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• Novel Factors for Unexplained Phenotypes of Subclinical Carotid Atherosclerosis

  The overall goal for this study was to determine the genetic factors associated with extreme phenotypes of subclinical atherosclerosis (protective and deleterious). Study participants were selected from the Northern Manhattan Study (NOMAS), a population based cohort study investigating stroke and stroke risk factors in Northern Manhattan. Cases and controls were individuals at the extreme ends of the distribution for carotid intima-media thickness and carotid plaque, with cases defined as individuals with subclinical atherosclerosis that could not be explained by traditional vascular risk factors (USAth) and controls defined as individuals with unexplained protection against atherosclerosis (UPAth).

  Study phs001560

• Biesecker Lab (NHGRI) Whole Genome Medical Sequencing for Gene Discovery

  We aim to use whole-genome medical sequencing (WGMS) to discover causative molecular lesions for a set of rare, severe phenotypes hypothesized to be caused by either somatic mutations, germline de nova heterozygous mutations, germline inherited recessive, or germline inherited dominant mutations in currently unknown or uncharacterized genes. The goal of this research is threefold: to identify causative sequence variants for disorders whose molecular etiology was previously unknown, to apply this insight to both the rare disorders under study and more common phenotypes, and to enhance the study of mutation on a genome-wide level.

  Study phs001348

• Stanford Center for Urologic Genomics: Genomic Analysis of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

  Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) entails growth in the central regions of the prostate gland and is common among older men. BPH obstructs urinary outflow, resulting in voiding symptoms for which current treatments that target prostate physiology are only partially effective. A better understanding of BPH may suggest new treatment strategies that target its pathophysiology. The overall goal of the study is to apply next-generation sequencing-based approaches to investigate BPH, to discover new insight into BPH disease processes and new targets for precision therapy, and to determine whether the hyperplasia reflects underlying clonal expansions of prostatic cells.

  Study phs001698

• Development of Novel Synovial Sarcoma Organoids Models for Drug Discovery

  Although synovial sarcoma has been studied using established cell lines and mouse models, effective treatments remain limited. We treated five patients with synovial sarcoma between 2022 and 2023 and established organoid cultures from resected tumor specimens using a modified air-liquid interface method. After serial passaging, organoids were successfully xenografted into NOD-scid IL2Rgnull (NSG) mice in three cases. The established organoids retained SS18-SSX fusion transcripts and demonstrated histological and genetic similarities to the original tumors. These organoid models provide a reliable platform for studying synovial sarcoma biology and hold promise for the development of novel therapeutic strategies.

  Study JGAS000806

• Whole-Genome Shotgun Metagenomic Analysis of Rectal Mucus for Colorectal Cancer Detection

  This study evaluates the use of rectal mucus as a minimally invasive biospecimen for colorectal cancer (CRC) detection through whole-genome shotgun metagenomic sequencing. 408 rectal mucus samples were collected from patients suspected to have colorectal cancer and sequenced. These samples were analyzed to characterize microbial community composition and its association with CRC stage and anatomical site. These data provide insights into tumor-proximal microbiome signatures and demonstrate the potential of rectal mucus sampling for early and accurate CRC diagnosis. This is 1 of 4 sequencing experiments on the same sample type.

  Study EGAS50000001310

• Gut 16S rRNA/FINRISK 2002

  Gut microbiome 16S rRNA raw data for N=7174 FINRISK 2002 participants. FINRISK fecal samples were mailed to the Knight laboratory at the University of California (San Diego, CA), for microbiota sequencing using the standard Earth Microbiome Project protocols (https://earthmicrobiome.org/protocols-and-standards/). DNA was extracted using a magnetic bead-based DNA extraction protocol. Amplicon sequence data for the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was generated using 515F (Parada) and 806R (Apprill) primers. For a total of 25μl reaction volume, 13 µl PCR-grade water was combined with 10 µl PCR master mix (Platinum Hot Start PCR Master Mix, 2x, ThermoFisher), 0.5 µl forward primer (10 µM), 0.5 µl reverse primer (10 µM), and 1 µl template DNA. Amplification was performed in triplicate reactions, and triplicate PCR reactions were pooled afterwards. Expected products were visualized on agarose gels (300–350 bp) and quantified with Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA kit (Invitrogen). Equal amounts (240 ng) of amplicon were combined for each sample and cleaned (MoBio UltraClean PCR Clean-Up Kit). Cleaned amplicon pools were sequenced with 515F and 806R primers.

  Dataset EGAD50000000287

• Whole-genome sequence data for The interface of malignant and immunologic clonal dynamics in high-grade serous ovarian cancer

  Each tumor sample was cut into three pieces, yielding two end-pieces for cryovials and a middle portion placed in 10% buffered formalin. End pieces were homogenized manually and with a paddle blender (Stomacher). All paraffin-embedded blocks, including formalin-fixed tumor samples and molecular-fixed fallopian tubes, were sectioned and stained with hematoxylin and eosin prior to expert histopathological review to confirm the presence of high grade serous carcinoma. Homogenized end pieces were then flash frozen and later used for WGS. For all tumor and matched normal (peripheral blood) samples, DNA was extracted with the Qiagen AllPrep DNA/RNA kit (tumor samples from patients 25,26,28-32) or the Qiagen Blood and Tissue Extraction Kit (tumor samples from patients 1-4,7,9-17, and all blood samples). For all tumor and normal samples, DNA extraction was followed by library construction and sequencing using Illumina HiSeq2500 whole genome shotgun v4 chemistry with paired-end 125bp reads.

  Dataset EGAD00001003984

• Chromatin accessibility maps of chronic lymphocytic leukemia identify subtype-specific epigenome signatures and transcription regulatory networks

  Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by substantial clinical heterogeneity, despite relatively few genetic alterations. To provide a basis for studying epigenome deregulation in CLL, we established genome-wide chromatin accessibility maps for 88 CLL samples from 55 patients using the ATAC-seq assay, and we also performed ChIPmentation and RNA-seq profiling for ten representative samples. Based on the resulting dataset, we devised and applied a bioinformatic method that links chromatin profiles to clinical annotations. Our analysis identified sample-specific variation on top of a shared core of CLL regulatory regions. IGHV mutation status – which distinguishes the two major subtypes of CLL – was accurately predicted by the chromatin profiles, and gene regulatory networks inferred for IGHV-mutated vs. IGHV-unmutated samples identified characteristic differences between these two disease subtypes. In summary, we discovered widespread heterogeneity in the chromatin landscape of CLL, established a community resource for studying epigenome deregulation in leukemia, and demonstrated the feasibility of chromatin accessibility mapping in cancer cohorts and clinical research.

  Dataset EGAD00001002110

• Single-cell gene expression data from CD8+ T cells from two Austrian COVID19 patients stimulated with wildtype and mutant SARS-Cov-2 peptides

  The data contains single-cell gene sequencing data (10x Genomics) from FACS-purified CD8 T lymphocytes from two Austrian patients. The cells were stimulated with one MHC class I peptides obtained from a common (wild type) variant and an emerging mutant variant of the SARS-Cov-2 virus. Then the samples were multiplexed using hashtag oligos. We provide the raw and aligned sequence data for: i. The single-cell experiments ii. The PCR-amplified samples for enrichment of the hashtag oligo multiplexing barcodes iii. The PCR-amplified samples for enrichment of the T Cell Receptor (TCR) VDJ region for immuno-profiling. The samples and libraries were processed and obtained in collaboration between St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, and the Medical University of Vienna. The cell barcodes and processed data has been submitted to the GEO database with GEO accession GSE166651.

  Dataset EGAD00001006995

• Adult-type Granulosa Cell Tumour of the Ovary RNA Sequencing

  We analyzed 34 AGCTs (19 primary and 15 recurrent) and the KGN cell line by RNA-Seq. Our cohort comprised of 3 AGCTs WT for FOXL2, 28 heterozygous and 3 homo/hemizygous for the pathogenic variant. Fresh-frozen AGCTs were selected from OVCARE’s Gynecological Tissue Bank in Vancouver, Canada for bulk RNA-seq. RNA was extracted from frozen tissue and sections adjacent to the scrolls submitted for RNA-seq were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) to evaluate tumour cell purity. Cases with >80% tumour cell purity were selected for sequencing with the majority of cases (29 of 34 patients) containing >90% tumour cells. Ribodepleted RNA libraries were constructed and paired-end sequencing (125 base pair reads) was performed.

  Dataset EGAD00001007812

• Genomic and Functional Profiling of Acral Melanoma from the admixed Brazilian Population Reveals Disease Drivers and Targetable Vulnerabilities

  Acral melanoma, a subtype of melanoma characterized by its occurrence on palms, soles, and beneath the nails, presents unique challenges in diagnosis and treatment due to its distinct genetic and environmental factors. Despite recent advancements in targeted therapies for melanoma, the efficacy of treatments in acral melanoma remains limited, emphasizing the urgent need for a deeper understanding of its genetic landscape. CRISPR-based functional genomics screening has emerged as a powerful tool for uncovering genetic dependencies and potential therapeutic targets in various cancers. In this project, we present the results of CRISPR screening performed on acral melanoma cell lines to identify genes essential for cell survival and proliferation collectively termed “fitness". Through this screening approach, we aim to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of acral melanoma and identify novel therapeutic vulnerabilities. Our findings reveal key genetic drivers and pathways implicated in acral melanoma progression, offering potential targets for the development of precision therapies tailored to this aggressive subtype of melanoma

  Dataset EGAD00001015690

• Multiomic analysis of CD4+ T cells from blood, lymph node and tumor of NSCLC patients

  This dataset contains data derived from FACS-sorted CD4+ T cells. This dataset contains FASTQ files for: - paired blood, lymph node, and tumor single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) samples from 5 patients with NSCLC (including scRNA-seq coupled to scTCR-seq for 3 patients), - paired blood, lymph node, and tumor single-cell ATAC-seq (scATAC-seq) samples from 2 patients with NSCLC, - lymph node and tumor bulk RNA-seq and TCR-seq data from CD4+ T cell subsets (Treg-Tfr, Treg-Trm, Treg-Naive, Tconv-Tfh, Tconv-CXCL13, and Tconv-Naive) from 5 patients (one patient has lymph node samples only). In addition, this dataset includes processed analysis files: - Seurat object for scRNA-seq data, - fragment files generated by Cell Ranger for scATAC-seq samples, - contig annotations generated by Cell Ranger for scTCR-seq samples. Sequencing was performed using Illumina NovaSeq, MiSeq, or HiSeq Rapid Run platforms.

  Dataset EGAD50000000424

• Metagenome shotgun sequencing of the Inflammatory Bowel Disease

  We performed a comprehensive metagenome-wide association study for inflammatory bowel disease by utilizing whole-genome shotgun sequencing.

  Study JGAS000530

• WTCCC2 Pharmacogenomic Response to Statins study

  A WTCCC2 project genome-wide study for pharmacogenomic response to statins (PR) in individuals from Scotland.

  Study EGAS00000000121

• WTCCC2 BO (Barretts oesophagus) samples

  A WTCCC2 project genome-wide case-control association study for Barretts oesophagus in individuals from the UK.

  Study EGAS00001000628

• ONT and PacBio data of 22q11 patient-parent duos/trios

  ONT and PacBio FASTQ files generated for de novo assembly and resulting de novo assemblies

  Study EGAS50000001647

• Multi-regional tumour biopsies of a RET fusion patient

  Identifying modes of resistance to a new experimental drug for a patient resistant to other therapies

  Study EGAS00001004023

• ChIP-seq in colorectal cancer and paired adjacent normal mucosa

  Chip-seq samples for 20 colorectal patients with paired adjacent normal mucosa to characterize H3K27ac and H3K4me1.

  Study EGAS00001005303

• small RNA sequencing for 6 patients

  small RNA sequencing data for 3 patients with type 2D diabetes, and 3 patients with non diabetes. Single end sequencing was performed with read length of 100.

  Dataset EGAD50000001259

• WES data for Heterogeneity of IKZF1 genomic alterations and risk of relapse in childhood BALL

  Whole exome sequencing data for 425 samples with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia

  Dataset EGAD50000000150

• Driver mutations in histone H3.3 and chromatin remodelling genes in paediatric glioblastoma

  Sequence reads for pediatric GBM samples for manuscript: Driver mutations in histone H3.3 and chromatin remodelling genes in paediatric glioblastoma

  Dataset EGAD00001000134

• Sequencing data for Australian Ovarian Cancer study submitted 20121116

  Sequencing data for Australian Ovarian Cancer study submitted 20121116

  Dataset EGAD00001000293

• Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma

  Whole genome sequencing data for 25 adenoid cystic carcinoma samples. The samples were used for Illumina TruSeq library construction and were sequenced on an Illumina HiSeq 2000. The PE fastq files are provided.

  Dataset EGAD00001003959

• WES files for Newman MAP3K8 melanoma

  WES files for Newman MAP3K8 melanoma paper titled "Clinical genome sequencing uncovers potentially targetable truncations and fusions of MAP3K8 in spitzoid and other melanomas"

  Dataset EGAD00001004566

• WGS files for Newman MAP3K8 melanoma

  WGS files for Newman MAP3K8 melanoma paper titled "Clinical genome sequencing uncovers potentially targetable truncations and fusions of MAP3K8 in spitzoid and other melanomas"

  Dataset EGAD00001004579

• APCDR AGV Project: Low depth (4x) Illumina HiSeq sequence data for a Zulu population(BAMs)

  Low depth (4x) Illumina HiSeq raw sequence data for 100 unrelated Zulu from Durban area, South Africa.

  Dataset EGAD00001001007

• Whole genome data for study EGAS00001000824 (Diverse modes of genomic alterations in hepatocellular carcinoma)

  Whole genome data (Complete genomics platform) for the study EGAS00001000824

  Dataset EGAD00001001034

• DATA FILES FOR SJOS-WGS-2ndBatch

  DATA FILES FOR SJOS-WGS-2ndBatch

  Dataset EGAD00001001053

• McGill EMC Release 4 in tissue "venous blood" for cell type "CD4-positive helper T cell"

  McGill EMC Release 4 in tissue "venous blood" for cell type "CD4-positive helper T cell"

  Dataset EGAD00001001279

• Whole exome sequencing for ZNF384-rearranged ALL cases

  Whole exome sequencing for the matched germline and tumor DNA from 10 ALL cases with ZNF384 rearrangements.

  Dataset EGAD00001002152

• DATA FILES FOR PCGP SJCBF RNASEQ

  Additional files for "The Genomic Landscape of Core-Binding Factor Acute Myeloid Leukemias" (EGAS00001000349). This dataset includes the processed RNASeq data referenced in this paper.

  Dataset EGAD00001002530

• Melanoma Germlines subset for BAP1

  These samples comprise both melanoma cases and controls sequenced for a selection of loci linked to disease susceptibility. These bams are a subset of the sequencing restricted specifically to the GRCh37 coding areas of the BAP1 gene.

  Dataset EGAD00001002743

• Exome and RNA seq data for female patient

  Exome and RNA sequencing data for EGAS00001003776 - one female patient with neurofibroma/schwannoma hybrid nerve sheath tumor (N/S HNST)

  Dataset EGAD00001005249

• RNA sequencing study for 8 pairs of primary NSCLCs and distant metastases

  RNA sequencing study for 8 pairs of primary NSCLCs and distant metastases. This dataset includes a total of 29 samples.

  Dataset EGAD00001005765

• RNA-SEQ for the Caldas Lab breast cancer PDTX collection

  RNA-SEQ for the Caldas Lab breast cancer PDTX collection. This includes both single and paired end runs

  Dataset EGAD00001006307

• Phenotype data for samples with serum metabolomics

  Phenotypic data for 475 human samples, including: Demographics Anthropometrics Diet data Clinical data Time of day Season in which serum sample was taken

  Dataset EGAD00001006354

• WGBS data for Glioblastoma (EGAS00001003953, H016)

  Whole Genome Bisulfite data for human glioblastoma patients, EGAS00001003953. 68 human samples

  Dataset EGAD00001006546

• A method for multiplexed full-length single-molecule sequencing of the human mitochondrial genome

  A method for multiplexed full-length single-molecule sequencing of the human mitochondrial genome - cell line data

  Dataset EGAD00001008963

• Single cell sequencing data for chronic myeloid leukemia cell lines

  This dataset contains RNA sequencing information for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. In total 2 single-end RNA-seq tumor cell line samples are present.

  Dataset EGAD00001009736

• Additional WGS files for Genomic Landscape ALL paper

  Additional WGS files for Genomic Landscape ALL paper titled "The genomic landscape of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia"

  Dataset EGAD00001010270

• TK-EPN862 - Patient-dervied xenograft model of Posterior Fossa A Ependymoma - RNAseq

  Ependymomas (EPN) are the third most common malignant brain cancer in children. Treatment strategies for pediatric EPN have remained unchanged over recent decades, with 10-year survival rates stagnating at just 67% for children aged 0-14 years. Moreover, patients who survive treatment for the most common subtype of pediatric EPN (posterior fossa A (PFA)), often suffer long-term neurological side effects as a result of therapy. It is evident that there is a need for safer, more effective treatments for pediatric EPN patients. There are ten distinct subgroups of EPN, each with their own molecular and prognostic features. To identify and facilitate the testing of new treatments for EPN, in vivo laboratory models representative of the diverse molecular subtypes are required. Here, we describe the establishment of a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) model of PFA EPN, derived from a metastatic cranial lesion. Patient and PDOX tumors were analyzed using immunohistochemistry, DNA methylation profiling, whole genome sequencing (WGS) and RNA sequencing. Both patient and PDOX tumors classified as PFA EPN by methylation profiling, and shared similar histological features consistent with this molecular subgroup. RNA sequencing revealed that gene expression patterns were maintained across the primary and metastatic tumors, as well as the PDOX. Copy number profiling revealed gains of chromosomes 7, 8 and 19, and loss of chromosomes 2q and 6q in the PDOX and matched patient tumor. No clinically significant single nucleotide variants were identified, consistent with the low mutation rates observed in PFA EPN. Overexpression of EZHIP RNA and protein, a common feature of PFA EPN, was also observed. Despite the aggressive nature of the tumor in the patient, this PDOX was unable to be maintained past two passages in vivo. Others who have successfully developed PDOX models report some of the lowest success rates for EPN compared to other pediatric brain cancer types attempted, with loss of tumorigenicity not uncommon, highlighting the challenge in propagating these tumors in the laboratory. Here, we discuss our collective experiences with PFA EPN PDOX model generation and propose potential approaches to improve future success in establishing preclinical EPN models

  Study EGAS00001006844

• EGA metadata schema

  EGA Schemas In this page, you will find information on how the European Genome-phenome Archive (EGA) manages its metadata standards using both XML Schema Definition (XSD) and JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) formats. If you are not sure what this means, you may want to explore our brief metadata introduction. This information may be of your interest if you are planning to learn more about how the EGA is built and how to wrap around it for other processes. Nevertheless, if you are a common user (e.g. submitter or requester), you would not have to worry about these schemas nor their format, since they are implemented in user-friendly ways for you. Metadata standards are rules that define how to format and structure data of metadata objects (i.e. entities), like EGA's samples or experiments in a consistent manner. These objects are the nodes of the metadata model of the EGA (Figure 1). Figure 1. Diagram of EGA's metadata model. The model's building blocks are objects (e.g. sample), which can reference each other (e.g. an experiment referencing the used samples). Once your files are uploaded, they can also be referenced by Runs and Analyses. The submission object is an object itself that compiles many others. At EGA, we inherit our metadata schemas from the European Nucleotide Archive (ENA), and we have expanded them to include bespoke objects such as "Policy", "Dataset", and "DAC" (Data Access Committee) for our specific use-case: handling sensitive human data. See below a list of all our metadata objects and some context for each. Metadata Object EGA accession Description Examples of metadata fields Study EGAS… Information about the study Study type, study title, study abstract… Sample EGAN… Information about the used samples in the experiment or analysis Taxon ID, scientific name, biological sex, phenotype… Experiment EGAX… Information about the performed experiment Used libraries, sequencing platform, reference to the used samples… Analysis EGAZ… Contains information about the analysis Type of analysis, used assembly, reference sequence… Run EGAR… The run holds information about the files containing the raw reads generated in a run of sequencing Platform, spot descriptor, raw file references… DAC EGAC… Contains information about the Data Access Committee (DAC) DAC contacts, contact emails… Policy EGAP… Contains the Data Access Agreement (DAA) and policy which its usage complies with Policy text, data use ontologies (DUO) codes… Dataset EGAD… Contains the collection of runs/analysis to be subject to controlled access Dataset type, compilation of Run's and Analysis' IDs There are two different sets of schemas, based on their formats, in which the EGA accepts metadata: XSDs (for XML files) and JSON Schemas (for JSON files). EGA's XML Schema Definition . When programmatic submissions are pushed through the European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI) system, XML format is used. The schemas that are applied for this format are defined in XML Schema Definition (XSD) files, which can be found at ENA's GitHub repository. You can find more information on how to validate and submit your data programmatically in our programmatic submission documentation. Furthermore, see at our GitHub repository some XML examples with either made-up values (similar to what you would submit) or descriptive values for each field (just for documentation). EGA's JSON Metadata Schemas . When programmatic submissions are pushed through the Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) system, JSON format specifications are used instead. See the full JSON specifications for further details. In conclusion, the EGA metadata schemas are crucial for maintaining the quality and consistency of submitted data. By understanding and following the rules outlined in these schemas, you can ensure that your submissions comply with the EGA's standards and contribute to a valuable and accessible genomic resource. Sample checklists Besides the standards in our schemas, we have another layer called Sample checklists. These are another system that the EGA inherits from ENA, and specifies what attributes are required or allowed for a sample object. The EGA uses these checklists to enforce that, for example, a sample object has the three mandatory attributes: subject ID, sex and phenotype of the individual the sample was taken from. When you submit to EGA, our checklist is automatically selected by default.

  Documentation submission/metadata/ega-schema

• Genome-Wide Analysis for Addiction Susceptibility Genes

  Genome wide analysis for addiction susceptibility genes is an affected sibling pair linkage study using subjects who were patients in methadone replacement treatment programs (MMTP). Such patients are highly addicted to opioids and usually to other addicting substances as well. For entry into the programs, patients had to be at least 18 years of age and had to satisfy DSM-IV criteria for opioid dependence. Despite their common substance use disorder diagnosis, patients enrolled in MMTPs generally have a heterogeneous mix of co-morbid psychiatric disorders including anti-social personality disorder, major depression and anxiety disorders, and often satisfy DSM-IV criteria of substance use disorders other than opioid dependence. Genetic analysis was carried out using genotyping data obtained from a 10K SNP array, and non-parametric linkage was assessed using MERLIN. This resulted in the identification of a linkage peak on 14q that overlapped the NRXN3 gene (neurexin 3), which was previously identified as a potential candidate gene for addiction, and subsequently identified as a target gene in other addiction studies and autism. In version 2 of this study, a text file containing 7704 SNPs with large allele frequency discrepancy as compared to 1000 Genomes is included. Users have the option to exlude these 7704 SNPs.

  Study phs001266

• Gabriella Miller Kids First Pediatric Research Program for Infantile Hemangiomas Associated with Multi-Organ Structural Birth Defects

  The Gabriella Miller Kids First Pediatric Research Program (Kids First) is a trans-NIH effort initiated in response to the 2014 Gabriella Miller Kids First Research Act and supported by the NIH Common Fund. This program focuses on gene discovery in pediatric cancers and structural birth defects and the development of the Gabriella Miller Kids First Pediatric Data Resource (Kids First Data Resource). All of the WGS and phenotypic data from this study are accessible through dbGaP and kidsfirstdrc.org, where other Kids First datasets can also be accessed. Infantile hemangiomas are the most common benign vascular tumor in infants, affecting 4-5% of children. Thirty percent of segmental infantile hemangiomas on the face and scalp are associated with birth defects of multiple organs. This condition is known as PHACE, an acronym for posterior fossa brain malformations, segmental facial hemangiomas, arterial anomalies, cardiac defects, eye anomalies, and sternal clefting. Genomic analysis of PHACE will inform treatment and expand knowledge about the causes of birth defects affecting the brain, arteries, heart, eye, midline development and hearing. The knowledge gained in this study will be used to drive strategies for prevention and provide critical targets for treatments for a range of birth defects and infantile hemangiomas.

  Study phs001785

• LySeqST: A targeted sequencing assay for robust genomic classification of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

  Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a biologically heterogeneous disease. Two genomic classification systems, LymphGen and DLBclass, are capable of reproducibly classifying single tumors into subtypes with prognostic relevance in the context of standard-of-care R-CHOP chemoimmunotherapy. Preliminary data from subgroup analyses of clinical trials suggest that the distinct biological features are targetable with drugs that exploit subtype-specific vulnerabilities, and large clinical trials are being designed to test this hypothesis. Although whole exome sequencing (WES) remains the gold standard for each of these classification systems, many laboratories may opt for smaller targeted sequencing panels that reduce costs associated with sequencing, data storage, and processing. Here, we describe the design and validation of a targeted sequencing panel (LySeqST) that captures the genomic features required specifically for LymphGen classification. We perform in silico and real-world validation vs. WES data and demonstrate that LySeqST can be used to accurately classify DLBCL tumors. In an unselected population-based cohort, we determine the real-world proportions and validate the prognostic relevance of LymphGen subtypes, confirming that only tumors expressing the dark zone gene expression signature are consistently associated with inferior outcomes. Our results support the use of LySeqST for accurate genomic classification of DLBCL.

  Study EGAS50000001601

• Rapid identification of somatic genome rearrangements as personalized biomarkers for blood-based cancer monitoring

  Increasing evidence shows the value of circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) to detect cancer and monitor its progression. Somatic genomic structural variations (SVs) are promising personalized biomarkers for sensitive and specific detection of ctDNA in liquid biopsies. However, accurate, affordable, and fast identification of such SV biomarkers is challenging, which hinders routine use in the clinic. Here, we demonstrate a novel approach - termed SHARC - for rapid discovery of somatic SV breakpoints as personalized tumour biomarkers. SHARC combines low-coverage cancer genome sketching by using Oxford Nanopore portable sequencing with a random forest classification and a dedicated filtering pipeline to enrich for somatic SVs. Our method leverages the real-time and long-read capabilities of Nanopore sequencing to identify somatic SV breakpoints at nucleotide resolution from a tumour biopsy within two days. We applied SHARC to tumour samples of high-grade ovarian and prostate cancer and validated on average 10 somatic SVs per sample with the use of PCR mini-amplicons. Finally, we demonstrate that these somatic SV biomarkers can be used to detect tumour presence from liquid biopsies in a quantitative manner and we retrospectively monitored treatment response in patients with prostate cancer, demonstrating its potential benefit for clinical practice.

  Study EGAS00001003963

• Bisulfite-converted duplexes for the strand-specific detection and quantification of rare mutations

  The identification of mutations that are present at low frequencies in clinical samples is an essential component of precision medicine. The development of molecular barcoding for next generation sequencing has greatly enhanced the sensitivity of detecting such mutations by massively parallel sequencing. However, further improvements in specificity would be useful for a variety of applications. We herein describe a technology (BiSeqS) that can increase the specificity of sequencing by at least two orders of magnitude over and above that achieved with molecular barcoding and can be applied to any massively parallel sequencing instrument. BiSeqS employs bisulfite treatment to distinguish the two strands of molecularly barcoded DNA; its specificity arises from the requirement for the same mutation to be identified in both strands. Because no library preparation is required, the technology permits very efficient use of the template DNA as well as sequence reads, which are nearly all confined to the amplicons of interest. Such efficiency is critical for clinical samples, such as plasma, in which only tiny amounts of DNA are often available. We show here that BiSeqS can be applied to evaluate transversions, as well as small insertions or deletions, and can reliably detect one mutation among >10,000 wild type molecules.

  Study EGAS00001002406

• Hypoxia acts as an environmental cue for the human TRM differentiation program

  Tissue-resident memory T-cells (TRM) provide frontline defense against infectious diseases and contribute to anti-tumor immunity; however, aside from the necessity of TGF-β, knowledge regarding TRM-inductive cues remains incomplete, particularly for human cells. Oxygen tension is an environmental cue that distinguishes peripheral tissues from the circulation and here, we demonstrate that differentiation of human CD8+ T-cells in the presence of hypoxia and TGF-β1 led to the development of a TRM phenotype, characterized by a greater than five-fold increase in CD69+CD103+ cells expressing human TRM hallmarks and enrichment for endogenous human TRM gene signatures, including increased adhesion molecule expression and decreased expression of genes involved in recirculation. Hypoxia and TGF-β1 synergized to produce a significantly larger population of TRM phenotype cells than either condition alone, and comparison of these cells from the individual and combination conditions revealed distinct phenotypic and transcriptional profiles, indicating a programming response to milieu rather than a mere expansion. Our findings identify a previously unreported cue for the TRM differentiation program and can enable facile generation of human TRM phenotype cells in vitro for basic studies and translational applications such as adoptive cellular therapy.

  Study EGAS00001005286

• Sequencing of Cervical Cancer

  Precision mapping of genetic alterations in cancer can enable better selection of therapies and improved outcomes when combined with new sequencing diagnostics. We describe whole-exome sequences from cervical adenocarcinomas and paired normal samples in Hong Kong Chinese women. These data uncover a heterogeneous genomic landscape but identify commonly aberrant loci including FAT1, ARID1A, ERBB2 and PIK3CA that may provide a focus for the development of individualized targeted therapies for Chinese women with cervical adenocarcinoma.

  Study phs000723

• Autosomal recessive

  To define a genetic syndrome of combined immunodeficiency, severe autoimmunity, and developmental delay, 4 patients from two families who had similar syndromic features were studied. To identify disease-causing mutations, we performed whole exome sequencing for one patient and her healthy parent from Family 1 and also for one patient from Family 2. Disease segregated with novel autosomal recessive mutations in a single gene, tripeptidyl-peptidase II (TPP2) gene. The result defines a new human metabolic immunodeficiency.

  Study phs000848