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• Karyotype Evolution in Response to Chemoradiotherapy and Upon Recurrence of Esophageal Adenocarcinomas

  The genome of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is highly unstable and might evolve over time. Here, we track karyotype evolution in EACs in response to treatment and upon recurrence through multi-region and longitudinal analysis. To this end, we introduce L-PAC, a bio-informatics technique that allows inference of absolute copy number aberrations (CNA) of low-purity samples by leveraging information of high-purity samples from the same cancer. Quantitative analysis of matched absolute CNAs reveals that the amount of karyotype evolution induced by chemoradiotherapy (CRT) is predictive for early recurrence and depends on the initial level of karyotype intra-tumor heterogeneity. We observe that CNAs acquired in response to CRT are partially reversed back to the initial state upon recurrence. CRT hence alters the fitness landscape to which tumors can adjust by adapting their karyotype. Together, our results indicate that karyotype plasticity contributes to therapy resistance of EACs.

  Study EGAS00001007711

• Immunomodulatory effects and improved outcomes with cisplatin- vs carboplatin-based chemotherapy plus atezolizumab in urothelial cancer

  In metastatic urothelial cancer (mUC), cisplatin versus carboplatin leads to durable disease control in a subset of patients. The IMvigor130 trial reveals more favorable effects with atezolizumab combined with gemcitabine and cisplatin (GemCis) versus gemcitabine and carboplatin (GemCarbo). This study investigates the immunomodulatory effects of cisplatin as a potential explanation for these observations. Our findings indicate that improved outcomes with GemCis versus GemCarbo are primarily observed in patients with pretreatment tumors exhibiting features of restrained adaptive immunity. Additionally, GemCis versus GemCarbo ± atezolizumab induces transcriptional changes in circulating immune cells, including upregulation of antigen presentation and T-cell activation programs. In vitro experiments demonstrate that cisplatin, compared with carboplatin, exerts direct immunomodulatory effects on cancer cells, promoting dendritic cell activation and antigen-specific T cell killing. These results underscore the key role of immune modulation in cisplatin's efficacy in mUC and highlight the importance of specific chemotherapy backbones in immunotherapy combination regimens.

  Study EGAS50000000104

• Human Brain Small Extracellular Vesicles Contain Selectively-Packaged, Full-Length mRNA

  Brain cells release and take up small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) containing bioactive nucleic acids. sEV exchange is hypothesized to contribute to stereotyped spread of neuropathological changes in the diseased brain. We assessed mRNA from sEVs of non-diseased (ND) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) human postmortem brain, using short- and long-read sequencing. sEV transcriptomes were distinct from bulk tissue, showing enrichment for multiple genes including mRNAs encoding ribosomal proteins and L1Hs transposable elements. AD versus ND sEVs showed enrichment of inflammation-related and depletion of synaptic signaling mRNAs. sEV mRNA from cultured murine primary neurons, astrocytes, or microglia showed similarities with human brain sEVs and revealed cell-type specific packaging. Nearly 80% of human brain sEV transcripts sequenced using long-read sequencing were full-length. Motif analyses of sEV-enriched full-length isoforms revealed RNA-binding proteins that may be associated with sEV loading. Collectively, we show that mRNA in brain sEVs is selectively-packaged and altered by disease state.

  Study EGAS50000000029

• Chinese Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood (AHC) Disease Study

  AHC is a rare and severe neurological disorder, and characterized by episodic hemiplegia or quadriplegia attacks, accompanied by other paroxysmal symptoms of oculomotor abnormalities, dystonia, seizures and autonomic disturbances; the age of onset usually occurrs before 18 months of life. Sodium-potassium ATPase alpha3 subunit (ATP1A3) has recently been identified as a causal gene for sporadic AHC by three groups. However, there has not been any large genetic study on a Chinese cohort. In the submitted data, whole-exome sequencing of three trios and three sporadic cases in a Chinese cohort produced an average of 18.8 gigabases of raw sequence. Through our analysis pipeline including BWA mapping, GATK recalibration, variant calling and filtering, all six patients contained missense mutations in ATP1A3 which were further confirmed as de novo mutations. Along with validation in additional patients, this study confirmed ATP1A3 as a causal gene in Chinese AHC patients, and reported six novel mutations.

  Study phs000660

• Exploiting New Patterns of Genome Damage in Triple Negative Breast Cancer

  Genomic instability, a feature of triple negative breast cancers (TNBC), represents an opportunity for discovery of biologic and clinically relevant subgroups of patients. Owing to TP53 mutation in the majority of cases, DNA repair deficiency through loss of BRCA1 and BRCA2, and by expression features patterning a basal cell of origin, TNBC represents a molecularly and clinically distinct group of breast cancer patients. Unfortunately, targetable molecular features of TNBC remain elusive and TNBC patients suffer the poorest outcomes amongst clinical subgroups. Within TNBC patients, responses to treatment vary and although gene expression patterns within TNBC have been identified, little progress has been made in developing biomarkers; effective stratification as a route to directing patients to more targeted therapy is lacking. In this study, we exploit mutational processes in TNBC as a new opportunity to stratify patients and to understand the evolutionary progression of TNBC cells harboring specific DNA repair properties.

  Study phs003038

• Scalable Whole-Exome Sequencing of Cell-Free DNA Reveals High Concordance with Metastatic Tumors

  We performed whole genome sequencing and whole-exome sequencing of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) and whole-exome sequencing of matched tumor biopsies and germline DNA from patients with metastatic cancer. Using ichorCNA, a software tool that quantifies tumor content in ultra-low pass whole genome sequencing (~0.1x) of cfDNA without prior genomic characterization of the tumor, we show genome-wide concordance between cfDNA and tumor biopsies and detectability of high tumor fractions (>0.1) in the cfDNA of many patients with metastatic cancer. We then established that whole-exome sequencing of cfDNA can enable comprehensive profiling of tumors from blood, with high tumor-content cfDNA samples demonstrating concordance of clonal somatic mutations, copy number alterations, mutational signatures, and neoantigens with matched tumor biopsies. This study introduces a new method to identify patients that could be eligible for tumor profiling from cfDNA and sheds light on the concordance between metastatic tissue and blood biopsies.

  Study phs001417

• Common Variant GWAS, Genetics & Epidemiology of Colorectal Cancer Consortium (GECCO)

  Genetics & Epidemiology of Colorectal Cancer Consortium (GECCO) is a collaborative effort which aims to accelerate the discovery of colorectal cancer-related variants by discovering, replicating and fine-mapping Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS) findings, conducting a meta-analysis of GWAS data, and investigating how genetic variants are modified by environmental risk factors. The coordinating center for this consortium is based at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (Principal investigator: Ulrike Peters). The GECCO Consortium is utilized in the following dbGaP individual studies. To view genotypes, and derived variables collected in these individual studies, please click on the following individual studies below or in the "Sub-studies" box located on the right hand side of this top-level study page phs001078 GECCO Consortium. phs000965 VITAL phs001056 DALS phs001077 WHI Colorectal Cancer phs001092 PMH CCFR phs001094 PLCO phs001104 ASTERISK phs001113 DACHS phs001114 HPFS phs001128 PHS phs001129 NHS phs001170 Colo2and3 phs001171MEC Colorectal Cancer

  Study phs001078

• Analysis of AR Gene Rearrangements in Prostate Cancer

  Molecularly-targeted therapies for advanced prostate cancer include castration modalities that suppress ligand-dependent transcriptional activity of the androgen receptor (AR). However, persistent AR signaling undermines therapeutic efficacy and promotes progression to lethal castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), even when patients are treated with potent second-generation AR-targeted therapies abiraterone and enzalutamide. Here we define diverse AR genomic structural rearrangements (AR-GSRs) as a class of molecular alterations occurring in one third of CRPC-stage tumors. AR-GSRs occur in the context of copy-neutral and amplified AR and display heterogeneity in breakpoint location, rearrangement class, and sub-clonal enrichment in tumors within and between patients. Despite this heterogeneity, one common outcome in tumors with high sub-clonal enrichment of AR-GSRs is outlier expression of diverse AR variant species lacking the ligand binding domain and possessing ligand-independent transcriptional activity. Collectively, these findings reveal AR-GSRs as important drivers of persistent AR signaling in CRPC.

  Study phs001223

• Genetic Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) in African Americans

  Association studies have previously identified 200 genome-wide significant (GWS) IBD susceptibility loci in European ancestry populations. At least thirty-five loci have been identified in Asians and a handful appear Asian specific. AAs have a higher risk for developing disease complications in IBD and worse disease outcome, suggesting that significant differences in pathological and molecular mechanisms may exist in AAs. It was therefore imperative to use more comprehensive genotyping platforms in more highly powered samples to detect AA-specific IBD loci and associations. We conducted two independent GWAS using a total of 2345 AA IBD cases and 5002 controls population from unrelated, self-identified AAs individuals. GWAS1 included 1258 IBD cases (843 CD, 368 UC, 47 IBD-U) and 1678 controls derived from the dbGaP Health and Retirement Study (phs000428). GWAS 2 included 1087 IBD cases (803 CD, 215 UC, 69 IBD-U) and 3324 controls obtained from the Kaiser RPGEH study (phs000788).

  Study phs001571

• Genome-Wide Association Study of Endometrial Cancer in the Epidemiology of Endometrial Cancer Consortium (E2C2)

  Endometrial cancer, the most common gynecological malignancy in the United States, has both an environmental and genetic component. To this end, we conducted a genome-wide association study to identify genes involved in endometrial cancer using studies from the NCI-supported Epidemiology of Endometrial Cancer Consortium (E2C2). For the discovery stage we included samples from 6 cohort and 7 case control studies through 2007. The total number of cases genotyped were 2,307, white women of European descent, and 2,307 matched controls using the Illumina HumanOmniExpress platform. We conducted the replication using the Infinium HumanExome BeadChip, which successfully genotyped 177,139 variants in 1055 cases and 1778 controls from four ethnically diverse studies that are part of the Epidemiology of Endometrial Cancer Consortium (E2C2). The overall goal is to determine whether certain genotypes are predictive of future endometrial cancer risk, and whether the genotypes interact with established endometrial risk factors.

  Study phs000893

• Clonal Evolution of Pre-Leukemic Hematopoietic Stem Cells Precedes Human Acute Myeloid Leukemia

  Acute myeloid leukemia is an aggressive clonal malignancy of the bone marrow that is the direct result of sequential acquisition of mutations in a single lineage of cells. In this study, we investigate a model in which this mutational acquisition occurs serially in long-lived self-renewing hematopoietic stem cells eventually resulting in frank acute myeloid leukemia. Coding mutations in multiple AML patients were identified using exome sequencing followed by sanger sequencing validation. The level of these mutations was then assessed in residual hematopoietic stem cells from each patient using targeted deep sequencing. These population-level estimates of mutant allele burden were then validated in single cell assays targeted to the identified mutations. This allowed for determination of the order of acquisition of the mutations that preceded the development of the leukemia. The results of this study identify pre-leukemic hematopoietic stem cell clones that could contribute to patient relapse and outcome.

  Study phs000549

• A Phase II Clinical Trial of the PARP Inhibitor Talazoparib in BRCA1 and BRCA2 Wild-Type Patients

  The Talazoparib Beyond BRCA (TBB), a phase II proof-of-concept clinical trial, was designed to test the efficacy of talazoparib, a potent, orally bioavailable PARP inhibitor, with an established Phase II recommended dose, in the treatment of advanced BRCA wildtype (WT), HER2-negative breast cancer and other solid tumors with homologous recombination (HR) deficiency. Eligible patients had advanced HER2-negative breast cancer or other solid tumors with a germline or somatic mutation in a gene linked to the HR pathway. Patients identified as harboring a deleterious or suspected deleterious germline or somatic mutation in the HR pathway were treated with single agent talazoparib until disease progression. Primary and metastatic tumor samples were sequenced with panel sequencing and exome sequencing to detect commonly mutated genes and those associated with DNA repair deficiency. In addition, ctDNA was sequenced at baseline and progression. Fastq files for tumor and ctDNA sequencing are deposited. 

  Study phs002803

• Fine Mapping of Eight Psoriasis Susceptibility Loci

  Psoriasis is a common immune-mediate disease identified through scaly patches of the skin. In this study we collected genotype information on 5,067 samples of European ancestry as a follow-up study of our initial GWAS (Nair et al. 2009). We designed an Illumina iSelect custom genotyping array with 2,269 tagging SNPs in the eight known psoriasis susceptibility regions (MHC, IL12B, IL23R, IL23A, TNFAIP3, IL13, RNF114, and TNIP1). The custom array also included 5,463 SNPs outside the eight known susceptibility regions, which were selected based on their association p-values in a meta-analysis of HapMap-imputed genotypes of two published GWAS-CASP (Nair et al. 2009) and (Ellinghaus et al. 2010). After quality control we analyzed 4,806 samples (2,699 cases and 2,107 controls). Please note: The accession number for this dbGaP study was incorrectly listed in the relevant publication (Das et al., 2015, Eur. J. Hum. Genet 23:844-853) as phs000019.v1.p1.

  Study phs001298

• International Multiple Sclerosis Genomics Consortium (IMSGC) Genome Wide Association Study of Multiple Sclerosis

  The goal of this study is to perform a comprehensive allelic and genotypic association analysis of the entire human genome in multiple sclerosis. The recent definitive linkage genome screen demonstrated that there is no other MS risk gene with an effect size anywhere near that of the MHC. However, linkage analysis is significantly hampered by reduced power in the face of heterogeneity and requires multiplex families, which also hampers acquiring an appropriate sample size. In contrast, genotyping 500K SNPs allows us to survey a significant amount of the genome (we estimate >70%) directly for allelic or genotypic association. This uses the improved power of association analysis and can also take advantage of the linkage disequilibrium relationships among SNPs to further increase power (e.g. haplotype analysis). Quality control and data analysis are significant challenges. We will initially perform substantial QC checks and analyze the data using both TDT and AFBAC approaches. Multigenic interactions will also be tested using MDR.

  Study phs000139

• Cell-Type Specific Effects of Genetic Variation on Chromatin Accessibility During Human Neuronal Differentiation

  Common genetic risk for neuropsychiatric disorders is enriched in regulatory elements active during cortical neurogenesis. However, the mechanisms mediating the effects of genetic variants on gene regulation are poorly understood. To determine the functional impact of common genetic variation on the non-coding genome longitudinally during human cortical development, we performed a chromatin accessibility quantitative trait loci (caQTL) analysis in neural progenitor cells and their differentiated neuronal progeny from 92 donors. We identified significant genetic effects on 988/1,839 neuron/progenitor regulatory elements, with highly cell-type and temporally specific effects. A subset (~30%) of caQTLs were also associated with changes in gene expression. Motif-disrupting alleles of transcriptional activators generally led to decreases in chromatin accessibility, whereas motif-disrupting alleles of repressors led to increases in chromatin accessibility. By integrating cell-type specific caQTLs and brain-relevant genome-wide association data, we were able to fine-map and identify regulatory mechanisms underlying non-coding neuropsychiatric disorder risk loci.

  Study phs001958

• Genetics of Inherited Muscle Disease

  The samples are drawn from a collection of patients with a heterogeneous set of neuromuscular disorders, including congenital muscular dystrophy, congenital myopathy, limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, and arthrogryposis, along with unaffected parents and siblings in some cases. The samples were collected by the following clinicians affiliated with the associated institutes: Kathryn North and Nigel Clarke (Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Australia) Hanns Lochmuller and Kate Bushby (The Newcastle Muscle Centre, Newcastle University, UK) Peter Kang (Boston Children's Hospital) Carsten Bonnemann (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA) Nigel Laing (University of Western Australia) All exome sequencing was performed at the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT; samples sequence capture was performed using Agilent SureSelect Human All Exon Kit v2 or Illumina's Rapid Capture Exome enrichment kit and sequencing was performed on an Illumina HiSeq 2000. In addition some samples were whole genome sequenced on Illumina HiSeq X Ten.

  Study phs000655

• The Microbial Ecology of Bacterial Vaginosis: A Fine Scale Resolution Metagenomic Analysis

  Archived self-collected vaginal swabs were utilized from a pilot study of vaginal douching cessation (NIH/NIAID R03-AI061131). Thirty-nine non-pregnant, reproductive-age women who reported the use of vaginal douche products in the two months prior to screening were enrolled. Thirty-three of these successfully completed the 16-week longitudinal study. Participants self-collected vaginal swabs and smears twice weekly. We report sequences based on the analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences amplified from whole genomic DNA isolated from the swabs. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is defined by Gram's stain of vaginal fluid (Nugent's score =7). The large body of information generated will facilitate understanding of vaginal microbial community dynamics, the etiology of BV, and drive the development of better diagnostic tools for BV. Furthermore, it is hoped that the information will enable a more personalized treatment of BV and ultimately, prevent adverse sequelae associated with BV.

  Study phs000261

• Genetic Study of Vascular Anomalies

  Vascular anomalies are malformations or tumors of the vasculature that can result in significant morbidity and mortality. Vascular anomalies are caused by germline or post-zygotic pathogenic variants in genes that regulate cell growth and vascular development. Complex or extensive vascular anomalies are often intractable despite interventions such as sclerotherapy, embolization, or surgery. In recent years, targeted therapy has played an increasingly crucial role in the management of these diseases. Identification of the molecular causes of vascular anomalies is essential to provide efficacious therapy; however, genetic profiling is often limited by difficulty obtaining affected tissues and limited sequencing depth. The lack of this information limits treatment options and the precision of targeted therapy, especially for primary complex lymphatic anomalies. To address these limitations, we have applied novel techniques, including analysis of unconventional samples such as endothelial cells isolated from lymphatic fluid and cell-free DNA, deep coverage exome sequencing, and unique molecular identifier ultra-deep targeted sequencing, in the molecular profiling of these diseases.

  Study phs003197

• National Eye Institute (NEI) Genetic Epidemiology of Age-Related Macular Degeneration in the Old Order Amish

  Identifying genetic risk loci for Age-Related Macular Degeneration is important. Most of the loci identified to date have been found through the interrogation of common variants. This study initiates the identification of rare variants in a founder population, the Amish, and will use genotyping of known risk loci and ultimately use the whole exome chip to assess the association of Age-related Macular Degeneration with coding variants. We will further refine the Age-Related Macular Degeneration phenotype through the use of modern imaging, the OCT, to visualize the early anatomic signs of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. We hypothesize there are endophenotypes associated with specific genotypes that can be used to determine Age-related Macular Degeneration progression. These endophenotypes are hypothesized to be influenced by a combination of common and rare variants. We will relate these endophenotypes to genotypes to define the role of genetics in the progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration and a new risk profile incorporating genotypic information.

  Study phs001361

• Gene Expression between PMD and Control LCLs at Baseline, E2, and E2 Withdrawal

  In this study, lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) derived from women with past perimenopausal depression (PMD) (n = 8) and asymptomatic controls (n = 9) were compared via poly(A)-selected transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq). LCLs were cultured in three experimental conditions: at vehicle baseline (ovarian steroid-free), during estradiol (E2) treatment, and following E2-withdrawal. Transcriptomic analysis revealed significant differences in transcript expression in PMD LCLs compared to controls in all experimental conditions, and significant overlap in genes that were changed in PMD regardless of experimental condition. Among these, chemokine CXCL10 was upregulated in women with PMD, but most so after E2-WD and CYP7B1, an enzyme intrinsic to DHEA metabolism, was upregulated in PMD across experimental conditions. Finally, this in vitro model identified gene networks dysregulated in PMD which included inflammatory response, early/late E2-response, and cholesterol homeostasis. Data available will include the normalized counts for each subject in the study.

  Study phs003003

• Identification and Characterization of Skin-Resident Memory T cells in Patients with Melanoma-Associated Vitiligo

  Metastatic melanoma patients who develop melanoma-associated vitiligo, an autoimmune cutaneous side effect after receiving immunotherapy, have better overall survival than those who do not develop vitiligo. The objective of this study is to determine the tumor-specific memory T cell responses in the skin, tumor and blood of melanoma patients with vitiligo. Matched melanoma tumor, distant vitiligo-affected skin, and blood were collected and sorted for T cells to perform paralleled single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and single-cell TCR sequencing (scTCR-seq) on the day of tissue collection. The transcriptional analysis identified three resident memory T (TRM) cell subsets which were shared between tumors and vitiligo-affected skin. scRNA-seq identified CD8+ T-cell clonotypes in tumors that co-existed as TRM in skin and as effector memory T (TEM) cells in blood. This study revealed that long-term melanoma survivors maintained memory T cell responses as broadly-distributed TRM and TEM compartments. 

  Study phs002309

• Single-Cell Analysis of Human Adipogenesis

  The data in this study consists of RNA sequencing reads and read counts from single-cell and single-nuclei RNA sequencing experiments performed on two cell lines to investigate the transcriptional landscape of human adipogenesis in both the brown and white adipose tissue lineage. The two cell lines are human preadipocytes collected and isolated from a defined anatomical location in the neck of a single individual. This depot is known to harbor white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT). These white and brown preadipocytes were immortalized for the purposes of studying human adipogenesis in vitro. In this study we induced differentiation of these two preadipocyte lines and performed RNA sequencing on over 135,000 single cells spanning a 20-day time course from unperturbed preadipocytes to mature adipocytes from both brown and white lineages. Additionally, we performed both single-cell and single-nuclei RNA sequencing to comprehensively compare the advantages and disadvantages of either technique.

  Study phs002461

• Regulatory Genomics of Human Embryonic Development

  We used epigenetic profiling to map active enhancers in the developing human limb and cortex as described in two published studies: Cotney J, Leng J, Yin J, Reilly SK et al. The evolution of lineage-specific regulatory activities in the human embryonic limb. Cell 2013;154(1):185-96. Reilly SK, Yin J, Ayoub AE, Emera D et al. Evolutionary changes in promoter and enhancer activity during human corticogenesis. Science 2015;347(6226):1155-9. We also used ChIP-seq to map binding sites for the chromatin modifier CHD8 in the developing human brain, as described in one published study: Cotney J, Muhle RA, Sanders SJ, Liu L et al. The autism-associated chromatin modifier CHD8 regulates other autism risk genes during human neurodevelopment. Nat Commun 2015;6:6404. We are also depositing primary human sequence reads related to processed datasets in the Gene Expression Omnibus under the following accession numbers: GSE42413 (Cotney et al. 2013); GSE63649 (Reilly et al. 2015); GSE57369 (Cotney et al. 2015).

  Study phs001226

• Discovery of Novel Melanoma Predisposing Mutations by Exome Sequencing

  Melanoma risk shows clear heritability, but the inherited genetic factors remain largely unknown. Rare high risk mutations in CDKN2A, CDK4, BAP1 and TERT have been described but these variants, in aggregate, account for less than 50% of the kindreds reporting a family history of melanoma. This project will seek to identify new genes which may confer melanoma susceptibility. Identifying melanoma predisposing mutations can provide new biological insights and may impact important clinical decision making regarding treatment, surveillance and preventive approaches. Hereditary melanoma patients (defined as those individuals with multiple primary melanomas and those patients with a family history of melanoma) were collected from melanoma clinics at the Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston and the A. Sygrous Hospital in Athens, Greece. All exome sequencing was performed at the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT; samples sequence capture was performed using Agilent SureSelect Human All Exon Kit v2 and sequencing was performed on an Illumina HiSeq 2000 or 2500.

  Study phs000823

• Interpreting molecular role of DNA variants associated with Crohn's Disease through integrative analysis of open chromatin, epigenome and transcriptome data in diverse and relevant tissues and cells

  Crohn's disease (CD), one of the two major inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), results from an inappropriately directed inflammatory response to the enteric microbiota in a genetically susceptible host. Genome wide association studies (GWAS) have linked >200 specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to CD disease pathogenesis. Within these regions, there are over 5600 additional SNPs that are in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with the tag SNPs, and it is not known which of these contribute to CD. Most of these SNPs map to non-coding regions of the genome, suggesting that causal variants contribute to CD by modifying gene regulatory element activity. In ths study, we have generated genotype, open chromatin (FAIRE-seq), and transcriptome (RNA-seq) data from macroscopically uninflamed regions of colon tissue for 21 CD patients and 11 non-IBD controls. All patients are adults (>18 years old).

  Study phs001418