptor is designed to perform a single task, encrypting your data, for upload of these files please refer to our uploading guide Using the EgaCryptor Below are the three ways on how the EGACryptor tool can be used: Encrypting a single file : java -jar ../EGA-Cryptor_2_0_0.jar -i example1.bam Encrypting multiple files : java -jar ../EGA-Cryptor_2_0_0.jar -i "example1.bam,example2.bam" Encrypting all the files within a folder java -jar ../EGA-Cryptor_2_0_0.jar -i path/to/target/directory By default the EGACryptor v2 will create a new output directory containing all encrypted files and the relevant checksums within the target directory. If a specific directory is desired this can be specified by using the -o flag. This can be achieved in a similar manner to the following example: java -jar ../EGA-Cryptor_2_0_0.jar -i /path/to/target/directory -o /path/to/output/directory The tool will output three files per input file: file.gpg ( encrypted file ) file.md5( file md5 sum value file ) file.gpg.md5 ( encrypted file md5 sum value file ) All output files must then be uploaded to your submission account using Aspera or FTP. Further documentation on how to upload files: FTP and Aspera. Points to note Remember to provide the path to EgaCryptor.jar and run the command from within the directory the file/s are located. ECryptor writes files to the source directory of your local file system, as a result you must have write-access permissions for the source directory. Troubleshooting If in doubt about the function of the EGACryptor it is recommended to first consult the built-in documentation. This can be accessessed by using the -h flag as stated in the following table. Built-in Commands Table: list of the command line options built into EGA-Cryptor v2.0.0. Command line Option Action --------------------- ----------- -f Set this option to allow application to create maximum threads to utilise full capacity of cores/processors available on machine -h Use this option to view the bult-in help menu * -i File(s) to encrypt. Provide file/folder path or comma separated file path if multiple files in double quotes -l Set this option to allow application to create maximum threads equals to 50% capacity of cores/processors available on machine -m Set this option to allow application to create maximum threads equals to 75% capacity of cores/processors available on machine -o Path of the output file. This is optional. If not provided then output files will be generated in the same path as that of source file (default: output- files) -t Set this option if user wants to control application to create maximum threads as specified. Application will calculate no. of cores/processors available on machine & will create threads accordingly Encryption Errors UnixFileSystem.createFileExclusively (Native Method) The error is thrown by UNIX ("UnixFileSystem.createFileExclusively(Native Method)"). It appears that the user does not have write-access to the file system where the file to be uploaded is located. EGACryptor always writes MD5 checksums into files before uploading them to the server, and these files are created in the same location where the uploaded file itself resides.Solution: address your directory permission issue and re-run the command. Install JCE Unlimited Strength Jurisdiction Policy files The JCE policy unlimited strength jurisdiction files should be installed according to your current java version If you are still facing difficulty with the EGACryptor v.2 after having consulted the documentation please contact the EGA Helpdesk.

  Documentation submission/data/file-preparation/egacryptor

• The African American Breast Cancer Epidemiology and Risk (AMBER) Consortium Study

  The AMBER Consortium Study was formed to pool interview data, questionnaire data, and biological samples from epidemiological studies of breast cancer in African-American women to discover the potential causes of early-onset and aggressive breast cancer in African-American women. AMBER is funded through a Program Project grant from the National Cancer Institute. Genetic data submitted to dbGaP come from participants in the Carolina Breast Cancer Study, Women&#39;s Circle of Health Study, and Black Women&#39;s Health Study. The P01 consists of four scientific projects; the aims include follow-up on previous GWAS findings for breast cancer susceptibility in AA women as well as investigation of SNPs in candidate genes in biologically plausible pathways. These SNPs were genotyped using DNA from 3130 African-American women with breast cancer and 3700 controls. Descriptions of the original studies that provided the data and samples for this collaborative study are given below. The Carolina Breast Cancer Study (CBCS): a North Carolina population-based case-control study of breast cancer, conducted in three phases. The current study phase, phase 3 (years 2008-2014), includes women residents in 44 counties. CBCS phases 1 and 2 were conducted in 24 counties. Breast cancer cases are identified using Rapid Case Ascertainment in cooperation with the NC Central Cancer Registry. Controls were identified for phases 1 and 2 only (1993-1996 and 1996-2001), using Division of Motor Vehicles lists for women under age 65 and Health Care Financing Administration lists for women 65 and older. Randomized recruitment was used to oversample AA women and women under age 50. In-depth interviews are conducted by study nurses in participants&#39; homes to obtain information on potential risk factors for breast cancer. DNA samples have been obtained from most participants. Overall response rates for Phases 1 and 2 were 74% for AA cases and 54% for AA controls. Phase 3, conducted in 44 counties from 2008-2014, includes cases only. The response rate for AA cases in Phase 3 was 70.5%. The Women&#39;s Circle of Health Study (WCHS): a multi-site case-control study in New York City (NYC) and New Jersey (NJ) aimed at evaluating risk factors for early and aggressive breast cancer in women of AA and EA ancestry. Recruitment in NYC took place between January 2002 and December 2008 and involved hospital-based ascertainment of cases, while controls were identified through random digit dialing (RDD). Recruitment at the NJ site started in March 2006 and is ongoing. Phase I of the study ended in April 2012 and covered seven counties in NJ. WCHS2 includes two additional counties. Cases in NJ were identified from 2006 to 2012 by the NJ State Cancer Registry using rapid case ascertainment. Controls were initially recruited though RDD (2006 to 2010) and later through community-based efforts (2009-2012). In-person interviews ascertained data on established and suspected risk factors for breast cancer. DNA samples were obtained. Among eligible AA women, 75% in NY and 54% in NJ completed an interview and provided a biologic specimen. Black Women&#39;s Health Study (BWHS): an ongoing prospective cohort study of health and illness among U.S. black women, with a focus on cancer. The study began in 1995 when 59,000 AA women 21-69 years of age from across the United States completed a 14-page postal health questionnaire. The median age at entry was 38, and participants were residents of 17 states in mainland U.S.: Northeast, 28%; South, 30%; Midwest, 23%; West, 19%. The baseline questionnaire elicited information on a wide range of variables, including demographic factors, use of medical care, family history of breast cancer, reproductive and medical history, cigarette and alcohol use, weight, height, waist and hip circumference, medication use, diet, and exercise. Biennial follow-up questionnaires ascertain new cases of breast cancer and other illnesses and update covariate information. Medical record and cancer registry data are sought for all participants who report a diagnosis of breast cancer. As of 2014, approximately 80% of the baseline cohort have completed follow-up. DNA samples were obtained from about 50% of participants. BWHS data for the AMBER consortium were prepared as a nested case-control study, with controls frequency-matched to cases on year of birth, geographic region, and most recent questionnaire completed prior to the end of the at-risk period.

  Study phs000669

• NHGRI GREGoR Consortium: Genomics Research to Elucidate the Genetics of Rare Disease

  The NHGRI GREGoR (Genomics Research to Elucidate the Genetics of Rare Disease) Consortium was established in June 2021 with the goal of developing novel tools and approaches to advance the discovery of the genetic basis of rare conditions. Numerous types of molecular data are generated in GREGoR and available on the AnVIL cloud platform via dbGaP application, including short- and long-read genome and exome sequencing, transcriptomics, metabolomics, methylomics, and proteomics. De-identified clinical and demographic data is obtained, with a focus on standardized ontologies.Visit the GREGoR Consortium data webpage for summary information about the GREGoR Dataset, including numbers of participants and data types, methods documentation, and Release Notes. The Consortium comprises five Research Centers (RCs - see below), a Data Coordinating Center (DCC), and various partner members and external collaborators.Baylor College of Medicine Research Center (BCM-GREGoR) The Baylor College of Medicine GREGoR program, which is part of the GREGoR consortium, enrolls individuals, families, and cohorts with suspected rare disease across a range of syndromic and non-syndromic phenotypes. Subjects are enrolled from national and international collaborating physician referrals. Subjects provide written informed consent for future re-contact. Data generated and shared include family structure, detailed phenotypes, exome or short-read genome data, and in some cases long-read genome or RNA-sequencing, and these are shared upon completion of standard quality control checks and annotation. Broad Institute (Broad) The Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, part of the GREGoR consortium uses next-generation sequencing (exome, genome, transcriptome, and long read sequencing), computational approaches, and functional studies to discover the variants and genes that underlie Mendelian conditions with a particularly focus on neuromuscular, neurodevelopmental, and syndromic phenotypes. Samples come from collaborators and direct enrollment through the Rare Genomes Project and we are committed to rapid data sharing without an embargo period. University of California, Irvine (UCI-GREGoR) To accelerate the pace of Mendelian disease gene discovery and clinical implementation, we propose a Mendelian Genomics Research Center, part of the GREGoR Consortium, leveraging the broad pediatric and adult clinical and research expertise at Children's National Hospital and University of California, Irvine. Our goal is to develop best practices to increase the diagnostic yield of rare diseases, engage the community to reduce health disparities for complex diagnoses, while creating a dataset accessible to all. Our Center will unite world class experts combining basic and translational research with innovative approaches to phenotyping, variant identification and functional investigation of both coding and non-coding sequence changes with the goals of discovering novel Mendelian gene variations and identifying variants not detected on current sequencing pipelines, disambiguating uncertain variants into disease-causing versus benign categorizations, and sharing information by working collaboratively with the GREGoR community.GREGoR Stanford Site (GSS) The goal of the GREGoR Stanford Site (GSS) is to provide a platform for functional genomics research and validation to improve diagnosis in Mendelian disease. Participants included individuals with undiagnosed suspected Mendelian disease who had non-diagnostic exome sequencing and their immediate family members. Participants and their family members provided written, informed consent and biological samples from which DNA, RNA, plasma, fibroblasts, PBMCs and other cell types were generated and stored. Samples from research participants and their immediate family members may have undergone short and long-read genome sequencing, transcriptome sequencing, metabolomics and/or lipidomics profiling, methyl-capture-sequencing and ATAC-sequencing. De-identified clinical data extracted from participant medical records are linked to the samples. University of Washington Center for Rare Disease Research (UW-CRDR) The goals of the University of Washington Center for Rare Disease Research are to: (1) maximize novel gene discovery for Mendelian conditions by recruitment, short- and long-read whole genome sequencing, transcriptome sequencing and analysis of families with rare conditions for which the gene is either unknown or the gene is known but no pathogenic variant can be identified via clinical testing; (2) develop new strategies for gene discovery for Mendelian conditions caused by variants that are difficult to detect using conventional testing strategies, variants of unknown function effect (e.g., regulatory, structural variants) or have unusual modes of inheritance; and (3) implement high-throughput screening and targeted follow-up functional studies to prioritize and validate candidate non-coding variants. De-identified data and phenotypic information are shared via MyGene2, ClinVar, and AnVIL.

  Study phs003047

• Joslin Study on the Genetics of Type 2 Diabetes

  Between 1993 and 2003, families were recruited in the Joslin Study on the Genetics of Type 2 Diabetes for the presence of an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance of diabetes. Recruiting and screening of families occurred through probands who were receiving medical care at the Joslin Clinic (Boston, MA). Screening of families included 1) a proband and at least one sibling with type 2 diabetes, 2) diabetes occurring in at least three generations, 3) diabetes inherited on one side of the prospective family. Probands had to have a diabetes diagnosis between the age range from 10 to 60 years. Demographic data, clinical data, and family history were collected from participating family members, along with blood and urine samples. This study includes genetic and phenotypic data from one family examined in Simeone, Wilkerson, et. al. (NPJ Genomic Medicine 2022, PMID: 35869090). Genotype data for 14 family members and whole genome sequencing data for 6 individuals were generated with the goal of identifying a potential genetic cause of disease in this family. To de-identify this family and protect confidentiality, information on sex in phenotype data and variants identified in X, Y, and MT chromosomes have been removed in compliance with IRB guidelines.

  Study phs002959

• Identification and Targeting of Inflammatory Macrophage-Fibroblast Crosstalk in Rheumatoid Arthritis

  Macrophages tailor their function according to the signals found in tissue microenvironments, assuming a wide spectrum of phenotypes. A detailed understanding of macrophage phenotypes in human tissues is limited. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we defined distinct macrophage subsets in the joints of patients with the autoimmune disease rheumatoid arthritis (RA), which affects ~1% of the population. The subset we refer to as HBEGF+ inflammatory macrophages is enriched in RA tissues and is shaped by resident fibroblasts and the cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF). These macrophages promoted fibroblast invasiveness in an epidermal growth factor receptor-dependent manner, indicating that intercellular cross-talk in this inflamed setting reshapes both cell types and contributes to fibroblast-mediated joint destruction. In an ex vivo synovial tissue assay, most medications used to treat RA patients targeted HBEGF+ inflammatory macrophages; however, in some cases, redirecting them into a state is not expected to resolve inflammation. These data highlight how advances in our understanding of chronically inflamed human tissues and the effects of medications therein can be achieved by studies on local macrophage phenotypes and intercellular interactions. Reprinted from Kuo, Ding et al., Science Translational Medicine 2019, PMID: 31068444, with permission from American Association for the Advancement of Science.

  Study phs001340

• Mapping Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Heterogeneity at the Single Cell Level

  Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) display a complex blood transcriptome whose cellular origin is poorly resolved. Using single-cell RNA-seq, we profiled ~276,000 PBMCs from 33 children with SLE (cSLE) with different degrees of disease activity (DA) and 11 matched controls. Increased expression of Interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) distinguished cSLE from healthy control cells. The high-ISG expression signature (ISGhi) derived from a small number of transcriptionally defined subpopulations within major cell types, including monocytes, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, NK cells, cDCs, pDCs, B cells and especially plasma cells. Expansion of unique subpopulations enriched in ISGs and/or in monogenic Lupus-associated genes classified patients with the highest DA. Profiling of ~82,000 single PBMCs from adult SLE patients confirmed the expansion of similar subpopulations in patients with the highest DA. This study lays the groundwork for resolving the origin of the SLE transcriptional signatures and the disease heterogeneity towards precision medicine applications. Patient demographics, clinical and laboratory data and treatment are summarized and available. The genomic data for participant aHD2 will not be included in the dataset The study description is reprinted from Nehar-Belaid et. al. Nature Immunology, 2020, with permission from Nature Immunology Group

  Study phs002048

• Genomic Studies of Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome

  This study consists of three components. The first component includes genome-wide association study (GWAS) data on 695 TS cases and 198 ancestry matched controls from the first TS GWAS of 1285 TS cases and 4964 ancestry matched controls. The second component includes genome-wide association study (GWAS) data on 2106 TS cases from the second TS GWAS of 2716 TS cases and 3762 ancestry matched controls. The third component consists of 438 individuals representing 146 probands with DSM-IV-TR diagnosed Tourette Syndrome and their parents (146 complete parent-offspring trios). These individuals are part of the whole exome sequencing study, aiming to use whole exome sequencing of TS parent-offspring to identify de novo protein-truncating variants (PTVs) that are present in the child with TS but not in either parent. All subjects were collected by the Tourette Association of America International Consortium for Genetics (TAAICG) at seven sites in the United States and Canada. Both affected individuals and unaffected relatives were assessed for the presence of Tourette Syndrome and Chronic (Persistent) Tic Disorder (CTD) using a standardized, semi-structured interview, which has high clinical validity and reliability for the diagnoses of TS and CTD (TSAICG, Am J Hum Genet, 2007 (PMID: 17304708)); Darrow et al., Psychiatric Research, 2015 (PMID: 26054936)).

  Study phs001380

• Rapid Evolution of a Skin Lightening Allele in Southern African KhoeSan

  The genetic architecture and polygenicity of skin pigmentation is explored in KhoeSan communities, including Nama individuals whose phenotype and genotype data are provided in this dataset. By pairing genotypes and quantitative spectrophotometric skin pigmentation phenotypes, we show that skin pigmentation is highly heritable in KhoeSan, yet known pigmentation loci only explains a small fraction of the phenotypic variance. Using genome-wide association analyses, we identified both canonical and non-canonical skin pigmentation loci. We show that this phenotype is more polygenic and complex than previously characterized. (Martin et al., Cell 2017. PMID: 29195075) Following up on the top associated signal with large effect size in the gene SLC24A5, we demonstrate that the canonical Eurasian nonsynonymous allele was introduced into KhoeSan via a recent migration ~2 kya and was under extremely strong selection. The derived allele was present at high frequency despite controlling for gene flow. With high-throughput sequences in the captured SLC24A5 region, we show that the most common derived haplotype is identical amongst Europeans, eastern African and KhoeSan. Using 4-population demographic simulations with selection, we show that the allele was introduced into the KhoeSan only 2,000 ya via a back-to-Africa migration and then experienced a selective sweep.

  Study phs001753

• Mapping_gene_environment_interactions_in_macrophages

  Immune cells sense and respond to external stimuli such as pathogens and initiate an inflammatory response. Genetic variants altering the behaviour and responses of immune cells may inform the results of disease association studies and provide an insight into the regulation of immune response. Studies mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL) are usually performed in quiescent or naïve cells and therefore any variants with a condition-specific manner (e.g. those with an effect only detectable in a specific time-point after cell stimulation) are likely to remain undiscovered. So far, only a handful of studies have attempted to study QTL in multiple states and even on those studies the number of states has remained relatively low (&lt;5). Only very recently Horst and colleagues published the largest study to date investigating the effect of host variable (e.g. age, sex, contraceptive use etc.) on protein levels in macrophages stimulated with 19 different conditions (Horst et al, 2016). This project aims to develop a high-throughput experimental platform to detect QTL in a large number of states using iPSC derived macrophages. This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

  Study EGAS00001002268

• NIPT samples for systematic evaluation of NIPT aneuploidy detection software tools

  This dataset contains two sets of samples. The reference sample set consists of a total of 669 samples that had been reported previously to be euploid by the NIPTIFY screening test. The validation sample set is based on a previously published validation study by Zilina et al. (1), consisting of 423 samples, of which 259 were high-risk pregnancies that had undergone diagnostic invasive prenatal analysis (1). All samples were sequenced with Illumina NextSeq 500 platform, producing 85 bp single-end reads with an average per-sample coverage of 0.32× at the University of Tartu, Institute of Genomics Core Facility, according to the manufacturer’s standard protocols, as described previously (1). This study was performed with the approval of the Research Ethics Committee of the University of Tartu (#315/T-13). 1. Zilina O, Rekker K, Kaplinski L, Sauk M, Paluoja P, Teder H, et al. Creating basis for introducing non‐invasive prenatal testing in the Estonian public health setting. Prenat Diagn [Internet]. 2019 Dec 6;39(13):1262-8. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/pd.5578

  Dataset EGAD00001007712

• DAC Admixture histories of São Tomé e Príncipe

  Contacts: Paul Verdu +33144057317 paul.verdu@mnhn.fr CNRS-MNHN-Université de Paris UMR7206 Eco-anthropology Jorge M. Rocha jrocha@cibio.up.pt CIBIO Short description The Data Access Committee for acess to genotype and sample information used in the article "Nested admixture during and after the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade in the island of Sao Tome" by Ciccarella M et al.2025 ensures that data-access requests comply with the Informed Consent provided by donors, and with ethical and deontological guidelines with respect to privacy. Research sampling protocols followed the Declaration of Helsinki guidelines and written informed consent was obtained from all volunteer participants involved in the sampling in São Tomé e Príncipe. The study of the São Tomé e Príncipe sample was undertaken with the support and permission of the Provincial Government of the Ministry of Health of the Democratic Republic of São Tomé e Príncipe, and the Provincial Government of Príncipe. Research sampling protocols also followed the French laws of scientific research deontology (Loi n° 2016-483 du 20 avril 2016) and were approved by the French ethics committees and CNIL (Declaration n°1972648).

  Dac EGAC50000000437

• Nurminen et al ("GP2Men") Study Primary and Metastatic Prostate Cancer Whole Genome Sequence Data

  We used novel processing techniques to obtain whole genome data together with 3D anatomic and histomorphologic analysis in two men (GP5 and GP12) with high risk PrCa undergoing radical prostatectomy. A total of 22 whole genome-sequenced sites (16 primary cancer foci and 6 lymph node metastatic) were analyzed using evolutionary reconstruction tools and spatio-evolutionary models. Probability models were used to trace spatial and chronological origins of the primary tumor and metastases, chart their genetic drivers, and distinguish metastatic and non-metastatic subclones.

  Study EGAS50000000005

• SUM-seq data for spontaneously differentiated iPSCs to EBs

  Clonal CRISPRi/a hiPS cell lines were plated to induce spontaneous differentiation in KSR medium (KSR medium: knockout DMEM/F12 (Gibco, 12660012), 2 mM GlutaMAX, 1× NEAAs, 20% knockout serum replacement (Gibco, 10828010) and 0.1 mM β-mercaptoethanol (Merck-Millipore)). non-TC plates and dishes were used. At the day of plating, KSR medium was supplemented with Y-27632 (10 µM). The next day, medium was replaced with fresh KSR medium. Medium changes were performed every other day. EBs were transferred to 15 ml conical tubes and allowed to sediment at room temperature for 5 min. The supernatant was replaced with fresh KSR medium and cells were transferred onto non-TC treated plates and maintained at 37 °C, 5% CO2. On day 12 of differentiation, the KSR medium was replaced with Essential 6 medium (Gibco, A1516401). EBs were collected and subjected to SUM-seq library preparation as described in Lobato-Moreno et al. 2025 Nature Methods.

  Dataset EGAD50000001589

• Single-cell RNA sequencing of control and Notch inhibitor treated HCC PDX model

  We generated single-cell RNA-seq data for anti-Notch2 (n=3), anti-JAG1 (n=1) and anti-gD (n=4) treated LIV78 tumors. NCR nude mice bearing similarly sized LIV78 tumors (volumes between 300-900mm3) were injected intravenously with 30mg/kg body weight of either anti-Notch2, anti-Jag1 or anti-gD control antibody 72hrs prior to tumor harvest and tumor cell isolation. Following the depletion of CD45+ and Ter119+ cells, the samples were processed for single-cell RNA-seq (scRNAseq) as described previously (Long et al., 2019) using the Chromium Single Cell 3’ Library and Gel bead kit v2, following the manufacturer’s manual. cDNAs and libraries were prepared following the manufacturer’s manual (10X Genomics). Libraries were profiled by Bioanalyzer High Sensitivity DNA kit (Agilent Technologies) and quantified using Kapa Library Quantification Kit (Kapa Biosystems, Wilmington, MA). Each library was sequenced in one lane of HiSeq 2500 (Illumina) following the manufacturer’s sequencing specification (10X Genomics) to produce the resulting FASTQ files.

  Dataset EGAD50000000738

• Targeted Myeloid DNA-Panelsequencing, DKFZ

  Targeted myeloid DNA-Panelsequencing from purified bone marrow blasts of 104 treatment naive AML patients from the discovery cohort. For more details, we refere to Jayavelu, Wolf, Buettner et al. Libraries were prepared from 40 ng DNA using the QIASeq Human Myeloid Neoplasms Panel (Qiagen) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Samples were tagged with the QIAseq 96-Unique Dual Index Set A for Illumina platforms (Qiagen) to yield unique combinations of i5 and i7 barcodes for each sample. Sample fragment size distribution and concentration was estimated using the Agilent High Sensitivity DNA kit on a 2100 Bioanalyzer (Agilent). Samples were pooled in an equimolar fashion, denatured, and diluted to 1.5 pM according to Illumina’s recommendations. The diluted library was sequenced on a NextSeq 500 benchtop sequencer (Illumina) using NextSeq High Output cartridges. Demultiplexing was performed using the BaseSpace cloud platform (Illumina).

  Dataset EGAD00001008501

• The effect of freezing delay of cell-type specific transcriptome responses in human brain via snRNA-seq

  In other analysis in the current manuscript, we find a similar gene signature (to dissociation based artifacts in mouse and human tissue) is present in post-mortem microglia and astrocytes, across all snRNA-seq datasets analyzed, although it is highly variable between subjects. ​ Using acutely-resected neurosurgical tissue, we performed single-nucleus RNA-seq and reveal that a similar signature can be detected in microglia following prolonged exposure to room temperature. Tissue handling and methods details, as well as sequencing and analysis details) can be found in the methods section of related manuscript (Marsh et al., 2022). Together, these results suggest that the presence of this signature in post-mortem brain samples may be the result of a combination of acute pre-mortem (agonal state, cause of death, comorbidities, etc.) and post-mortem (post-mortem interval (PMI), storage time, RNA quality, etc.) variables and may not represent normally present cell state.

  Dataset EGAD00001008541

• Tagged-amplicon deep sequencing

  This dataset contains a collection of tumour samples from high grade serous ovarian carcinoma patients with recurrent disease collected near the point of diagnosis as well as tumour samples collected after patient relapse upon or some time after study entry. Whole blood samples were also collected from patients at study entry for the purpose of germline variant detection. The majority of diagnosis samples were preserved in neutral buffered formalin whereas the majority of post-relapse samples were preserved in universal molecular fixative (UMFIX, Sakura Finetek USA, Inc). DNA was extracted and the tagged-amplicon deep sequencing assay was applied (TAm-Seq, Forshew et al. 2002, Sci Transl Med) with the aid of fluidigm access array technology. Targeted loci were sequenced at very high depths (typically &gt;100X) for the detection of both somatic and germline variants. Sequenced reads were aligned to the GRCh37 reference genome (release hs37d5).

  Dataset EGAD00001011058

• Mucociliary Clearance Consortium (MCC) Rare Genetic Disorders of the Airways: Cross-section Comparison of Clinical Features, and Development of Novel Screening and Genetic Test

  We have established a consortium of 7 geographically-dispersed clinical research sites that are designed to study rare diseases of the airways, which involve defects in clearance of mucus secretions from the airways (defective "mucociliary clearance"). These sites will collaborate in diagnostic, genetic, and other studies in patients with impairments of mucociliary clearance, including primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), variant cystic fibrosis (CF), and pseudohypoaldosteronism (PHA). These disorders reflect genetic defects in airway host-defense, and typically result in chronic infection of the airways. Patients with these disorders of the conducting airways and sinuses have delayed (or incorrect) diagnoses, because diagnostic tests are not readily available. These patients may also have sub-optimal management of their clinical disease, because the cause of these disorders is not well-defined, and treatment regimens are usually not driven by evidence-based medicine. This current protocol is designed to employ a systematic approach to the diagnostic evaluation of these patients with chronic airways disease, which will yield precise diagnoses in individual patients, and will be associated with development of better diagnostic techniques, including genetic testing. In addition, we will compare/contrast clinical features (phenotype) across these disorders. A rigorous cross-sectional comparison of the clinical features will provide better understanding of the clinical disease of these disorders; in turn, this will lead not only to a better standard of clinical care, but will also assist in the identification of novel therapeutic approaches. The patient population for these studies includes individuals carrying a tentative diagnosis of the three disorders (PCD, variant CF or PHA), plus individuals suspected to have one of these disorders, but with inadequate or inconclusive diagnostic tests. Individuals in this latter category must have a preliminary clinical evaluation to evaluate for other more common disorders that may have similar manifestations including classical CF, immunodeficiency, asthma, and severe gastroesophageal reflux. We have an informal agreement with a network of pulmonologists across the United States to perform clinically-indicated (not research) preliminary clinical testing, if not directly available to patients who inquire about these studies. Blood will be collected for DNA to test for genetic mutations. The blood samples will be processed to establish a cell line (lymphocyte transformation) for a source of DNA for future genetic studies, in participants with disease. For participants unable to provide a blood sample, a buccal sample will be obtained for DNA.

  Study phs000595

• Drug development for pediatric cancers: the importance of patient' s genomic data re-use

  Cancer in children is uncommon and the overall prognosis for most pediatric cancers is good. However, while the combined survival rates have improved over the last decades, certain childhood malignancies, such as high-grade gliomas or metastatic sarcomas, still remain incurable in most patients. New strategies for targeting those devastating diseases are imperative, and patient genomic data can become a key asset in the process [1]. The Pediatric Cancer Genome Project’s datasets At EGA, we store over 500 datasets with sequencing data from pediatric cancer patients. A remarkable case is the datasets belonging to the Pediatric Cancer Genome Project (PCGP) from St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital–Washington University (Table 1 - EGAS list). PCGP is an ambitious effort to identify the mutations that drive childhood cancer and find new cures. Those datasets include 600 patients with complete tumor and normal genomes from 15 different tumor types. PCGP datasets have been an important resource for various studies that pooled genomic data from different public and in-house datasets to perform extensive genomic characterizations and publish comprehensive pan-cancer pediatric studies [2],[3]. Other interesting pediatric cancer datasets are from the Pediatric Brain Tumor Consortium, Sickkids or ICGC PedBrain project. How data reuse impacts drug development for pediatric cancers Recently, in October 2024, Nature Communications published a work led by the University of Michigan where authors used data from EGA (PCGP) check the table below as part of their strategy to pursue the identification of new tumor vulnerabilities susceptible to becoming novel therapeutic targets in diffuse midline glioma. Diffuse midline gliomas (DMG) are treatment-resistant and uniformly fatal pediatric brain tumors. The prognosis of this brainstem tumor is dismal with a median overall survival of 9–12 months from diagnosis. In this study, the authors first developed a lab model of the disease and reanalyzed data from the EGA to identify genes potentially linked to tumor severity. This approach revealed involvement of specific metabolic pathways, suggesting new possibilities for therapeutic intervention. In mice, the study shows that the use of statins can improve survival. For a brief overview of the underlying science, diffuse midline gliomas present intratumor heterogeneity with subpopulations of less-differentiated oligodendrocyte precursors and more differentiated astrocytes. Authors established in vitro models to recapitulate both phenotypes and identify metabolic programs in both subpopulations. To determine the clinical relevance, the authors re-used gene expression data from 76 DMG patients identifying a gene signature predicting decreased overall survival. After extensive metabolic characterization of subpopulations, authors defined strategies to target specific metabolic vulnerabilities. Pre-clinical experiments in mice using OXPHOS inhibitors and statins showed a reduction in tumor burden and increased overall survival [4]. In this scenario, the re-use of high-quality patient’s sequencing data appeared as an advantageous strategy to support the clinical relevance of in-vitro and pre-clinical findings. On the other hand, in rare conditions such as childhood cancer, the availability of public datasets and the possibility of pooling data from different sources can be the only way to obtain impactful results that lead to improvements for patients. References Davidoff, A. M. Pediatric Oncology. Seminars in pediatric surgery 19, 225–233 (2010). Gröbner, S. N. et al. The landscape of genomic alterations across childhood cancers. Nature 555, 321–327 (2018). Venu Thatikonda et al. Comprehensive analysis of mutational signatures reveals distinct patterns and molecular processes across 27 pediatric cancers. Nature Cancer 4, 276–289 (2023). Mbah, N. E. et al. Therapeutic targeting of differentiation-state dependent metabolic vulnerabilities in diffuse midline glioma. Nature Communications 15, (2024). Datasets and Studies ID Title Access Policy Year EGAD00001000134 Driver mutations in histone H3.3 and chromatin remodelling genes in paediatric glioblastoma McGill-DKFZ Pediatric Brain Tumour Consortium 2016 EGAS0000100192 Somatic Histone H3 Mutations in Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Gliomas and Non-Brainstem Paediatric Glioblastomas St. Jude Children's Research Hospital - Washington University Pediatric Cancer Genome Project 2017 EGAS00001000575 Whole genome sequencing and whole exome sequencing of DIPG tumors and matched normal tissue The hospital for sick children ("SickKids") 2016 EGAD00001000792 Exome sequencing reads of paediatric glioblastoma McGill-DKFZ Pediatric Brain Tumour Consortium 2016 EGAD00001002006 Whole genome sequencing of paediatric glioblastoma in the ICGC PedBrain project ICGC PedBrain project 2016

  Blog drug-development-for-pediatric-cancers

• San Francisco Bay Area Latina Breast Cancer Study

  The genome-wide association study (GWAS) includes participants enrolled into two different studies. The first study, the San Francisco Bay Area Cancer Study (SFBCS) is a population-based case-control study of breast cancer conducted in the San Francisco Bay Area and included women ages 35-79 years from three racial/ethnic groups: Non-Hispanic whites, African Americans, and Hispanics/Latinas. For the GWAS, only Hispanic/Latina women were included. Women diagnosed with invasive breast cancer between 1995 and 2002 were identified through the Greater Bay Area Cancer Registry. Controls were identified by random digit dialing and were frequency-matched to cases by age in 5 year increments and by race/ethnicity. Hispanic/Latina ethnicity was assessed by self-report. 175 Hispanic/Latina cases and 307 Hispanic/Latina controls from the SFBCS had given adequate consent and provided biospecimens that were used in the GWAS to be included in this data submission. The second study is the Northern California site of the Breast Cancer Family Registry (NC-BCFR). This population-based family study recruited breast cancer cases ages 18-64 years diagnosed from 1995-2009 that were identified through the Greater Bay Area Cancer Registry. Cases included all women at increased genetic susceptibility for breast cancer who met one or more of the following criteria: (a) being diagnosed with breast cancer at age &#60;35 years; b) having a personal history of ovarian cancer or childhood cancer; (c) being diagnosed with two different breast cancers (bilateral breast cancers), with the first one diagnosed at age &#60;50 years; and d) having one or more first-degree relatives with breast cancer, ovarian cancer or childhood cancer. Cases not meeting these criteria were randomly sampled and racial/ethnic minorities were oversampled. Controls were recruited by random digit dialing and were matched by 5-year age increments and by race/ethnicity. For the current GWAS only Latina/Hispanic cases and controls were included. Latina/Hispanic ethnicity was assessed by self-report. 631 Hispanic/Latina cases and 61 Hispanic/Latina controls from the NC-BCFR had given adequate consent and provided biospecimens that were used in the GWAS to be included in this data submission.

  Study phs000912

• DNA Methylation Analysis of Prostate Cancer Cell Lines and Tissues Using Next Generation Sequencing

  Aberrant DNA methylation changes are known to occur during prostate cancer progression beginning with precursor lesions. Utilizing fifty nanograms of genomic DNA in Methylplex-Next Generation Sequencing (M-NGS) we mapped the global DNA methylation patterns in prostate tissues (n=17) and cells (n=2). Peaks were located from mapped reads obtained in each sequencing run using a Hidden Markov Model (HMM)-based algorithm previously used for Chip-Seq data analysis(http://www.sph.umich.edu/csg/qin/HPeak). The total methylation events in intergenic/intronic regions between benign adjacent and cancer tissues were comparable. Promoter CGI methylation gradually increased from -12.6% in benign samples to 19.3% and 21.8% in localized and metastatic cancer tissues and approximately 20% of all CpG islands (CGIs) (68,508) were methylated in tissues. We observed distinct patterns in promoter methylation around transcription start sites, where methylation occurred directly on the CGIs, flanking regions and on CGI sparse promoters. Among the 6,691 methylated promoters in prostate tissues, 2481 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) are cancer specific and several previously studied targets were among them. A novel cancer specific DMR in WFDC2 promoter showed 77% methylation in cancer (17/22), 100% methylation in transformed prostate cell lines (6/6), none in the benign tissues (0/10) and normal PrEC cells. Integration of LNCaP DNA methylation and H3K4me3 data suggested a role for DNA methylation in alternate transcription start site utilization. While methylated promoters containing CGIs had mutually exclusive H3K4me3 modification, the histone mark was absent in CGI sparse promoters. Finally, we observed difference in methylation of LINE-1 elements between transcription factor ERG positive and negative cancers. The comprehensive methylome map presented here will further our understanding of epigenetic regulation of the prostate cancer genome. Overall Design: We mapped the global DNA methylation patterns in prostate tissues (n=17) and cells (n=2) from fifty nanograms of genomic DNA using Methylplex-Next Generation Sequencing (M-NGS). For replicate analysis in cell lines, a total of 4 runs were completed for PrEC prostate normal cell line, and 5 runs were completed for LNCaP prostate cancer cell line. For tissue samples, 2 benign prostate samples were sequenced twice on Illumina next generation sequencing platform to access overall repeatability of M-NGS.

  Study phs000597