10171 results for "cancer rna-seq"

in 46.67 milliseconds.

• Geographic variation of mutagenic exposures in kidney cancer genomes – structural variation vcf files (Mutographs)

  Geographic variation of mutagenic exposures in kidney cancer genomes – structural variation vcf files ( Mutographs )

  Dataset EGAD00001013726

• Shallow-whole genome sequencing for copy numbers in resectable gastric cancer treated with surgery alone

  Shallow-whole genome sequencing for copy numbers in resectable gastric cancer treated with surgery alone

  Dataset EGAD00001011994

• WGS of high grade serous ovarian tumours and matched blood normals

  FASTQ reads for 81 matched tumour-normal WGS pairs for high grade serous ovarian cancer patients. Scottish HGSOC samples were collected via local Bioresource facilities at Edinburgh, Glasgow, Dundee and Aberdeen and stored in liquid Nitrogen until required. HGSOC patients were determined from pathology records and were included in the study where there was matched tumour and whole blood samples. Tumour samples were divided into two for DNA and RNA extraction and slivers of tissue were taken, fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin wax (FFPE). Samples were only included if they were confirmed as HGSOC and there was greater than 40% tumour cellularity throughout the tumour, determined using H&E staining of the FFPE sections and pathology review. Somatic DNA was extracted from the tumour and germline DNA was extracted from whole blood. Somatic DNA was extracted using the Qiagen DNeasy Blood and tissue kit (cat no 69504). The tissue was initially homogenised using a Qiagen Bioruptor, followed by the manufacturers recommended protocol (including RNase digestion step). Germline DNA was extracted from 1-3ml whole blood using the Qiagen FlexiGene kit (cat no 51206) following the manufacturers recommended protocol. The resulting DNA underwent quality control as follows: firstly, A260 and A280nm were measured on a Denovix DS-11 Fx to qualitatively illustrate A260/280nm and A260/230nm ratios as surrogate measures of DNA purity. A260/280 had to be 1.8 or greater and A260/230 had to be 2.0 or greater. Then, DNA was quantified using LifeTechnologies Qubit dsDNA BR kit (cat no Q32850) and we required a minimum of 50ul at 25ng/ul for WGS. Thirdly, DNA was diluted to 25ng/ul and a representative sample was loaded onto a 0.8% TAE gel, ran at 100v for 60mins and then imaged using a BioRad ChemiDoc imaging system to visualise the DNA quality.

  Dataset EGAD00001009049

• WGS of high grade serous ovarian tumours and matched blood normals

  FASTQ reads for 34 matched tumour-normal WGS pairs for high grade serous ovarian cancer patients. Scottish HGSOC samples were collected via local Bioresource facilities at Edinburgh, Glasgow, Dundee and Aberdeen and stored in liquid Nitrogen until required. HGSOC patients were determined from pathology records and were included in the study where there was matched tumour and whole blood samples. Tumour samples were divided into two for DNA and RNA extraction and slivers of tissue were taken, fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin wax (FFPE). Samples were only included if they were confirmed as HGSOC and there was greater than 40% tumour cellularity throughout the tumour, determined using H&sE staining of the FFPE sections and pathology review. Somatic DNA was extracted from the tumour and germline DNA was extracted from whole blood. Somatic DNA was extracted using the Qiagen DNeasy Blood and tissue kit (cat no 69504). The tissue was initially homogenised using a Qiagen Bioruptor, followed by the manufacturers recommended protocol (including RNase digestion step). Germline DNA was extracted from 1-3ml whole blood using the Qiagen FlexiGene kit (cat no 51206) following the manufacturers recommended protocol. The resulting DNA underwent quality control as follows: firstly, A260 and A280nm were measured on a Denovix DS-11 Fx to qualitatively illustrate A260/280nm and A260/230nm ratios as surrogate measures of DNA purity. A260/280 had to be 1.8 or greater and A260/230 had to be 2.0 or greater. Then, DNA was quantified using LifeTechnologies Qubit dsDNA BR kit (cat no Q32850) and we required a minimum of 50ul at 25ng/ul for WGS. Thirdly, DNA was diluted to 25ng/ul and a representative sample was loaded onto a 0.8% TAE gel, ran at 100v for 60mins and then imaged using a BioRad ChemiDoc imaging system to visualise the DNA quality.

  Dataset EGAD00001010135

• GWAS in African Americans, Latinos and Japanese

  The Multiethnic Cohort Study is a population-based prospective cohort study (n=215,251) that was initiated between 1993 and 1996 and includes subjects from various ethnic groups - African Americans and Latinos primarily from Californian (great Los Angeles area) and Native Hawaiians, Japanese-Americans, and European Americans primarily from Hawaii. State drivers' license files were the primary sources used to identify study subjects in Hawaii and California. Additionally, in Hawaii, state voter's registration files were used, and, in California, Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) files were used to identify additional African American study subjects. In the cohort, incident cancer cases are identified annually through cohort linkage to population-based cancer Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registries in Hawaii and Los Angeles County as well as to the California State cancer registry. Information on estrogen receptor status is also obtained through these registries. Blood sample collection in the MEC began in 1994 and targeted incident breast cancer cases and a random sample of study participants to serve as controls for genetic analyses. Subjects are frequency matched on age at blood draw and ethnicity. The following number of breast cancer cases and controls were genome-wide scanned as part of this study: African Americans, 473 cases and 464 controls; Japanese: 885 cases and 822 controls; Latinos, 520 cases and 544 controls.

  Study phs000517

• The neo-open reading frame peptides that comprise the tumor framome are a rich source of neoantigens for cancer immunotherapy

  Identification of immunogenic cancer neoantigens as targets for therapy is challenging. Here, we integrate whole genome and long-read transcript sequencing of cancers to identify the collection of neo-open reading frame peptides (NOPs) expressed in tumors. We termed this collection of NOPs the tumor framome. NOPs represent tumor-specific peptides that are different from wild-type proteins and may be strongly immunogenic. We describe a class of hidden NOPs that derive from structural genomic variants involving an upstream protein coding gene driving expression and translation of non-coding regions of the genome downstream of a rearrangement breakpoint, i.e. where no gene annotation or evidence for transcription exists. The entire collection of NOPs represents a vast number of possible neoantigens particularly in tumors with many structural genomic variants and a low number of missense mutations. We show that NOPs are immunogenic and epitopes derived from NOPs can bind to MHC class I molecules. Finally, we provide evidence for the presence of memory T cells specific for hidden NOPs in peripheral blood from a patient with lung cancer. This work highlights NOPs as a major source of possible neoantigens for personalized cancer immunotherapy and provides a rationale for analyzing the complete cancer genome and transcriptome as a basis for detection of NOPs.

  Study EGAS00001006021

• Transcriptomic Profile of Whole Blood Cells from Elderly Subjects fed Probiotic Bacteria Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG ATCC 53103 (LGG) in a Phase I Open Label Study

  Open label study to evaluate the safety of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG ATCC 53103 (LGG) in elderly subjects. Fifteen healthy elderly volunteers, ages 65-80 were enrolled in a study in which they received LGG capsules containing 1 x 1010 CFU, twice daily for 28 days and were followed through day 56. The study subjects completed a daily diary, a telephone call on study days 3, 7 and 14 and study visits at the Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Research Center at baseline, day 28 and day 56. During each visit, the subject diary, interim history, potential adverse effects and concomitant medications were reviewed and vital signs and a physical examination were performed. Routine blood tests were obtained to monitor for safety during visits and nasopharyngeal and stool samples were collected for microbiome analysis. Volunteers interested in participating in the effect of LGG probiotic on the Human whole Blood Transcriptome substudy also had blood drawn for DNA and RNA extraction, after signing the substudy consent form. The main objective of the study was to assess the safety and tolerability of 2 x 1010 CFU LGG administered orally to elderly subjects for 28 days. Secondary objectives were to evaluate the richness and microbial diversity in nasopharyngeal and stool specimens using pyrosequencing, and to compare cytokine production in response to bacterial stimulation by following the kinetics of mRNA expression of pro and anti-inflammatory genes and different signaling pathways, in relation to changes in stool Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus spp. The study was reviewed and approved by the Partners Human Research Committee (IRB # 2010P001695) and was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01274598). The main results regarding the clinical signs and safety of intervention is published in PLoS One. 2014 Dec 1;9(12):e113456. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113456. eCollection 2014. PMID: 25438151. RNA sequencing for transcriptome analysis was only done in 11 of the 15 subjects as RNA integrity and quantity had to be optimal for the three times where blood was collected in order for a subject to be included in the study. The information regarding the microbiome data associated with this study is presented in a separate paper, which can be found at dbGaP study accession, phs000896, and PMID: 25873374.

  Study phs000928

• Surgery in combination with immune checkpoint therapy as an effective treatment for patients with metastatic cancer.

  Abstract Surgical removal of primary tumors was shown to reverse tumor-mediated immune suppression in pre-clinical models with metastatic disease. However, how cytoreductive surgery in the metastatic setting modulates the immune responses in patients, especially in the context of immune checkpoint therapy (ICT)-containing treatments is not understood. Here, we report the first prospective, non-comparative clinical trial (N=104) using three different ICT-containing strategies plus cytoreductive or “debulking” surgery to remove the primary tumor-bearing kidney or a metastatic lesion as a treatment for patients (N=43) with metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (mccRCC). For those patients (N=61) who were not candidates for cytoreductive surgery, a biopsy was obtained instead for correlative biological studies. Our data demonstrated that the combination of ICT with cytoreductive surgery was safe and feasible in patients with mccRCC. The 2-year overall survival was 84% with a median OS of 54.7 months for patients who received ICT containing regimens plus surgery. Immune-monitoring studies with co-detection by indexing (CODEX) identified distinct tumor spatial conformation of cellular subsets as a novel and improved predictor of response to ICT. Importantly, single-cell RNA-sequencing data demonstrated that surgical removal of the tumor increased antigen-presenting dendritic cell population with a concurrent reduction in KDM6B expressing immune-suppressive myeloid cells in the peripheral blood. Together, this study highlighted the feasibility of combining ICT with cytoreductive surgery in a metastatic setting and demonstrated potential enhancement of immune responses following ICT plus cytoreductive surgery in patients with metastatic disease.

  Study EGAS00001005667

• MutWP1: CRUK Grand Challenge Mutographs of Cancer: Oesophageal adenocarcinoma

  The Mutographs project aims to advance our understanding of the causes of cancer through studies of mutational signatures. Led by Mike Stratton, together with Paul Brennan, Ludmil Alexandrov, Allan Balmain, David Phillips and Peter Campbell, this large-scale international research endeavour was awarded a Cancer Research UK Grand Challenge. Different patterns of somatic mutation are generated by the different environmental, lifestyle and genetic factors that cause cancer, many of them are still unknown. Within Mutographs, the International Agency for Research on Cancer is coordinating the recruitment of 5000 individuals with cancer (colorectal, renal, pancreatic, oesophageal adenocarcinoma or oesophageal squamous cancers) across 5 continents to explore whether different mutational signatures explain marked variation in incidence. In brief, through an international network of collaborators around the world, biological materials are collected, along with demographic, histological, clinical and questionnaire data. Whole genome sequences of tumour-germline DNA pairs are generated at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (40X and 20X depth respectively). Somatic mutational signatures are subsequently extracted by non-negative matrix factorisation methods and correlated with risk factors data. Through an enhanced understanding of cancer aetiology, Mutographs unprecedented effort is anticipated to outline modifiable risk factors, lead to new approaches to prevent cancer, and provide opportunities to empower early detection, refine high-risk groups and contribute to further therapeutic development. This dataset contains all the data available for this study on 2021-09-27.

  Dataset EGAD00001006083

• MutWP1 CRUK Grand Challenge Mutographs of Cancer Colorectal

  The Mutographs project aims to advance our understanding of the causes of cancer through studies of mutational signatures. Led by Mike Stratton, together with Paul Brennan, Ludmil Alexandrov, Allan Balmain, David Phillips and Peter Campbell, this large-scale international research endeavour was awarded a Cancer Research UK Grand Challenge. Different patterns of somatic mutation are generated by the different environmental, lifestyle and genetic factors that cause cancer, many of them are still unknown. Within Mutographs, the International Agency for Research on Cancer is coordinating the recruitment of 5000 individuals with cancer (colorectal, renal, pancreatic, oesophageal adenocarcinoma or oesophageal squamous cancers) across 5 continents to explore whether different mutational signatures explain marked variation in incidence. In brief, through an international network of collaborators around the world, biological materials are collected, along with demographic, histological, clinical and questionnaire data. Whole genome sequences of tumour-germline DNA pairs are generated at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. Somatic mutational signatures are subsequently extracted by non-negative matrix factorisation methods and correlated with risk factors data. Through an enhanced understanding of cancer aetiology, Mutographs unprecedented effort is anticipated to outline modifiable risk factors, lead to new approaches to prevent cancer, and provide opportunities to empower early detection, refine high-risk groups and contribute to further therapeutic development.

  Dataset EGAD00001007510

• The clinical utility of genomics in childhood cancer extends beyond targetable mutations - Cancer Panel data

  We deeply sequenced 864 cancer-associated genes and the complete genomes and transcriptomes for 300 pediatric and adolescent/young adult (AYA) patients with poor prognosis or rare tumors. Using integrative somatic-germline analyses, we assessed the clinical utility of cancer genomics in this population. Clinically actionable variants were identified in 56% of patients. Improved diagnostic accuracy led to modified management in a subset. Therapeutically targetable variants, found in 54% of patients, were of unanticipated timing and type, with over 20% of these derived from the germline. Enrichment in corroborating mutational signature 3 (‘BRCAness’) in patients with germline homologous recombination defects suggests they are drivers of pediatric cancers and potential targets for PARP inhibition. Comprehensive somatic-germline cancer genomic profiling is useful at multiple points in the care trajectory for pediatric/AYA patients, supporting its integration into early clinical management. Re-biopsy at the time of relapse should be considered, and specific attention to the mutational burden is indicated. Defective DNA repair genes in the germline may represent important targetable drivers.

  Study EGAS00001006642

• Consortium of Investigators of Modifiers of BRCA1/2 (CIMBA) - OncoArray Genotypes

  The data come from 40 studies participating in the Consortium of Investigators of Modifiers of BRCA1/2 (CIMBA). CIMBA recruits individuals with pathogenic mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2. The majority of carriers were recruited through cancer genetics clinics offering genetic testing, and were enrolled into national or regional studies. The remainder were identified by population-based sampling of cases, or community recruitment. Eligibility to participate is restricted to carriers of pathogenic BRCA1/2 mutations who were 18 years or older at recruitment. Information collected included amongst other variables: age at recruitment; ages at breast and ovarian cancer diagnosis; and estrogen receptor (ER) status. Samples were genotyped using the Illumina OncoArray beadchip 500K SNP custom array. Details of the genotyping process and sample selection are included in Phelan et al, Identification of twelve new susceptibility loci for different histotypes of epithelial ovarian cancer, Nat Genet. 2017 May;49(5):680-691 (PMID:28346442), and Milne et al, Identification of ten variants associated with risk of estrogen receptor negative breast cancer, Nat Genet (in press).

  Study phs001321

• Kidney Two-Hit Mapping

  Germ-line genetic variants identified thus far generally account for only part of the genetic risk predicted for most cancers. A component of the remaining risk may be explained by functionally consequent genetic variants that are individually very rare (or private to that individual's family). While their identification may be highly informative for cancer etiology and biological knowledge, strategies that allow for agnostic (genome-wide) identification of such genes are not straight forward. This is particularly true for rare cancers where sufficient numbers of patients may simply not be available for appropriate statistically powered studies. In this project we have explored a study design based around the concept of "two-hit mapping" using the co-occurrence of germ-line and somatic mutations in the same gene to assist in the identification of susceptibility genes. The dataset includes 54 kidney cancer patients selected for enrichment of genetic disease, that is patients with: early age of onset and/or family history and/or bilateral disease. Germ-line and somatic (kidney cancer) tumor sequencing was carried out. These data may improve our understanding of kidney cancer.

  Study phs001971

• Single-Cell Analysis of Somatic Mutations in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells in Relation to Aging and Smoking

  While lung cancer risk among smokers is dependent on smoking dose, it remains unknown if this increased risk reflects an increased rate of somatic mutation accumulation in normal lung cells. Here we applied single-cell whole genome sequencing of proximal bronchial basal cells from 33 subjects, aged between 11 and 86 years, with smoking histories varying from never smoking to 116 pack years. We found an increase in the frequency of single-nucleotide variants and small insertions and deletions with chronological age in never-smokers, with mutation frequencies significantly elevated among smokers. However, when plotted against smoking pack-years, mutations were found to follow the linear increase in cancer risk only until about 23 pack years, after which no further increase in mutation frequency was observed, pointing towards individual selection for mutation avoidance. Known lung cancer-defined global mutation signatures tracked with both age and smoking. Within study power limits, no significant enrichment for somatic mutations in lung cancer driver genes was observed.

  Study phs002758

• Cancer_Genome_Project_Exome_Sequencing

  Agilent whole exome hybridisation capture was performed on genomic DNA derived from cancer and matched normal DNA from the same patients. Next Generation sequencing performed on the resulting exome libraries and mapped to build 37 of the human reference genome to facilitate the identification of novel cancer genes. Now we aim to re find and validate the findings of those exome libraries using bespoke pulldown methods and sequencing the products.

  Study EGAS00001000301

• Spontaneous mutations in the single TTN gene represent high tumor mutation burden

  Tumor mutation burden (TMB) is an emerging biomarker, whose calculation requires targeted sequencing of many genes. We investigated if the measurement of mutation counts within a single gene is representative of TMB. Whole exome sequencing (WES) data from the pan-cancer cohort (n=10,224) of TCGA, and targeted sequencing (tNGS) and TTN gene sequencing from 24 colorectal cancer samples (AMC cohort) were analyzed.

  Study EGAS00001004009

• Sequence data from stage I of the CCTG BR.36 ctDNA-directed, multi-center phase II study of molecular response adaptive immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer

  The dataset for the study "Early ctDNA molecular response captures therapeutic response in the first stage of CCTG BR.36 ctDNA-directed, multi-center phase II study of molecular response adaptive immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer", includes 134 bam files from hybrid capture targeted error-correction next-generation sequencing (PGDx Elio plasma resolve) from plasma cell-free DNA and matched white blood cell DNA from 35 individuals with non-small cell lung cancer on the BR.36 trial, alongside 11 bam files from targeted next generation sequencing (PGDx Elio tissue complete) of tumor DNA from 11 individuals with non-small cell lung cancer on the BR.36 trial.

  Dataset EGAD00001011359

• SDH_deficient_renal_tumours___RNA_

  Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) deficient renal cancers are a rare and understudied subtype of renal cancer. As such they represent an unmet need in kidney cancer research. Here, we seek to describe the genomics and transcriptomics of SDH deficient renal cancers by sequencing five such tumours. We document their mutational burden, define driver mutations, demonstrate typical patterns of structural variants, and estimate the cell of origin and cellular composition.

  Study EGAS00001004103

• Sensitive circulating tumor DNA based residual disease detection in epithelial ovarian cancer

  In this study we implemented a circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) based blood test for more accurate post-operative surveillance of this disease. We analyzed 264 plasma samples collected between June 2016 and September 2021 from 63 epithelial ovarian cancer patients using tumor-guided plasma cell-free DNA analysis to detect residual disease after treatment. Assay specificity was verified using cross-patient analysis of 1195 control samples.

  Study EGAS50000000245

• Human Dorsal Root Ganglion RNA Landscape Profiling for Neuropathic and Chronic Pain

  Bulk and spatial RNA sequencing were performed on human DRGs and relative gene abundances were calculated. Various analyses were performed: Human DRG gene expression profiles were contrasted with a panel of gene expression profiles of relevant tissues in human and mouse ( integrating, among other sources, datasets from ENCODE and GTex ) in order to identify. DRG-enriched gene expression, co-expression modules of DRG-expressed genes, and key transcriptional regulators in humans. Contrasting the human and mouse DRG transcriptomes to identify DRG-enriched gene expression patterns that were conserved between human and mouse, identifying putative cell types of expression of these genes, and potential known drugs that might target the corresponding gene products. Characterization of non-coding RNA profile of human and mouse DRGs. Characterization of DRG-enriched alternative splicing and alternative transcription start site usage based transcript variants in humans and mouse, and the overlap between these two species. Contrasting of human DRG and GTex human tibial nerve samples to identify putative axonally transported mRNAs in sensory neurons. Human DRG transcriptomes from donors suffering from neuropathic and/or chronic pain were contrasted with controls to identify. Differentially expressed genes, pathways and regulators path play a potential role in neuronal plasticity, electrophysiological activity, immune signaling and response. Predictive models (Random Forests) were built to jointly predict the sex and pain state of samples based on information contained solely in autosomal gene expression profile. Gene co-expression modules were identified and gene set enrichment analysis performed.to identify sample - pathway associations, and to broadly characterize plasticity in human DRG cell types.3. Spatial transcriptomics was performed on human DRGs to obtain near single-neuron resolution: a. We identified distinct clusters of human DRG sensory neurons b. We characterized the expression of different gene families (e.g. GPCRs, sodium channels, potassium channels, etc.) c. We investigated differences between male and female neurons.

  Study phs001158

• Tandem duplication of chromosomal segments is common in ovarian and breast cancer genomes

  Tandem duplication of chromosomal segments is common in ovarian and breast cancer genomes

  Dataset EGAD00001000050

• Dynamics of genomic clones in breast cancer patient xenografts at single cell resolution

  Dynamics of genomic clones in breast cancer patient xenografts at single cell resolution

  Dataset EGAD00001001066

• Transcriptome of biliary tract cancer

  Fastq files of RNAseq of 182 samples of biliary tract cancer

  Dataset EGAD00001001693

• Germline whole exome sequencing in testicular cancer

  This dataset contains variant call format files generated from whole exome sequencing of germline DNA from indiviudals with diagnosed with testicualr germ cell cancer.

  Dataset EGAD00001004345

• Exome sequencing to evaluate HER2/ERBB2 mutations in cancer

  ERBB2/HER2 transmembrane and juxtamembrane domain mutations in cancer. Exome sequencing of tumor and matched blood and 2 blood samples from relatives.

  Dataset EGAD00001004351

• Sequence of breast cancer bone metastases PDX from 2 targeted panels

  Targeted sequencing analyses was made on samples of PDX engrafted with breast cancer bone metastases, 2 PDX acquired resistance to palbociclib.

  Dataset EGAD00001006070

• Whole genome sequencing of a breast cancer cohort with known functional homologous recombination status

  41 breast cancer patients with known functional homologous recombination status (matched normal and tumor genomes, n=82)

  Dataset EGAD00001008027

• whole genome sequencing of breast cancer cell lines and patient derived xenograft models

  whole genome sequencing of six commonly used breast cancer cell lines and six patient derived xenograft models

  Dataset EGAD00001008802

• RNAseq analysis on metastatic Colorectal Cancer xenografts samples

  Bank of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) of Patient Derived Xenografts (PDXs)

  Dataset EGAD00001009171

• Treated and control Patient Derived Xenografts of colorectal cancer (CRC) samples

  Bank of treateed and control PDXs metastastic colorectal cancer sample RNAseq

  Dataset EGAD00001010022

• Sequence of breast cancer bone metastases PDX from 2 targeted panels

  Sequence of breast cancer bone metastases PDX obtained by 2 targeted panels

  Dataset EGAD00001010856

• Evaluation of Ancestry Admixture among Chileans

  The purpose of this study is to investigate ancestry admixture among Chileans with and without gallbladder cancer.

  Study phs001385

• Multi-omics Profiling of Asian Breast Cancers

  Whole exome and transcriptome sequencing data of primary tumors from 178 Korean breast cancer patients.

  Study EGAS00001002621

• The complexity of tobacco smoke induced mutagenesis in head and neck cancer - sequence data (Mutographs)

  The complexity of tobacco smoke induced mutagenesis in head and neck cancer - sequence data (Mutographs)

  Dataset EGAD00001015386

• Geographic and age-related variations in mutational processes in colorectal cancer - patient metadata files (Mutographs)

  Geographic and age-related variations in mutational processes in colorectal cancer - patient metadata files (Mutographs)

  Dataset EGAD00001015437

• Reduced Representation Bisulfite Sequencing (RRBS) in various tissues to discover DNA methylation markers for the diagnosis of breast and ovarian cancer.

  Despite a myriad of attempts in the last three decades to diagnose ovarian cancer (OC) earlier, this clinical aim still remains a significant challenge. In addition, monitoring treatment and early detection of fatal breast cancer (BC) remains a major unmet need. Aberrant methylation patterns of linked CpGs analyzed in DNA fragments shed by cancers into the bloodstream (i.e. cell-free DNA) can provide highly specific signals indicating cancer presence.In order to discover the most relevant CpG regions, we used RRBS and analysed several tissue samples: 11 prospectively collected invasive epithelial ovarian cancer samples (high grade serous n=8, low grade serous n=1, endometrioid n=1, mucinous n=1, mean age = 54.7 years), 8 prospectively collected invasive ductal breast cancer samples (2/8 triple negative; mean age = 56.6 years), one benign tumor (papillary serous cystadenoma, age = 86 years), 18 non-neoplastic tissue samples (breast n=7 and adnexal n=11, mean age = 60.2 years), two non-neoplastic endometrial tissues (mean age = 68 years) and twenty three white blood cell samples (mean age = 57.8 years) were assessed by RRBS. Genome wide methylation analysis was performed by Reduced Representation Bisulfite Sequencing (RRBS) at GATC Biotech. DNA was digested with MspI followed by size selection of the library, providing enhanced coverage for the CpG-rich regions. The digested DNA was adapter ligated, bisulfite modified and PCR amplified. The libraries were sequenced on Illumina’s HiSeq 2500. Analysis of the first samples sequenced with 100bp paired-end mode showed that the library insert size was small. Therefore, the remaining samples were sequenced with 50 bp paired-end mode. Using Genedata Expressionist® for Genomic Profiling v9.1, we established a bioinformatics pipeline for the detection of cancer specific differentially methylated regions (DMRs). The most promising DMRs were taken forward for the development and validation of serum based clinical assays.

  Study EGAS00001002609

• A Genome-Wide Association Study of Lung Cancer Risk

  Three genetic loci for lung cancer risk have been identified by genome-wide association studies (GWAS), but inherited susceptibility to specific histologic types of lung cancer is not well established. We conducted a GWAS of lung cancer and its major histologic types genotyping 515,922 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 5,739 incident lung cancer cases and 5,848 controls from one population-based case-control study and three cohort studies. Results were combined with summary data from 10 additional studies for a total of 13,300 cases and 19,666 controls of European descent. Four studies also provided histology data for replication resulting in 3,333 adenocarcinomas (AD), 2,589 squamous cell carcinomas (SQ), and 1,418 small cell carcinomas (SC). In analyses by histology, rs2736100 (TERT) on chromosome 5p15.33, was associated with risk of adenocarcinoma (OR=1.23, 95%CI=1.13-1.33, P=3.02x10-7), but not other histologic types (OR=1.01, P=0.84, and OR=1.00, P=0.93, for SQ and SC, respectively). This finding was confirmed in each replication study and overall meta-analysis (OR=1.24, 95%CI=1.17-1.31, P=3.74x10-14 for AD and OR=0.99, P=0.69 and OR=0.97, P=0.48, for SQ and SC, respectively). Other previously reported association signals on 15q25 and 6p21 were also refined, but no additional loci reached genome-wide significance. In conclusion, a lung cancer GWAS identified a distinct hereditary contribution to adenocarcinoma. Note: The lung study dataset to be released to dbGaP and caBIG excludes 47 individuals from the PLCO cohort who consented to participate only in cancer research projects and 22 individuals because of updated QC. Thus, the released dataset is derived from 11517 subjects, 5699 cases and 5818 controls. After the updated QC, the dataset to be released to dbGaP and caBIG includes 506062 SNPs.

  Study phs000336

• Genome-wide NanoRCS sequencing of cfDNA and ctDNA from liquid biopsies of healthy individuals and cancer patients

  Levels of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in liquid biopsies may serve as a sensitive biomarker for real-time, minimally-invasive tumor diagnostics and monitoring. However, detecting ctDNA is challenging, as much fewer than 5% of the cell-free DNA in the blood typically originates from the tumor. To detect lowly abundant molecules, extremely sensitive sequencing methods are required. We developed a new technique, NanoRCS, which is based on Oxford Nanopore sequencing of concatenated copies of a single DNA molecule for genome-wide sequencing, and applied this to plasma of healthy individuals, Esophageal cancer patients and Granulosa cell tumor patients and ascites of Ovarian cancer patients. We also sequenced these samples on Illumina Novaseq, to compare the two techniques.

  Study EGAS50000000154

• Analysis of Recurrently Protected Genomic Regions in Urine Cell-Free DNA

  This study investigated fragmentation patterns in urine and plasma cell-free DNA and evaluated the relevance of such analysis for cancer diagnostics using urine samples. Specifically, we performed whole-genome sequencing at variable depths and evaluated genome-wide coverage in urine and plasma samples, relative to known genome annotation features. Tumor/germline exome sequencing data included was used to identify genome-wide copy number changes and their effect on cfDNA fragmentation in corresponding genomic regions in urine samples. Data included in this submission is whole-genome sequencing of urine and/or plasma cell-free DNA from healthy volunteers and/or cancer patients, and whole-exome sequencing of tumor DNA and germline DNA (peripheral blood cells) from cancer patients. 

  Study phs002273

• DAC for Early detection of ovarian cancer using cell-free DNA fragmentomes and protein biomarkers

  Ovarian cancer is a leading cause of death from gynecological malignancies worldwide. No effective screening methods exist resulting in tumor detection at advanced stages where treatment is less effective. In this study, we used whole-genome cell-free DNA (cfDNA) fragmentome and protein biomarker (CA-125 and HE4) analyses to evaluate 591 women, mostly post-menopausal, from the European Union or the United States with ovarian cancer, benign adnexal masses, or without ovarian lesions. Using a machine learning model that incorporated multi-analyte fragmentome data and protein measurements, we evaluated the detection of ovarian cancer in two clinical settings, detection of ovarian cancers among a healthy population, and classification of adnexal masses as benign or malignant. The combined approach detected ovarian cancer with specificity >99% and sensitivity of 72%, 69%, 87%, and 100% for stages I–IV, respectively (AUC=0.96, 95% CI: 0.94-0.99), including 90% of high grade serous ovarian cancers. At the same specificity, CA-125 alone detected 34%, 62%, 63%, and 100% of ovarian cancers for stages I–IV (p=0.001, two-sided test of equal proportions). Additionally, our approach differentiated benign masses from ovarian cancers with high accuracy (AUC of 0.88, 95% CI=0.83-0.92). These results were validated in an independent population. These findings show that integrated cfDNA fragmentome and protein analyses detect ovarian cancers with high performance, enabling a new accessible approach for noninvasive ovarian cancer screening and diagnostic evaluation.

  Dac EGAC50000000332

• Platelet RNAseq data for SLFN14 K219N patients

  Pathogenic missense variants in SLFN14, which encodes an RNA endoribonuclease protein that regulates rRNA degradation, are known to cause inherited thrombocytopenia with impaired platelet aggregation and ATP secretion. Despite rather mild laboratory defects, these patients display an obvious bleeding phenotype. The function of SLFN14 in megakaryocyte (MK) and platelet biology is unknown. This study aims to characterize the platelet transcriptome in patients with a SLFN14 K219N variant and model the disease in the immortalized megakaryocyte cell line imMKCL. Total platelet RNA was sequenced for two patients and 19 healthy controls. Differential gene expression analysis yielded a total of 2999 and 2888 significantly (|log2FC|>1, FDR<0.05) up- and downregulated genes, respectively. Remarkably, these downregulated genes were not enriched for any biological pathway while upregulated genes were enriched for pathways involved in (mitochondrial) translation and transcription with a significant upregulation of 134 ribosomal protein genes (RPG). Heterozygous and homozygous SLFN14 K219N imMKCL showed a defect in MK differentiation that aggravated during cell passaging of undifferentiated cells and in proplatelet formation. SLFN14 defective platelets and MK showed signs of rRNA degradation while this was absent in undifferentiated imMKCL cells. Upregulation of RPG through increased mTOR signaling in SLFN14 K219N MK seems to be a compensatory response for rRNA degradation. Indeed, mTOR inhibition with rapamycin resulted in further enhanced rRNA degradation in SLFN14 K219N MK. Taken together, our study indicates dysregulation of mTOR-regulated ribosomal biogenesis as the disease mechanism for SLFN14-related thrombocytopenia.

  Study EGAS00001006339

• Center for Sub-Cellular Genomics

  A cell is a highly complex system with distributed molecular physiologies in structured sub-cellular compartments whose interplay with the nuclear genome determine the functional characteristics of the cell. A classic example of distributed genomic processes is found in neurons. Learning and memory require modulation of individual synapses through RNA localization, localized translation, and localized metabolites, such as those from dendritic mitochondria. Dendrites of neurons integrate distributed synaptic signals into both electrical and nuclear transcriptional response. Dysfunction of these distributed genomic functions in neurons can result in a broad spectrum of neuropsychiatric diseases such as bipolar and depressive disorders, autism, among others. The Center for Sub-Cellular Genomics' (CSG) mission is to develop new technologies to enable the dissection of complex genomic interactions within a single cell. New technologies include methods to target DNA and RNA sampling at sub-cellular resolution in live cells; high-throughput isolation and microfluidics chemistry for sub-cellular fractions; sub-cellular resolution mass-spectrometry; and computational tools for analysis of sub-cellular genomics data. The new technologies developed by CSG will enable the broader genomics community to associate sub-cellular processes to cell function and dysfunction. These technologies will be utilized in the center to generate a comprehensive atlas of genomic signatures of sub-cellular compartments in the mammalian neuron system. The technologies and neuron-focused data obtained here will be relevant to neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases including schizophrenia, depression, autism spectrum disorder, traumatic brain injury, and Alzheimer's.

  Study phs002120

• FRCC_Exome_sequencing

  Agilent whole exome hybridisation capture will be performed on genomic DNA derived from FRCC patients. one lane of Illumina Hiseq sequencing will be performed on the resulting exome libraries and mapped to build 37 of the human reference genome to facilitate the identification of novel cancer genes.

  Study EGAS00001000176

• RNAseq_of_patients_with_Ewings_sarcoma

  Cancer is driven my mutations in the genome. We will uncover the mutations that give rise to Ewing’s sarcoma, a bone tumour that largely affects children. We will use second generation Illumina massively parallel sequencing, and bespoke software, to characterise the genomes and transcriptomes of Ewings’ sarcoma tumours.

  Study EGAS00001000267

• Breast_cancer_sequential_sampling_study

  This study aims to whole genome sequence DNA derived from breast cancer patients who received neo-adjuvany chemotherapy. All patients had multiple biopsies performed before chemotherapy. Patients who had residual disease after the course of treatment underwent a further biopsy. We aim to characterise the mutations involved.

  Study EGAS00001000300

• Ewings_Sarcoma_Rearrangement_Screen

  Cancer is driven by mutations in the genome. We will uncover the mutations that give rise to Ewing’s sarcoma, a bone tumour that largely affects children. We will use second generation Illumina massively parallel sequencing, and bespoke software, to characterise the genomes and transcriptomes of Ewings’ sarcoma tumours.

  Study EGAS00001000362

• Mutational context and diverse clonal development in early and late bladder cancer

  Bladder cancer shows multiple recurrences probably originating from a malignant field disease in the mucosa. Deep sequencing was used on a series of tumors to look into the clonal composition, mutational spectrum in non-aggressive tumors, and mutational context.

  Study EGAS00001000641

• Clonal_architecture_of_pre_malignant_and_malignant_tumours

  Single cells have been isolated from normal and pre-invasive lung cancer lesions from one patient. These have been grown into colonies that will then be whole genome sequenced. This will reveal the mutational burden in normal and premalignant tissues, and the heterogeneity between different cells.

  Study EGAS00001001676

• Pre_clinical_evolution_of_haematological_malignancies

  Deep targeted sequencing of 291 peripheral blood samples taken 1-20 years prior diagnosis of a haematological malignancy alongside age- and sex-matched controls. Key objective is to distinguish indolent age-related clonal haematopoiesis from pre-cancer and to derive predictive models for early risk-stratification.

  Study EGAS00001002964

• 54 metastatic colorectal cancer patients from Schleswig-Holstein in North Germany

  Personalized treatment vs standard of care is much debated, especially in clinical practice. Here we investigated whether overall survival differences in metastatic colorectal cancer patients are explained by their tumor mutation profiles or by their treatment differences in real clinical practice.

  Study EGAS00001004108