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• APOBEC3 mutagenesis drives therapy resistance in breast cancer

  Acquired genetic alterations commonly drive resistance to endocrine and targeted therapies in metastatic breast cancer, however the underlying processes engendering these diverse alterations are largely uncharacterized. To identify the mutational processes operant in breast cancer and their impact on clinical outcomes, we utilized a well-annotated cohort of 3,880 patient samples with paired tumor-normal sequencing data. The mutational signatures associated with apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like 3 (APOBEC3) enzymes were highly prevalent and enriched in post-treatment compared to treatment-naïve hormone receptor-positive (HR+) cancers. APOBEC3 mutational signatures were independently associated with shorter progression-free survival on antiestrogen plus CDK4/6 inhibitor combination therapy in patients with HR+ metastatic breast cancer. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) of breast cancer models and selected paired primary-metastatic samples demonstrated that active APOBEC3 mutagenesis promoted resistance to both endocrine and targeted therapies through characteristic alterations such as RB1 loss-of-function mutations. Evidence of APOBEC3 activity in pre-treatment samples illustrated a pervasive role for this mutational process in breast cancer evolution. The study reveals APOBEC3 mutagenesis to be a frequent mediator of therapy resistance in breast cancer and highlights its potential as a biomarker and target for overcoming resistance.

  Study EGAS50000000875

• The impact of CCR8+ regulatory T cells on cytotoxic T cell function in human lung cancer

  Regulatory T cells (Tregs) suppress the host immune response and maintain immune homeostasis. Tregs also promote cancer progression and are involved in resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitor treatments. Recent studies identified selective CCR8 expression on tumor-infiltrating Tregs; CCR8+ Tregs have been indicated as a possible new target of cancer immunotherapy. Here, we investigated the features of CCR8+ Tregs in lung cancer patients. CCR8+ Tregs were highly activated and infiltration of CCR8+ Tregs in tumors was associated with poor prognosis in lung cancer patients. We also investigated their immune suppressive function, especially the influence on cytotoxic T lymphocyte cell function. The Cancer Genome Analysis revealed that CD8 T cell activities were suppressed in high CCR8-expressing tumors. Additionally, depletion of CCR8+ cells enhanced CD8 T cell function in an ex vivo culture of lung tumor-infiltrating cells. Moreover, CCR8+ Tregs, but not CCR8��� Tregs, induced from human PBMCs markedly suppressed CD8 T cell cytotoxicity. Finally, we demonstrated the therapeutic effect of targeting CCR8 in a murine model of lung cancer. These findings reveal the significance of CCR8+ Tregs for immunosuppression in lung cancer, especially via cytotoxic T lymphocyte cell suppression, and suggest the potential value of CCR8-targeted therapy for cancer treatment.

  Study JGAS000454

• UK10K NEURO ABERDEEN

  In the UK10K project we propose a series of complementary genetic approaches to find new low frequency/rare variants contributing to disease phenotypes. These will be based on obtaining the genome wide sequence of 4000 samples from the TwinsUK and ALSPAC cohorts (at 6x sequence coverage), and the exome sequence (protein coding regions and related conserved sequence) of 6000 samples selected for extreme phenotypes. Our studies will focus primarily on cardiovascular-related quantitative traits, obesity and related metabolic traits, neurodevelopmental disorders and a limited number of extreme clinical phenotypes that will provide proof-of-concept for future familial trait sequencing. We will analyse directly quantitative traits in the cohorts and the selected traits in the extreme samples, and also use imputation down to 0.1% allele frequency to extend the analyses to further sample sets with genome wide genotype data. In each case we will investigate indels and larger structural variants as well as SNPs, and use statistical methods that combine rare variants in a locus or pathway as well as single-variant approaches. This sample set comprises cases of schizophrenia with additional cognitive measurements, collected in Aberdeen, Scotland.For further information on the Aberdeen cohort please contact David St Clair (d.stclair@abdn.ac.uk).

  Study EGAS00001000109

• Whole-Genome Sequencing Suggests Schizophrenia Risk Mechanisms in Humans with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome

  Chromosome 22q11.2 microdeletions impart a high but incomplete risk for schizophrenia. Possible mechanisms include genome-wide effects of DGCR8 haploinsufficiency. In a proof-of-principle study to assess the power of this model, we used high-quality, whole-genome sequencing of nine individuals with 22q11.2 deletions and extreme phenotypes (schizophrenia, or no psychotic disorder at age >50 years). The schizophrenia group had a greater burden of rare, damaging variants impacting protein-coding neurofunctional genes, including genes involved in neuron projection (nominal P = 0.02, joint burden of three variant types). Variants in the intact 22q11.2 region were not major contributors. Restricting to genes affected by a DGCR8 mechanism tended to amplify between-group differences. Damaging variants in highly conserved long intergenic noncoding RNA genes also were enriched in the schizophrenia group (nominal P = 0.04). The findings support the 22q11.2 deletion model as a threshold-lowering first hit for schizophrenia risk. If applied to a larger and thus better-powered cohort, this appears to be a promising approach to identify genome-wide rare variants in coding and noncoding sequence that perturb gene networks relevant to idiopathic schizophrenia. Similarly designed studies exploiting genetic models may prove useful to help delineate the genetic architecture of other complex phenotypes.

  Study EGAS00001002344

• UK10K RARE CHD

  In the UK10K project we propose a series of complementary genetic approaches to find new low frequency/rare variants contributing to disease phenotypes. These will be based on obtaining the genome wide sequence of 4000 samples from the TwinsUK and ALSPAC cohorts (at 6x sequence coverage), and the exome sequence (protein coding regions and related conserved sequence) of 6000 samples selected for extreme phenotypes. Our studies will focus primarily on cardiovascular-related quantitative traits, obesity and related metabolic traits, neurodevelopmental disorders and a limited number of extreme clinical phenotypes that will provide proof-of-concept for future familial trait sequencing. We will analyse directly quantitative traits in the cohorts and the selected traits in the extreme samples, and also use imputation down to 0.1% allele frequency to extend the analyses to further sample sets with genome wide genotype data. In each case we will investigate indels and larger structural variants as well as SNPs, and use statistical methods that combine rare variants in a locus or pathway as well as single-variant approaches. The CHD (congenital heart disease) samples will be part of the “rare disease” group, and will undergo exome sequencing.For further information with regard to this cohort please contact Shoumo Bhattacharya (shoumo@me.com).

  Study EGAS00001000125

• Exome sequencing of a novel cervical cancer cell line

  Human cancer cell lines are largely used in the searching for new antineoplastic agents. However, due to the artifacts of a long-term in culture, cell lines do not always represent the realistic tumor cell behavior. This has motivated the development of models that better mimetics the tumor tissue, among them, the establishment of primary cell cultures. In this work, we establish and characterized a low-passage cervix cancer cell line from a Brazilian patient with squamous cell carcinoma. The phenotype confirms the epithelial and tumor origin, through cytokeratins, EpCAM, and p16 staining. Whole exome sequencing showed relevant somatic mutations in several genes including BRCA2, TGFBR1, and IRX2 genes. CNV analysis by nanostring and WGS revealed amplification in genes related mainly with kinases proteins, involved in proliferation, migration and cell differentiation, such as EGFR, PIK3CA, and MAPK7. Overexpression of EGFR was confirmed by phospho RTK-array and western blot analysis. Furthermore, the cell was sensitivity to cisplatin, with IC50 13 times lower than SiHa cell line. In conclusion, this cervical cancer cell line presents molecular alterations that are an important tool for leading pre-clinical studies of new drugs that target one or more of the altered pathways.

  Study EGAS00001003343

• Summary statistics from genome-wide association study in glioma of 12,488 cases and 18,169 controls.

  Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have transformed our understanding of glioma susceptibility, but individual studies have had limited power to identify risk loci. We performed a meta-analysis of existing GWAS and two new GWAS, which totaled 12,488 cases and 18,169 controls. We identified five new loci for glioblastoma (GBM) at 1p31.3 (rs12752552; P = 2.04 × 10-9, odds ratio (OR) = 1.22), 11q14.1 (rs11233250; P = 9.95 × 10-10, OR = 1.24), 16p13.3 (rs2562152; P = 1.93 × 10-8, OR = 1.21), 16q12.1 (rs10852606; P = 1.29 × 10-11, OR = 1.18) and 22q13.1 (rs2235573; P = 1.76 × 10-10, OR = 1.15), as well as eight loci for non-GBM tumors at 1q32.1 (rs4252707; P = 3.34 × 10-9, OR = 1.19), 1q44 (rs12076373; P = 2.63 × 10-10, OR = 1.23), 2q33.3 (rs7572263; P = 2.18 × 10-10, OR = 1.20), 3p14.1 (rs11706832; P = 7.66 × 10-9, OR = 1.15), 10q24.33 (rs11598018; P = 3.39 × 10-8, OR = 1.14), 11q21 (rs7107785; P = 3.87 × 10-10, OR = 1.16), 14q12 (rs10131032; P = 5.07 × 10-11, OR = 1.33) and 16p13.3 (rs3751667; P = 2.61 × 10-9, OR = 1.18). These data substantiate that genetic susceptibility to GBM and non-GBM tumors are highly distinct, which likely reflects different etiology.

  Study EGAS00001003372

• UK10K OBESITY TWINSUK

  In the UK10K project we propose a series of complementary genetic approaches to find new low frequency/rare variants contributing to disease phenotypes. These will be based on obtaining the genome wide sequence of 4000 samples from the TwinsUK and ALSPAC cohorts (at 6x sequence coverage), and the exome sequence (protein coding regions and related conserved sequence) of 6000 samples selected for extreme phenotypes. Our studies will focus primarily on cardiovascular-related quantitative traits, obesity and related metabolic traits, neurodevelopmental disorders and a limited number of extreme clinical phenotypes that will provide proof-of-concept for future familial trait sequencing. We will analyse directly quantitative traits in the cohorts and the selected traits in the extreme samples, and also use imputation down to 0.1% allele frequency to extend the analyses to further sample sets with genome wide genotype data. In each case we will investigate indels and larger structural variants as well as SNPs, and use statistical methods that combine rare variants in a locus or pathway as well as single-variant approaches. These TwinsUK samples are a subset of the TwinsUK cohort samples with a BMI>=40 that will be exome sequenced by the Obesity group.

  Study EGAS00001000306

• Genomic analysis of patient-derived xenograft models reveals intratumor-heterogeneity in endometrial cancer and can predict tumor growth inhibition with talazoparib

  Background: Endometrial cancer (EC) is a major gynecological cancer with increasing incidence. It comprised of four molecular subtypes with differing etiology, prognoses, and response to chemotherapy. In the future, clinical trials testing new single agents or combination therapies will be targeted to the molecular subtype most likely to respond. Pre-clinical models that faithfully represent the molecular subtypes of EC are urgently needed, we sought to develop and characterize a panel of novel EC patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models. Methods: Here, we report whole exome or whole genome sequencing of 11 PDX models and the matched primary tumor. Analysis of multiple PDX lineages and passages was performed to study tumor heterogeneity across lineages and/or passages. Based on recent reports of frequent defects in the homologous recombination (HR) pathway in EC, we assessed mutational signatures and HR deficiency scores and correlated these with in vivo responses to the PARP inhibitor (PARPi) talazoparib in six PDXs representing the copy number high/p53-mutant and mismatch-repair deficient molecular subtypes of EC. Results: PDX models were successfully generated with similar histomorphology from all four molecular subtypes of EC and uterine carcinosarcomas. We also observed a wide range of inter-tumor and intra-tumor heterogeneity across different PDX lineages, however one arm of most PDX models recapitulated the molecular landscape of the primary tumor without major genomic drift. An in vivo response to talazoparib was detected in four copy number high models. Two models (carcinosarcomas) showed a response consistent with stable disease and two models (one copy number high serous EC and another carcinosarcoma) showed significant tumor growth inhibition, albeit one consistent with progressive disease, however all lacked the HR deficiency genomic signature. Conclusions: EC PDX models represent the four molecular subtypes of disease and can capture intra-tumoral heterogeneity of the original primary tumor. PDXs of the copy number high molecular subtype showed sensitivity to PARPi, however, deeper and more durable responses will likely require combination of PARPi with other agents.

  Study EGAS00001004666

• A tumor focused approach to resolving the etiology of DNA mismatch repair deficient tumors classified as suspected Lynch syndrome

  Routine screening of tumors for DNA mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency (dMMR) in colorectal (CRC), endometrial (EC) and sebaceous skin (SST) tumors leads to a significant proportion of unresolved cases classified as suspected Lynch syndrome (SLS). A tumor-focused testing approach reclassified 86.9% of SLS into Lynch syndrome, sporadic dMMR or MMR-proficient cases. These findings support the incorporation of tumor sequencing and alternate MLH1 methylation assays into clinical diagnostics to reduce the number of SLS patients and provide more appropriate surveillance and screening recommendations.

  Study EGAS50000000021

• Expression Quantitative Trait Locus Mapping Studies in Mid-Secretory Phase Endometrial Cells Identifies HLA-F and TAP2 as Fecundability-Associated Genes

  We performed an unbiased genome-wide expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) mapping study to identify common regulatory (expression) single nucleotide polymorphisms (eSNPs) in mid-secretory endometrium, corresponding to the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle. Biopsies were collected from 58 women with two or more early pregnancy losses and 53 of these samples passed all quality control. RNA was extracted from endometrial biopsies and DNA was extracted for sequencing from blood. Gene expression data can be found at NCBI GEO Series GSE77688.

  Study phs001146

• Accurate Genome-Wide Germline DNA Profiling from Decade-Old Archival Tissue Specimens

  We evaluate the validity of repurposing archival tissue specimens for germline genetic studies. We performed lc-WGS and imputed genotypes on 10 pairs of matching blood and tumor tissue and benchmarked the accuracy of genome-wide genotypes, HLA haplotypes, and several polygenic risk scores (PRSs). The reported results indicate the high accuracy of germline genotypes and haplotypes obtained from archival tissue DNA. Using this methodology, we estimate breast cancer PRS in 36 Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) patients and demonstrate its association with breast cancer subsequent event (BCSE).  

  Study phs002865

• Differential Mutations in Matched Primary and Metastatic Colorectal Cancers

  This study compares DNA mutations detected in matched primary and metastatic colorectal cancer samples from 18 individuals across 1,321 genes. We found many more mutations were shared between tumor pairs (avg. 33.3 mutations/tumor) than were discordant (avg. 2.3 mutations / tumor). Nearly all tumors showed at least one discordance, and these were observed in genes known to be involved in colorectal cancer progression. Therefore, although primary and metastatic colorectal tumors are highly genetically concordant, evidence exists for discordance, which has clinical implications especially in situations of chemotherapy resistance or insensitivity.

  Study phs001084

• Breakpoint detection using long insert whole genome sequencing

  In this study, we hypothesize that shallow long insert whole genome sequencing (LI-WGS) increases our power for detecting breakpoints compared to shallow short insert WGS. We performed a priori analyses to demonstrate the benefits of LI-WGS, developed a long insert library preparation protocol based off Illumina's protocol, and compared LI-WGS against short insert WGS on test samples. We then used long insert WGS to identify translocations and copy number changes in tumor and germline samples collected from cancer patients with different malignancies.

  Study phs000646

• Pharmacogenomic Analysis of Microtubule Targeting Agent Response and Toxicity

  Microtubule targeting agents are commonly prescribed for early and metastatic breast cancer and other solid tumors. However, interindividual variability in microtubule targeting drug response and toxicity can cause limited therapeutic benefit and impact quality of life. In the present study, genome-wide analyses were performed to investigate how genetic factors can be used to increase prediction of treatment response and toxicity, identify genes or gene pathways associated with chemotherapy-induced neurotoxicity, and inform further in vitro studies that may help isolate differences in response and toxicity of microtubule targeting agents.

  Study phs002060

• Single Nucleus Transcriptomes from the Ventral Midbrain of Opioid Overdose Cases and Controls

  We generated ventral midbrain single nuclei RNA-seq libraries for 95 brain donors, including 45 subjects with documented histories of opioid abuse and overdose, and 50 demographically-matched, opioid-free control subjects, collected from two geographically distinct regions within the U.S. (greater Detroit area, Michigan and Miami, Florida). Each sample included both substantia nigra and the adjacent ventral tegmental area. Nuclei were processed in pools of 3-4 brains using the 10X Chromium system followed by Illumina sequencing, read alignment and processing by 10X Cellranger.

  Study phs003260

• Novel Approach to High-Throughput Identification and Characterization of Neoantigens

  This study focuses on the development of novel approach for the screening, identification and characterization of neoantigen-specific T-cell receptors (TCRs). The developed method consists of collecting targeted RNA-Seq from a T-cell specific gene panel via 3' end Illumina sequencing combined to Oxford Nanopore based full-length TCR sequencing post T-cell activation. The data generated during this study demonstrates feasibility of the approach on a Jurkat control cell line as well as T-cells isolated from the blood of 3 independent healthy donors.

  Study phs002372

• Cellular and Molecular Investigations of Human Hearts

  We aim to discover gene regulatory networks that govern heart morphogenesis in the early fetal heart. To this end, we have performed single-nucleus ATAC-seq on cells derived from 2 human hearts at 15 weeks post conception to define the chromatin profiles and genomic regulatory networks for these in vivo specific cardiomyocyte lineages during development, from which the FASTQ files are available through dbGAP. This information will help us understand the process of heart morphogenesis early in development and may further our understanding of how congenital heart disease impacts development.

  Study phs003473

• A Prospective Study of Lifestyle, the Gut Microbiome, and Diverticulitis

  By leveraging a large-scale collection of stool specimens (Micro-N) within the Nurses' Health Study II, we performed shotgun metagenomic sequencing and untargeted metabolomics profiling among 121 case women with a diagnosis of diverticulitis requiring antibiotics or hospitalization, with each matched to a control woman without diverticulitis during the same time period accounting for age, race, and month of stool collection (total N=242). We found microbiome and metabolomic profiles differed in diverticulitis cases compared to controls. Data deposited include metagenomic sequencing data (after removing the human sequences) and metabolomics data.

  Study phs003531

• Processed Chromium Single Cell GEX, CSP and VDJ data from intestinal plasma cells of untreated celiac disease patients

  The dataset contains processed sequencing data from Chromium Single Cell 5’ gene expression, human B cell VDJ and feature barcode (CSP) sequencing from transglutaminase 2-specific and other small intestinal plasma cells isolated from four untreated celiac disease patients. The raw sequencing data has been processed with Cell Ranger v.6.0.2 with the multi and aggr functions using the pre-built Cell Ranger references GRCh38 version 2020-A for gene expression and GRCh38-alts-ensembl-5.0.0 for V(D)J analysis. The dataset consists of a gene expression and antibody capture expression matrix (cell barcodes and feature names in tsv.gz file, expression matrix in mtx.gz file) and VDJ sequences in AIRR format (csv file). A metadata file (csv file) details cells passing our custom quality control based on number of detected genes, UMIs, mitochondrial genes, immunoglobulin genes and a productively rearranged immunoglobulin heavy chain of the IgA isotype.

  Dataset EGAD50000000339

• Targeted re-sequencing of multi-region sampled tumors in PDAC

  Multi-region tumor samples were cut from frozen sections or FFPEs and reviewed from microdissection and H&E staining in order to select ones with high cellularity. DNA extraction was done using DNeasy Blood & Tissue Kits for frozen samples following the manufacturer’s guideline. Extracted DNAs were processed on an Illumina HiSeq 2500 in a paired end mode (100x100) using a custom targeted panel based on the list of all unique somatic mutations from the original WES data by the Integrated Genomics Operation (IGO) at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (New York, NY).

  Study EGAS50000000239

• Paired Biopsy Project: West Coast Dream Team

  This project aims to analyze the paired metastatic biopsy samples from patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), collected before the initiation of the first-line androgen receptor signaling inhibitor (ARSI) for mCRPC and after radiographic disease progression on that ARSI, to understand the resistance mechanisms. We generated both whole genome sequencing (WGS) and RNA-seq data on these samples. A majority of these samples have been deposited in the public domain along with prior publications, and this project contains the 16 WGS samples that have not yet been deposited.

  Study EGAS50000000327

• Spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase controls tissue-specific regulatory T cell function in chronic inflammation

  In this project we wanted to understand the role of tissue resident regulatory T cells with the aim of finding commonalities between multiple inflammatory diseases namely psoriasis, sarcoidosis and inflammatory bowel disease. Using single cell sequencing data we found that specifically in the skin, Spermidine/spermin N1-acetyltransferase seems to mediate a „fragile“ Treg phenotype. To test the influence of the tissue on this phenotype we also sought to charactierize a similar population in patient PBMCs for which we generated this data.

  Study EGAS50000000745

• Gene Expression Signature in Normal Mammary Gland from 83 Breast Cancer Patients Indicates Pre-tumorous Changes and Adverse Outcomes

  This study assessed the transcriptomic profiles of 242 samples from 83 breast cancer patients with unfavorable outcomes, including paired uninvolved mammary gland samples collected at varying distances from primary lesions. As a reference, control samples from 53 mammoplasty individuals without cancer history were studied. A custom panel of 634 genes linked to breast cancer progression and metastasis was employed for expression profiling (targeted RNA sequencing), followed by whole-transcriptome (RNA sequencing) verification experiments and statistical analyses to discern molecular signatures and their clinical relevance.

  Study EGAS50000000011

• SweGen genetic variation from the Swedish Twin Registry

  The dataset contains files with single nucleotide variants in VCF format for a total of 942 DNA samples, selected to represent a cross-section of the Swedish population. The samples originate from the Swedish Twin Registry (STR) and have been obtained from different geographical regions. For each of the 942 individuals, DNA was extracted from a blood sample and subject to whole genome sequencing (WGS). The WGS was performed using 2x150 bp paired-end chemistry on Illumina HiSeq X Ten instrumentation at the SciLifeLab National Genomics Infrastructure (NGI) in Stockholm and Uppsala. FASTQ files generated by WGS were analyzed using the nf-core pipeline Sarek, which includes pre-processing, alignment to the human GRCh38 reference genome, and germline variant calling. All participants gave their written informed consent and the TwinGene study was approved by the regional ethics committee (Regionala Etikprövningsnämnden, Stockholm, dnr 2007-644-31, dnr 2014/521-32). Access to phenotypic information can be requested from the Swedish Twin Registry (http://ki.se/en/research/the-swedish-twin-registry).

  Dataset EGAD50000001323

• SweGen whole-genome sequencing from the Swedish Twin Registry

  The dataset contains whole-genome sequencing data (aligned read files) in CRAM-format (lossless compression) for a total of 942 DNA samples, selected to represent a cross-section of the Swedish population. The samples originate from the Swedish Twin Registry (STR) and have been obtained from different geographical regions. For each of the 942 individuals, DNA was extracted from a blood sample and subject to whole genome sequencing (WGS). The WGS was performed using 2x150 bp paired-end chemistry on Illumina HiSeq X Ten instrumentation at the SciLifeLab National Genomics Infrastructure (NGI) in Stockholm and Uppsala. FASTQ files generated by WGS were analyzed using the nf-core pipeline Sarek, which includes pre-processing, alignment to the human GRCh38 reference genome, and germline variant calling. All participants gave their written informed consent and the TwinGene study was approved by the regional ethics committee (Regionala Etikprövningsnämnden, Stockholm, dnr 2007-644-31, dnr 2014/521-32). Access to phenotypic information can be requested from the Swedish Twin Registry (http://ki.se/en/research/the-swedish-twin-registry).

  Dataset EGAD50000001326

• The Study of Somatic LINE1 Activity in Cancers

  This study focuses exclusively on the quantification of LINE1 mobilization. We analyzed a recent whole genome sequencing data release from multiple Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) sub-projects. In addition to the somatic LINE1 insertions (present in tumor and having no support in the matched normal) there are "pseudo-germline" non-reference LINE1 elements identified in tumor tissue and having some support in the matched normal. This dataset reports such "pseudo-germline" LINE1 retrotranspositions. Individual level data for TCGA can be accessed by requesting access to phs000178.

  Study phs003888

• Splicing signature analysis of RNU4-2, RNU5A-1 and RNU5B-1

  Pathogenic variants in the snRNA RNU4-2 were recently described as a frequent cause of neurodevelopmental disorders. In our study we further delineate the phenotype associated with RNU4-2 and we also identify pathogenic variants in RNU5A-A and RNU5B-1. Capture-based RNA-Seq were performed to compare splicing pattern between affected and control individuals. A strong signature based on alternative 5' splice site usage was found for RNU4-2 patients, and we suggest an either 5' or 3' signature depending on the variant's localiztion in U5 genes.

  Study EGAS50000000889

• SUM-seq data for spontaneously differentiated iPSCs to EBs

  Clonal CRISPRi/a hiPS cell lines were plated to induce spontaneous differentiation in KSR medium (KSR medium: knockout DMEM/F12 (Gibco, 12660012), 2 mM GlutaMAX, 1× NEAAs, 20% knockout serum replacement (Gibco, 10828010) and 0.1 mM β-mercaptoethanol (Merck-Millipore)). non-TC plates and dishes were used. At the day of plating, KSR medium was supplemented with Y-27632 (10 µM). The next day, medium was replaced with fresh KSR medium. Medium changes were performed every other day. EBs were transferred to 15 ml conical tubes and allowed to sediment at room temperature for 5 min. The supernatant was replaced with fresh KSR medium and cells were transferred onto non-TC treated plates and maintained at 37 °C, 5% CO2. On day 12 of differentiation, the KSR medium was replaced with Essential 6 medium (Gibco, A1516401). EBs were collected and subjected to SUM-seq library preparation as described in Lobato-Moreno et al. 2025 Nature Methods.

  Dataset EGAD50000001589

• Amplicon sequencing of long non-coding RNA associated with gastritis and gastric carcinogenesis

  This study aimed to identify dysregulations of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) in gastric cancer, and to reveal molecular functions of lncRNAs associated with gastritis and gastric carcinogenesis. We also aimed to reveal the correlation between clinicopathological characteristics and lncRNA alterations. To this end, we will try to develop predictive markers of gastric cancer risk, which enables prevention and early detection of gastric cancer. We will also try to develop molecular markers which enable us to select treatment strategies for gastric cancer.

  Study JGAS000353

• Single-cell RNA sequencing of control and Notch inhibitor treated HCC PDX model

  We generated single-cell RNA-seq data for anti-Notch2 (n=3), anti-JAG1 (n=1) and anti-gD (n=4) treated LIV78 tumors. NCR nude mice bearing similarly sized LIV78 tumors (volumes between 300-900mm3) were injected intravenously with 30mg/kg body weight of either anti-Notch2, anti-Jag1 or anti-gD control antibody 72hrs prior to tumor harvest and tumor cell isolation. Following the depletion of CD45+ and Ter119+ cells, the samples were processed for single-cell RNA-seq (scRNAseq) as described previously (Long et al., 2019) using the Chromium Single Cell 3’ Library and Gel bead kit v2, following the manufacturer’s manual. cDNAs and libraries were prepared following the manufacturer’s manual (10X Genomics). Libraries were profiled by Bioanalyzer High Sensitivity DNA kit (Agilent Technologies) and quantified using Kapa Library Quantification Kit (Kapa Biosystems, Wilmington, MA). Each library was sequenced in one lane of HiSeq 2500 (Illumina) following the manufacturer’s sequencing specification (10X Genomics) to produce the resulting FASTQ files.

  Dataset EGAD50000000738

• Spatial Transcriptomic Analysis (Xenium in situ) of Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma

  Lung LCNEC (Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma) has a poor prognosis, and no effective treatment has yet been established. We have discovered that LCNEC exhibits highly heterogeneous distribution of proteins such as neuroendocrine markers and YAP1 within the tumor. We hypothesize that this heterogeneity may be responsible for the variability in chemotherapy effectiveness and treatment resistance among LCNEC patients. Therefore, by using Xenium to analyze gene expression in greater detail along with tumor morphology, we aim to identify new characteristics of LCNEC and explore potential treatment strategies.

  Study JGAS000733

• Bone morphogenetic protein-9 controls pulmonary vascular growth and remodeling

  Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) are two distinct vascular diseases linked to impaired signaling through bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptor complexes in endothelial cells. Although BMP-9 plays a central role in activating this pathway by binding to ALK1 and BMPR-­II, its precise function in the pulmonary microvasculature has remained unclear. In this study, we uncover a previously unrecognized role for BMP-9 in regulating pulmonary vascular architecture and homeostasis. Our findings demonstrate that BMP-9 signaling intersects with VEGF pathways and contributes to the delicate balance between vascular growth and remodeling in the lungs. We also show that disruption of this pathway can shift vascular responses toward an HHT-­like state, potentially altering disease susceptibility. These insights offer a unique perspective on how BMP-9 and ALK1 shape pulmonary vascular biology and suggest that targeting this axis could inform future strategies for treating complex vascular diseases such as PAH.

  Dataset EGAD50000001496

• Nanopore whole-genome sequencing of sample RK067 and variant-call data (SNVs and intermediate-sized deletions) of 174 Japanese samples.

  We performed whole-genome sequencing of a human samples using Oxford Nanopore MinION sequencer, so as to be able to establish methods to detect and identify structural variations in Japanese individuals. Intermediate-sized deletions were identified from 174 Japanese samples��� short-reads whole-genome sequencing data. Variant call information of these intermediate-sized deletions were joined with SNVs identified in a previous study (Fujimoto, A et al., Nat Genet, 2016) to create a reference panel for use in imputation.

  Study JGAS000180

• Gene expression data of 2D duodenum organoids with or without continuous flow

  We developed a monolayer culture system for small intestinal organoids, and then placed the culture plate on a rotator to generate a constant flow in the overlay medium. This mechanical stimulation facilitated the formation of villus-like structures from the monolayer of small intestinal organoids. We analyzed gene expression of 2D normal duodenum organoids with or without medium rotation. Total RNA was extracted from organoids with or without a four-day medium rotation, and after 0, 1, 2 or 4 days of medium rotation, and sequenced with HiSeq X Ten (Illumina).

  Study JGAS000256

• A prospective multicenter study of plasma ctDNA versus archival tumor tissue to guide FGFR-targeted therapy in metastatic urothelial cancer - Targeted

  Targeted sequencing data related to the publication titled "A prospective multicenter study of plasma ctDNA versus archival tumor tissue to guide FGFR-targeted therapy in metastatic urothelial cancer." FGFR alterations, seen in up to 25% of metastatic urothelial carcinoma, can be exploited with targeted therapy. Here, we perform targeted sequencing of cell-free DNA, archival FFPE, and white blood cell DNA to compare ctDNA versus tissue for FGFR biomarker status and monitor temporal changes to FGFR over the disease course, specifically after progressing on targeted therapy.

  Study EGAS50000001450

• Prime-seq of human term placenta-derived trophoblast organoids

  To study the one of the mechanisms through which obesity could affect placental cells, we used a novel microfluidic organs-on-a-chip device fabricated for co-culturing adipose spheroids and trophoblast organoids. The organoids were derived from the term placenta of a over-weight women. The adipose spheorids were derived from the white adipose tissue of a woman. And we sequenced the RNAs from the trophoblast organoids. The RNA extracted were subjective to Prime-seq library preparation protocol and being sequenced on Illumina NovaSeq 6000 at Novogene.

  Study EGAS50000000833

• PROMETEO

  The SOLTI-1503 PROMETEO trial was a single-arm, preoperative, window-of-opportunity phase II study conducted at four sites in Spain between December 2018 and February 2022. It enrolled female patients with operable HER2-negative breast cancer (triple-negative or Luminal B-like) and residual disease after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Tumor biopsies were collected at five time points (baseline, post-NAC screening, C2D1, C3D1, and surgery) for translational research. This dataset includes raw paired-end RNA sequencing data (~110M reads per library) generated from the 113 biopy samples, archived in FASTQ format.

  Study EGAS50000001499

• Transcriptional effect of 4HTBZ on Caco-2 cells

  This study was performed to investigate the transcriptional effect of the H2S donor 4HTBZ on intestinal epithelial cells upon inflammatory stimulation. Caco-2/TC7 cells were pre-stimulated with interferon gamma (IFNG, 2.5 ng/mL) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF, 10 ng/mL), followed by treatment with 4HTBZ (50 µM) or vehicle (0.1% DMSO) for 72 hours. Total RNA was extracted using the RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany), and cDNA libraries were prepared with the QuantSeq 3′ mRNA-Seq Kit (Lexogen, Inc.) and sequenced on an Illumina HiSeq4000 system.

  Study EGAS50000001237

• Sequencing Study in COPD cases and controls

  Since smokers with COPD have a higher risk of developing lung cancer than those without, we hypothesized that they carry more mutations in affected tissue. We called somatic mutations in airway brush samples from medium-coverage whole genome sequencing data from healthy never and ex-smokers (n=8), as well as from ex-smokers with variable degrees of COPD (n=4). Owing to the limited concordance of resulting calls between the applied tools we built a consensus, a strategy that was validated with high accuracy for cancer data.

  Study EGAS00001003406

• Risk alleles of membranous nephropathy and recurrence of the disease on the grafted kidney

  The goal of the project was to identify risk alleles that are associated with recurrence of membranous nephropathy in the graft after kidney transplantation. First, we sequenced PLA2R1 and HLA-D loci in 248 patients with primary membranous nephropathy and identified two independent single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at risk for primary membranous nephropathy at each locus. Then we investigated whether primary membranous nephropathy at-risk variants were associated with recurrence in a retrospective cohort of 105 donor-recipient pairs and a replication cohort of 40 pairs.

  Study EGAS00001005435

• Guardians_of_the_genome__protecting_DNA_from_endogenous_sources_of_damage_

  Analysis of mutational signatures caused by DNA repair defects in human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. A reference human iPS cell line will be used for genetic manipulation to introduce homozygous knockouts of 100 genes known to be involved in or connected to DNA repair or DNA editing. Following a defined period of growth after homozygous knockout of each gene, sub clones will be generated and sequenced. The progenitor “parental” IPS cell line will be used to generate reference sequence data, in order to determine the mutational signature acquired due to the gene knockout.

  Study EGAS00001000800

• Mapping and phasing of structural variation in patient genomes using nanopore sequencing

  We whole genome sequence 2 patients with congenital abnormalities and known complex de novo chromosomal rearrangements using the Nanopore MinION. We show how we can detect most previoulsy detected de novo rearrangements as well as uncover a few new ones. Furthermore, we perform genome-wide analyses showing the accuracy of SV detection and of phasing, using long reads. The files uploaded here are the whole genome Nanopore data for each of the two patients used, as well as the corresponding whole genome illumina data, used in our comparisons.

  Study EGAS00001002333

• Independent development of lymphoid and histiocytic malignancies from a shared early precursor

  Recent reports have described lineage flexibility in patients with recurrent hematologic malignancies. We encountered a boy with T-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia, non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis and histiocytic sarcoma. All tumors showed identical T-cell receptor rearrangements, but SNP arrays and whole exome sequencing revealed unique aberrations in each tumor. From the genetic data we conclude that the tumors were derived from a precursor cell with lineage plasticity for both lymphoid and myeloid development. From this precursor cell, the tumors evolved with independent genetic progression in a non-linear manner.

  Study EGAS00001001353

• Circulating tumour DNA abundance and potential utility in de novo metastatic prostate cancer

  Several systemic therapeutic options exist for metastatic castration sensitive prostate cancer (mCSPC). Circulating tumour DNA can profile metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer and influence treatment decisions, but remains untested in mCSPC. We set out to determine ctDNA abundance at de novo mCSPC diagnosis and whether ctDNA provides complementary clinically relevant information to a prostate biopsy. We collected and sequenced 77 plasma cell-free DNA samples from 53 newly diagnosed patients with mCSPC. Targeted sequencing was also performed on DNA from 48 diagnostic prostate tissue samples.

  Study EGAS00001003351

• Finding structural variation from the patient-derived xenografts of pediatric T-cell leukemia at the single-cell level

  In this study, we aimed to identify somatic structural variation of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias (T-ALLs_ from patient-derived xenografts (PDX) at the single-cell level. For this purpose, we performed strand-specific single-cell sequencing of PDX-derived T-ALL relapse samples from two juvenile patients (P1, P33). To validate structural variation detected via scTRIP, we profiled whole exome sequencing (WES) data from P33 (samples taken during initial disease, remission, relapse), and mate-pair sequencing data from P1 (relapse).

  Study EGAS00001003365

• Single-cell RNA sequencing on 5063 single T cells isolated from peripheral blood, tumour and adjacent normal tissues from six hepatocellular carcinoma patients.

  Single-cell RNA sequencing on 5063 single T cells isolated from peripheral blood, tumour and adjacent normal tissues from six hepatocellular carcinoma patients. The transcriptional properties of these individual cells, coupled with the assembled T cell receptor (TCR) sequences, were used to delineate the molecular subtypes, lineage, and functional properties of each T cell group. For five HCC patient, the exome-seq data of matched normal/tumor and bulk RNA-seq data of tumor are also available.

  Study EGAS00001002072

• HYPERMUTATION AND MALIGNANT PROGRESSION IN LOW-GRADE GLIOMA PATIENTS

  While patients with primary glioblastoma (GBM) have benefited from increased overall survival due to treatment with the alkylating chemotherapy temozolomide (TMZ), the benefit ofTMZ for patients with diffuse low-grade gliomas (LGG) remains unknown. To further explore the relationships among TMZ treatment, hypermutation and malignant progression, we studied tumor evolution in an expanded cohort of untreated and TMZ-treated patients by exome-sequencing of paired IDH1/2-mutant LGGs and their post-TMZ recurrences. Together, these findings further our understanding of the molecular features and clinical behavior of hypermutated clones.

  Study EGAS00001002368

• Alternative splicing isoforms in patient-derived hepatocellular carcinoma cells

  The aim of this study was to obtain a landscape of alternative splicing (AS) in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We applied hybrid sequencing by integrating Pacbio long-read and Illumina short-read RNA sequencing data from 8 patient-derived HCC cell lines, and used an immortalized hepatocyte cell line as reference. This study revealed features of annotated and novel splice variants in HCC cells, including transcript length, AS type and protein changes. We also identified novel isoforms and tumor specific isoforms, which may represent potential biomarkers and targets for therapeutic development.

  Study EGAS00001002697

• Pediatric tumor in a single child of three large nuclear families

  We identify three nuclear families in which a pediatric tumor had been diagnosed in a single child and neither parent had been diagnosed with cancer. These families had 4, 5, and 7 children, respectively. Diagnoses included Wilms tumor, low-grade astrocytoma, and Burkitt’s lymphoma, respectively. We used whole-genome sequencing to profile normal cells from each family member and a linked-read technology for genomic phasing, which enabled us to identify compound-heterozygous and de novo variants in addition to simple-heterozygous and homozygous-alternate variants.

  Study EGAS00001005321