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• EGA synthetic data

  Synthetic Data One of the limitations in genomics research is that human genomics data is not openly available; access must be controlled according to participant consent agreements and data protection regulations such as GDPR. Obtaining authorization to access such data can sometimes take a long time, resulting in delays to important research work. In this context, synthetic genomic and phenotype data can be useful resources for researchers to avoid these delays. Synthetic data are artificially generated datasets, often created with algorithms, which can be used without the need for authorization to test new products and tools, build technical demonstrators, validate data models, and train AI models. The EGA provides access to synthetic cohort datasets augmented with rich synthetic metadata that overcomes these real data usage restrictions. Whilst synthetic datasets are not included in the general EGA mandate and services, we can consider such submissions and evaluate their acceptance on the basis of their unique use cases not already covered by existing synthetic datasets. Access to synthetic data studies is managed by the EGA Helpdesk Data Access Committee. Study ID Title Located in EGAS00001002472 CINECA synthetic cohort EUROPE UK1 referencing fake samples Central EGA EGAS00001005591 Synthetic data - Genome in a Bottle Central EGA EGAS00001005042 Test Study for EGA using data from 1000 Genomes Project - Phase 3 Central EGA EGAS00001005702 Human genomic and phenotypic synthetic data for the study of rare diseases Central EGA EGAS50000000190 EOSC4Cancer Synthetic Colorectal Cancer Genomic data Central EGA EGAS50000000086 Synthetic - FEGA Sweden Heilsa synthetic dataset December 2023 Federated EGA Sweden EGAS50000000678 Synthetic - GDI synthetic data Federated EGA Spain

  Documentation synthetic-data

• Genome-wide Association Study for Non-syndromic Clefts in the African Population: CIDR

  The focus of this project is to identify genetic variants that are associated with orofacial clefts in African populations in sub-Saharan Africa. Most genetic studies of CLP (including the vast majority of GWAS) have been conducted in populations of European origin with only a few focused on Asian or African populations. We choose to study the genetics of these complex traits in African populations because, African populations have the greatest genetic variation amongst the various populations in the world by virtue of being the primary ancestral population to modern humans (Cavalli-Sforza and Feldman, 2003; Ramsay et al., 2011). Therefore, the potential for finding novel loci for CLP is quite high. To date 6 genome wide association studies (GWAS) for cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) have been conducted and 18 risk loci identified (Birnbaum et al., 2009; Grant et al., 2009 ; Beaty et al., 2010; Mangold et al., 2010; Ludwig et al., 2012; Sun et al., 2015). All these studies have either been conducted in European populations, Asian populations or both. There is currently no published GWAS for clefts in African populations. African populations represent a novel and richly productive populations for genetic and environmental exposure studies for CL/P. Investigating the presence of genetic variants in diverse population groups can identify novel variants and candidate genes that are population specific. Environmental factors may also increase the risks in certain population groups due to genetic susceptibility and/or specific exposures. Understanding the role these susceptibility genes play in the effects of environmental risk factors can inform strategies designed towards reducing the outcome of these complex traits, e.g. through the modification of the environmental influences. The study population comprises a large number of individuals (3205 individuals) from Africa (Ghana, Ethiopia and Nigeria). There are cases, case triads (nuclear families), as well as controls with no history of OFC nor other developmental defects.

  Study phs001090

• Local In Time Statistics for processual research

  Background: Functional genomics in a processual analysis cover the time-dependent changes in transcriptomics and epigenetics before diagnosis of a disease, reflecting the changes in both life style and disease processes. The aim of this paper is to explore the dynamic, time-dependent mechanisms of the metastatic processes, using blood transcriptomics and including time in a continuous manner. For achieving this goal we develop new statistical methods based on statistics that are local in time. Methods: The new statistical method, Local In Time Statistics (LITS), is based on calculating statistics in moving windows and randomization. The method has been tested for the analysis of a dataset that collectively provides information on the blood transcriptome up to eight years before breast cancer diagnosis. The dataset from the NOWAC Post-genome Cohort consists of 467 case-control pairs matched on birth year and time of blood sampling. The data for a pair is the difference in log2 gene expression between the case and control. The stratified analyses are based on important biological differences like metastatic versus non-metastatic cancer, and the mode of cancer detection, i.e. screening detected versus clinically detected cancers. The dataset was used for examining whether the gene expression profile varies between cases and controls, with time, or between cases with and without metastases. Results: The null hypotheses of no differences between cases and controls, no time-dependent changes, and no differences between different strata were all rejected. For screening detected cancers the probability of correct prediction of metastasis status was best in year 1 before diagnosis compared to year 3 and 4 before diagnosis for clinically detected cancers. The predictor was not very sensitive to the number of genes included.Conclusions: Using a new statistical method, LITS, we have demonstrated time-dependent changes of the blood transcriptome up to eight years before breast cancer diagnosis.

  Study EGAS00001002520

• AML_controls

  Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) is a rare hematologic malignancy that is most similar in expression profiles to plasmacytoid dendritic cells. However, patients often exhibit features of AML and can progress to AML. In this project, we will determine the differentially and commonly expressed genes between BPDCN and AML specimens. Available BPDCN and TET2-mutated AML specimens were taken for transcriptome microarray analysis.

  Dataset EGAD00010001726

• Comprehensive genomic analysis for AYA with acute lymphoblastic leukemia

  AYA with B-ALL showed extremely inferior outcomes when compared to children. Genetic basis undelying AYA B-ALL is largely unknown. We performed integrated analysis of RNA-seq (hum0045���JGAS000047) and target DNA-seq.

  Study JGAS000276

• Microbiome-Host Interactions in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: a Metatranscriptomic Exploratory Study

  Oral cancer (predominantly squamous cell carcinoma; OSCC) is the 14th most prevalent malignancy worldwide, accounting for more than 300,000 new cases and 145,000 deaths annually. Despite advances in cancer treatment modalities, OSCC continues to have poor prognosis with 5-year survival rates less than 50%. Although use of tobacco and alcohol consumption constitute the major risk factors, there is emerging evidence for the role of the microbiome in OSCC. However, studies on the association between the microbiome and OSCC has so far focused on compositional analysis and has been largely limited to the bacterial component of the microbiome. The aim of this study is to characterize the transcriptional activity (function) as well as composition of the multi-kingdom microbiome associated with OSCC and correlate it with the gene expression of the host using ultra-deep metatranscriptome sequencing, which will provide new insight into the role of the microbiome in OSCC and the possible mechanisms by which the tumor’s microbial community may influence on its behavior. This project comprises RNA-Seq data from twenty OSCC tumor/normal tissue pairs and twenty tongue scraping samples from healthy controls. However, due to consent constraints, the human sequences from the control data are filtered out.

  Study phs002678

• Pediatric Investigation for Genetic Factors Linked with Renal Progression (PediGFR)

  The Pediatric Investigation for Genetic Factors Associated with Renal Progression (PediGFR) (RO1-DK082394) is an international collaborative study among three large prospective cohort studies of children with chronic kidney disease. The participating parent cohort studies are the Chronic Kidney Disease in Children (CKiD), the Effect of Strict Blood Pressure Control and ACE Inhibition on CRF Progression in Pediatric Patients (ESCAPE), and the Cardiovascular Comorbidity in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease (4C) study. In these cohorts, pediatric subjects with CKD have been prospectively followed with standardized measurements for renal progression. The dbGaP data upload will utilize the structure of sub-studies to include the genotype and baseline phenotype for the three cohorts, as well as the RBC trait and anemia data for a sub-study under PI Susan Furth: Role of Genetic Variation in the Anemia of Chronic Kidney Disease (K24DK078737). In brief PediGFR is a prospective study of children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) to determine genetic factors associated with kidney function measured by the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) by Schwartz equation. The PediGFR_v2 Cohort is utilized in the following dbGaP sub-studies. To view genotypes, other molecular data, and derived variables collected in these sub-studies, please click on the following sub-studies below or in the "Sub-studies" box located on the right hand side of this top-level study page phs000842 PediGFR_v2 Cohort. phs000843 4C phs000650 CKiD phs000844 ESCAPE

  Study phs000842

• Charles R. Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine (IPM) BioBank Genome Wide Association Study of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Phenotypes

  The Institute for Personalized Medicine (IPM) Biobank Project is a consented, EMR-linked medical care setting biorepository of the Mount Sinai Medical Center (MSMC) drawing from a population of over 70,000 inpatients and 800,000 outpatient visits annually. MSMC serves diverse local communities of upper Manhattan, including Central Harlem (86% African American), East Harlem (88% Hispanic Latino), and Upper East Side (88% Caucasian/white) with broad health disparities. IPM Biobank populations include 28% African American (AA), 38% Hispanic Latino (HL) predominantly of Caribbean origin, 23% Caucasian/White (CW). IPM Biobank disease burden is reflective of health disparities with broad public health impact: average body mass index of 28.9 and frequencies of hypertension (55%), hypercholesterolemia (32%), diabetes (30%), coronary artery disease (25%), chronic kidney disease (23%), among others. Biobank operations are fully integrated in clinical care processes, including direct recruitment from clinical sites, waiting areas and phlebotomy stations by dedicated Biobank recruiters independent of clinical care providers, prior to or following a clinician standard of care visit. Recruitment currently occurs at a broad spectrum of over 30 clinical care sites. Minorities are strikingly underrepresented in GWAS, including Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) and Chronic Kidney Disease; multigenic genetic risk scores for CAD have been recently validated in European ancestry populations, but not in AA or HL populations. Several important opportunities exist for extending additional GWAS to minority populations with a shared risk spectrum of CAD and CKD. For example, progressive CKD is a major and independent risk factor for CVD with an inverse relationship between estimated GFR (eGFR), and risk for mortality and cardiovascular events. This increased risk is only partially explained by the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among these patients. We conducted a GWAS of CAD and CKD related phenotypes in IPM Biobank with the primary objective to explore the genetics of overlapping CAD and CKD predominantly in minority populations characterized by increased risk.

  Study phs000388

• Center for Common Disease Genomics [CCDG] - Cardiovascular: The Genetics of Atrial Fibrillation

  This study is a part of NHGRI's Center for Common Disease Genomics, which is a collaborative large-scale genome sequencing effort to comprehensively identify rare risk and protective variants contributing to multiple common disease phenotypes. Current estimates anticipate that the CCDG program will sequence approximately 140K whole genomes and 225K whole exomes during the life of the project. The Cardiovascular Disease working group of the CCDG considered five diseases: early-onset coronary artery disease (EOCAD), stroke, atrial fibrillation, congestive heart failure and type 2 diabetes. Atrial fibrillation will affect between 6-12 million individuals in the US by 2050. AF also is associated with increased risks of stroke, dementia, heart failure, death, and high health care costs. Many risk factors for AF have been identified, including advancing age, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and CVD risk factors. However, there is little knowledge how to prevent AF. Furthermore, therapies for AF are only partially effective, and are themselves associated with substantial morbidity. Previously, heritable forms of AF have been considered rare; yet in the last decade, it has been established that AF, and in particular early-onset forms of AF, are heritable. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) provide a powerful tool to identify common variants underlying disease risk. The AFGen Consortium currently consists of investigators from more than 25 studies with >20,000 individuals with AF and >100,000 without AF. In the latest analyses, 14 loci have been identified for AF1 . Broadly, the loci implicate genes related to cardiopulmonary development, cardiac-expressed ion channels, and cell signaling molecules.Source: https://ccdg.rutgers.edu/sites/default/files/CCDG_CVD_EOAF_FINAL_w_link.pdfFor this study, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard generated genetic data for UWO Genetic Investigation of Supraventricular Tachycardias.Patients confirmed to possess a supraventricular tachycardia and/or an accessory pathway at the time of invasive electrophysiology study at the London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada were eligible for enrollment. Potential supraventricular tachycardias included atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT), atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia (AVRT), atrial tachycardia, junctional tachycardia, atriofascicular tachycardia, nodofascicular tachycardia, and nodoventricular tachycardia. Patients that did not have inducible supraventricular tachycardia, but had an accessory pathway that conducted antegrade, retrograde, or both, were also eligible for enrollment. All patients additionally underwent, at minimum, a clinical history, physical examination, 12-lead ECG, and echocardiogram. Study participants provided informed written consent under a protocol approved by the research ethics board of Western University.Raw sequencing data, metadata, vcf and phenotype data at individual level are available at https://anvilproject.org/data For questions about availability contact help@lists.anvilproject.org.

  Study phs002811

• The Finland-United States Investigation of NIDDM Genetics (FUSION) Tissue Biopsy Study

  The Finland-United States Investigation of NIDDM Genetics (FUSION) study is a long-term effort to identify genetic variants that predispose to type 2 diabetes (T2D) or that impact the variability of T2D-related quantitative traits (QTs). Most of the variants associated with T2D and related traits (glucose and insulin, anthropometrics, lipids) through genome-wide association studies (GWAS) occur in non-coding regions, suggesting a strong regulatory component to disease susceptibility. Regulatory element activity is often tissue-specific, which further complicates discovery of the causal/functional variation. Therefore, there is a critical need to identify the appropriate cell type, regulatory elements, target genes, and causal variants(s) in T2D-relevant tissues. We hypothesize that a subset of T2D and related variants alter gene expression regulation in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue - two major insulin target tissues and play key roles in insulin resistance. To that end, our study contains a comprehensive survey of genomics, epigenomics and transcriptomics in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue from individuals with glucose tolerance categories ranging from normal to T2D.For this FUSION Tissue Biopsy Study, we obtained RNA-Seq, microRNA (miRNA)-Seq, and DNA methylation (methyl)-Seq data on biopsy samples from 331 individuals from across the range of glucose tolerance: 124 normal glucose tolerance (NGT), 77 impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), 44 impaired fasting glucose (IFG), and 86 newly-diagnosed T2Ds. Participants completed two study visits, two weeks apart. First visits comprised most of the clinical phenotyping, including four-point OGTT (fasting, and 30, 60, and 120 minute post-load); BMI, WHR; lipids; blood pressure; and many other variables. Participants also completed FUSION health history, medication, and lifestyle questionnaires. On the second visit, we obtained ~250mg vastus lateralis skeletal muscle, ~750mg abdominal subcutaneous adipose, and a ~5x15mm section of abdominal skin. Visits were completed in March 2013. RNA isolation is ongoing in the Collins laboratory at the NIH, RNA and miRNA sequencing at the NIH Intramural Sequencing Center (NISC), and genotyping at the Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR). Individual-level data is available here for the 306 individuals who consented to data deposit. To focus on evaluation of gene expression and its regulation in skeletal muscle, we analyzed mRNA extracted from vastus lateralis skeletal muscle obtained from 271 of the 331 individual subjects from Finland, along with genome-wide genotypes. Individual-level data is available here for the 250 subjects who consented to the use of their data.Release phs001048.v2.p1 adds muscle data for an additional 42 subjects and data from adipose tissue for 276 subjects. Total RNA was isolated using Trizol extraction in the Collins laboratory at the NIH. The mRNA was poly-A selected, 24-plex libraries were generated using the Illumina TruSeq directional mRNA-seq library protocol and RNA sequencing was performed on HiSeq2000 sequencers using 101bp paired-end reads at NISC. miRNA libraries were prepared from total RNA from 296 muscle and 270 adipose samples, pooled and sequenced 50bp single-end reads on Illumina HiSeq2500. Data for 272 muscle and 251 adipose samples are available here for individuals with consent for data deposit. DNA was extracted from blood in the Collins laboratory, and genotyping on the Illumina Omni2.5M array was performed at CIDR. Genotypes were imputed using the HRC 2016 reference panel. In order to assess regions of open chromatin in skeletal muscle, we obtained muscle tissue from a commercial provider to perform ATAC-seq; these samples were sequenced at the University of Michigan DNA Sequencing Core.Release phs001048.v3.p1 adds single-nucleus (sn) RNA-seq and ATAC-seq data in 287 skeletal muscle samples out of the original 331 individuals. Individual-level data is available here for the 265 subjects who consented to the use of their data. The frozen tissue biopsy samples were processed in ten batches, each consisting of 40-41 samples. These batches were organized using a randomized block design to protect against experimental contrasts of interest including cohort, age, sex, BMI among others. Samples in each batch were pulverized, pooled together followed by nuclei isolation. The nuclei were processed on the 10X Genomics Chromium platform separately for snATAC-seq and snRNA-seq (v. 3.1 chemistry for snRNA-seq).Release phs001048.v4.p1 adds additional phenotypes and provides some corrections to several previous phenotypes.

  Study phs001048

• Haukeland University Hospital Data Access Committee for STRAT-PARK datasets archived in Federated EGA Norway

  This is the Data Access Committee mandated by Haukeland University Hospital for the STRAT-PARK cohort: an initiative to stratify Parkinson's disease.

  Dac EGAC50000000428

• Data Access Committee for Translational analyses from a phase II study of pembrolizumab and epigenetic modification with azacitidine in platinum-resistant epithelial ovarian cancer

  This DAC is responsible for request review and handling related to the study above.

  Dac EGAC50000000697

• Identification of driver oncogenes in scirrhous-type gastric cancer cell lines

  Scirrhous type gastric cancer (SGC) is one of the most intractable cancer subtypes in human, and its therapeutic targets have been rarely identified to date. Exploration of somatic mutations in the SGC genome with the next generation sequencers has been hampered by low tumor contents by the markedly increased fibrous tissues. Thus, SGC cell lines may be useful resources to search for novel oncogenes in. Here we have conducted whole exome sequencing and RNA sequencing on two SGC cell lines, OCUM-8 and OCUM-9. Interestingly, most of the mutations thus identified have not been reported. In OCUM-8 cells, a novel CD44-IGF1R fusion gene is discovered, the protein product of which ligates the amino-terminus of CD44 to the transmembrane and the tyrosine-kinase domains of IGF1R. Further, both of CD44 and IGF1R are markedly amplified in the OCUM-8 genome and abundantly expressed. CD44-IGF1R has a transforming ability, and the suppression of its kinase activity leads to rapid cell death of OCUM-8. On the other hand, OCUM-9 seems to possess multiple oncogenic events in its genome. The MET gene is highly amplified, and the treatment of OCUM-9 with crizotinib, a MET inhibitor, results in cell death. Further, a novel BORCS5-ETV6 fusion gene is identified in the OCUM-9 genome. BORCS5-ETV6 possesses oncogenic activity, and suppression of its message partially inhibits cell growth. Prevalence of these novel fusion genes among SGC awaits further investigation, but we validate the significance of cell lines as appropriate reagents for detailed genomic analyses of SGC.

  Study JGAS000179

• Single-cell DNA amplicon sequencing reveals clonal heterogeneity and evolution in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia

  T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive leukemia that is most frequent in children and is characterized by the presence of few chromosomal rearrangements and 10 to 20 somatic mutations in protein-coding regions at diagnosis. The majority of T-ALL cases harbor activating mutations in NOTCH1 together with mutations in genes implicated in kinase signaling, transcriptional regulation or protein translation. To obtain more insight in the level of clonal heterogeneity at diagnosis and during treatment, we used single-cell targeted DNA sequencing with the Tapestri platform. We designed a custom ALL panel and obtained accurate single-nucleotide variant and small insertion-deletion mutation calling for 305 amplicons covering 110 genes in about 4400 cells per sample and time point. A total of 108,188 cells were analyzed for 25 samples of 8 T-ALL patients. We typically observed a major clone at diagnosis (>35% of the cells) accompanied by several minor clones of which some were less than 1% of the total number of cells. Four patients had >2 NOTCH1 mutations some of which present in minor clones, indicating a strong pressure to acquire NOTCH1 mutations in developing T-ALL cells. By analyzing longitudinal samples, we detected the presence and clonal nature of residual leukemic cells as well as clones with a minor presence at diagnosis that evolved to clinically relevant major clones at later disease stages. Single-cell DNA amplicon sequencing is a sensitive assay to detect clonal architecture and evolution in T-ALL.

  Study EGAS00001004440

• Integrative analysis of non-small cell lung cancer patient-derived xenografts identifies unique proteotypes associated with patient outcomes

  Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Only a fraction of NSCLC harbour actionable driver mutations and there is an urgent need for patient-derived model systems that will enable the development of new targeted therapies. NSCLC and other cancers display profound proteome remodelling compared to normal tissue that is not predicted by DNA or RNA analyses. We generated NSCLC patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) that recapitulate the histology and molecular features of primary NSCLC. Here, we completed whole exome sequencing on 122 NSCLC PDXs.

  Study EGAS00001006068

• Prevention and Early Treatment of Acute Lung Injury (PETAL) Acetaminophen in Sepsis: Targeted Therapy to Enhance Recovery (ASTER) (PETAL ASTER-BioLINCC)

  Data Access NOTE: Please refer to the “Authorized Access” section below for information about how access to the data from this accession differs from many other dbGaP accessions. Access to Biospecimens is through the NHLBI Biologic Specimen and Data Repository Information Coordinating Center (BioLINCC). Biospecimens from PETAL ASTER include plasma, urine and whole blood. Please note that use of biospecimens in genetic research is subject to a tiered consent. Objectives: To determine whether acetaminophen increases days alive and free of organ dysfunction in sepsis participants compared with placebo.Background: Acetaminophen (paracetamol) has many effects that can be beneficial in sepsis treatment, including analgesia, antipyresis, cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition, as well as a potent and specific hemoprotein reduction that can block hemoglobin-induced oxidation of lipids and other substrates. The majority of sepsis participants experience elevated circulating cell-free hemoglobin levels, which is associated with development of organ dysfunction including acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and death.Acetaminophen has been found in observational studies to be associated with improved survival in critically ill sepsis participants with elevated plasma cell-free hemoglobin, and small clinical trials have had positive sepsis participant outcomes such as reduced plasma biomarkers of lipid peroxidation and improved kidney function. However, a large, randomized trial of acetaminophen administration for treatment of fever in participants with suspected infection did not show a mortality benefit. The NHLBI PETAL Network initiated ASTER as a larger phase trial to examine the utility of plasma cell-free hemoglobin level as a biomarker for future sepsis trials and whether acetaminophen would increase the number of days alive and free of organ support for participants with sepsis and respiratory or circulatory organ dysfunction. Participants: A total of 447 participants were enrolled and randomized, 227 to the acetaminophen arm and 220 to the placebo arm. Data from 40 participants who were randomized to the Vitamin C arm, which was stopped early (see Design section below), is also included.Design: ASTER was a phase 2b multicenter, randomized, double-blind trial. The study originally had a 3-arm platform trial in which participants were randomized 1:1:1 to treatment with intravenous acetaminophen, vitamin C, or a common placebo. The vitamin C arm of the trial was stopped after enrolling 79 participants due to external clinical trial data for vitamin C.Participants randomized to the acetaminophen arm received acetaminophen at the dose of 1 g in 100 mL diluent (or 15 mg/kg if actual body weight was Conclusions: Intravenous acetaminophen was considered to be safe but did not significantly improve days alive and free of organ support in critically ill sepsis participants. There was no significant interaction between cell-free hemoglobin levels and acetaminophen.

  Study phs003900

• PGRN/PAT: The genomic basis for susceptibility to drug-induced long QT syndrome (diLQTS)

  The goal of this study was to search for genetic variants that could be responsible for modifying the risk of drug-induced long QT syndrome (diLQTS). diLQTS is a relatively common adverse drug event and has been a leading cause for drug relabeling and withdrawal from the market. Our hypothesis, that variants in genes which regulate electrical properties in the heart modify the risk of diLQTS, was tested by sequencing approximately 225 patients of European descent using next-generation targeted captured or whole exome sequencing. Data from cases and controls (1:2) were analyzed to identify both rare and common genetic variation.

  Study phs000808

• Addictions: Genotypes, Polymorphisms, and Function/Human Genetic Correlates of Addictive Diseases

  Drug addiction continues to be a major medical and social problem. It is estimated that one million or more persons in the United States are currently addicted to heroin or prescription opioids, with millions more worldwide. Cocaine addiction and alcohol dependence are frequent comorbid conditions in persons with heroin/opioid dependence in addition to being major primary addictions. Many studies over the past thirty years have shown that these drugs disrupt physiologic systems, and that these disruptions may contribute to drug addiction and alcohol dependence and to relapse to drug or alcohol abuse following withdrawal and abstinence. Clinical observations suggest that individuals differ in their response to heroin, cocaine, and alcohol; however, little is known about specific underlying hereditary genetic factors which might influence individual susceptibility to the addictive properties of these substances. Studies also suggest that both common and distinct heritable factors account for the genetic variance in the susceptibility to the separate addictive diseases. We hypothesize that there is a heritable as well as environmental basis for the acquisition and persistence of, and relapse to, specific addictive diseases. Using samples from individuals without and with opioid and other specific drug dependence diagnoses and psychiatric comorbidities, genetic analyses will be used to determine association and linkage. All study subjects will be extensively characterized with respect to the addictive diseases, medical history, family medical addictive disease history; psychiatric comorbidity, and psychological profile, as well as ethnic/cultural background. A better understanding of the consequences of genetic contributions with respect to protection from, or susceptibility to, heroin/opioid addiction and related codependencies and comorbid conditions, could have enormous importance in both prevention and treatment of this problem.

  Study phs001109

• Whole_exome_sequencing_for_clarification_of_rare_causes_of_axonal_Charcot_Marie_Tooth_disease_

  The project is focused on the axonal forms of Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease. We have selected 13 families (7 from Spain and 6 from Czech Republic) that have been indepth clinically assessed and previously tested for mutations in known CMT genes without causal variants characterised. In these patients we expect to discover several CMT2 genes. Thus, we requested for exome sequencing of 45 DNAs:27 exomes in families from Spain and 18 exomes in the families from Czech Republic. This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

  Study EGAS00001002067

• Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Network (IPFNet) Sildenafil Trial of Exercise Performance in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPFNet-STEP-IPF-BioLINCC)

  Data Access NOTE: Please refer to the "Authorized Access" section below for information about how access to the data from this accession differs from many other dbGaP accessions. Objectives: The STEP-IPF study sought to evaluate whether treatment with sildenafil would improve walk distance, dyspnea, and quality of life in participants with advanced idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF).Background: IPF is a chronic, progressive lung disease of unknown cause that is characterized by the histopathologic pattern of usual interstitial pneumonia. Progression to end-stage respiratory insufficiency and death within 5 years after the onset of symptoms is characteristic. To date, no pharmacologic therapies have definitively been shown to improve survival or quality of life in participants with this disease.Participants with severe IPF have abnormalities of the pulmonary vasculature leading to decreased levels of resting and exercise-induced production of nitric oxide. Since nitric oxide is a potent pulmonary vasodilator, reduced levels are associated with pulmonary vasoconstriction and impaired gas exchange. Sildenafil (Revatio, Pfizer) is a phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor that stabilizes the second messenger of nitric oxide, cyclic guanosine monophosphate, which leads to pulmonary vasodilatation. Such vasodilatation could improve ventilation–perfusion matching and thus gas exchange in with IPF.Design: STEP-IPF was a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of oral sildenafil (20 mg three times daily). Participants meeting eligibility criteria were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive sildenafil or matched placebo with the use of a permuted-block design, with stratification according to clinical center. The primary outcome was the presence or absence of an improvement of at least 20% in the 6-minute walk distance at 12 weeks, as compared with baseline. Key secondary outcomes included changes in the 6-minute walk distance, degree of dyspnea, and quality of life.Screening procedures included the taking of a detailed history, a physical examination, spirometry, echocardiography, CT imaging, and measurements of lung volume on plethysmography, carbon monoxide diffusion capacity, and arterial blood gases. Eligible participants returned for an enrollment visit within 6 weeks after screening. All participants received an initial dose of a study drug at this visit and were monitored for 60 minutes for adverse effects. Follow-up visits were scheduled at 1, 6, and 12 weeks. After completion of the 12-week visit, all participants were started on treatment with open-label sildenafil. Visits were scheduled at 13, 18, and 24 weeks; at 28 weeks, serious adverse events and vital status were documented. Testing of the 6-minute walk distance was performed with the use of a standardized protocol at the time of screening and enrollment and at study visits at 6, 12, 18, and 24 weeks. Participants with pulse oxygen saturation below 88% received supplemental oxygen. Conclusions: This study did not show a benefit for sildenafil for the primary outcome. The presence of some positive secondary outcomes creates clinical equipoise for further research. There were small but significant differences in arterial oxygenation, carbon monoxide diffusion capacity, degree of dyspnea, and quality of life favoring the sildenafil group.

  Study phs004085

• Analysis of Epigenomes and Genome Topology in Colorectal Cancer

  When diagnosing cancer, pathologists use nuclear morphology as a hallmark of tumor cells, but the topological changes linked to alterations in the shape of the nucleus were poorly understood. To uncover the molecular changes that occur in the 3D structure of cancer genomes, we integrated topological maps for colon tumors and normal colon tissues with epigenetic, transcriptional, and imaging data. We characterized tumor-associated changes in chromatin loops, topologically associated domains (TADs), and large-scale compartments. We found that chromatin loop rewiring contributes to oncogenic gene expression programs. Whereas TAD structures are largely stable, the spatial partitioning of the open and closed genome compartments is compromised in tumors and is accompanied by hypomethylation and histone mark rearrangements. We also identified a compartment that is reorganized in tumors and is at the interface between the canonical A and B compartments. Similar changes were evident in non-malignant cells that had accumulated excessive cellular divisions. Our analyses suggest that these compartment changes repress stemness and invasion programs while inducing immunity genes, and they may therefore restrain malignant progression.

  Study phs002288

• Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus

  Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is a neurological disorder of aging that is characterized by enlarged cerebral ventricles, gait difficulty, incontinence and dementia. It is a common disorder that occurs almost exclusively after the age of 60. About 1.3% of patients over the age of 65 and 9-14% of nursing home residents are thought to have iNPH. Unfortunately, more than 90% of these patients remain misdiagnosed or undiagnosed, in part because the symptoms of iNPH resemble the symptoms of other neurodegenerative diseases, and in part because many health care practitioners are unfamiliar with this disorder. The etiology of iNPH is not known. Scattered reports of familial cases of iNPH suggest a genetic origin, but the genes involved are unknown. To investigate this matter, we have used exome sequencing to look for genetic factors associated with iNPH. We find recurrent heterozygous mutations in 10 genes, nearly all of which show increased expression in the ciliated ventricular epithelium and/or choroid plexus. Many have previously been associated with the function of cilia. 

  Study phs002296

• Genome-Wide Association Study of aspirin-induced PUD in a UK cohort

  Aspirin is a widely prescribed non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug used as an effective analgesic and at low doses as anti-platelet drug for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. However, aspirin is associated with a significant incidence of upper gastrointestinal (GI) complications, notably peptic ulceration. This study aims to identify genetic risk factors associated with the pathogenesis of aspirin-induced upper GI ulceration.A cohort of 248 patients with aspirin-induced, endoscopiclly confirmed GI ulceration and 491 controls (ulcer, without aspirin or aspirin without ulcer) were genotyped for 1.524,956 SNPs using the Illumina Omni 2.5 SNP array. A replication cohort (206 NSAID-induced ulcer cases [of which 87 were aspirin] and 309 controls) was subsequently genotyped for identified SNP association signals using Sequenom iPLEX Massarry. Logistic regression analysis of identified two SNP signal with suggestive association with aspirin-induced GI ulceration. A SNP within the EYA1 locus (rs12678747) was found to be associated with aspirin GI ulceration in both the discovery cohort (p=3.79x10-7, OR=2.06 ([1.55-2.73]) and, to a lesser extent, in the replication cohort (p=.0005, OR=1.71[1.17-2.50]. Combined analysis of both cohorts yielded a genome wide significant association (p=1.46x10-8). The rs12678747 genotype was found to be associated with significantly higher EYA1 transcript in ulcer biopsy tissue (p<0.05).Data suggest that EYA1 may represent a risk locus for aspirin-induced GI ulceration. Though it is thought that EYA1 may play a key role in mediating cell death/ survival

  Study EGAS00001002052

• eMERGE Genome-Wide Association Studies of Obesity (Metabochip)

  The Geisinger eMERGE Genome Wide Association Studies of Obesity (Metabochip) Project is a genetic study of a cohort of primarily Caucasian patients with extreme obesity who have undergone bariatric surgery. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery, in which intestinal anatomy is altered, dramatically ameliorates and/or eliminates Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) in 50-80% of patients within hours to days following surgery, well before significant weight loss, in contrast to other types of bariatric surgeries, such as gastric banding, that attenuate insulin resistance as a result of substantial weight loss that occurs over months to years. The molecular mechanism by which RYGB exerts this clinical phenomenon is not known. The goal of this project was to conduct a genome wide association study (GWAS) to identify genetic variants associated with amelioration in T2D defined by medication independence. Identifying genetic variants that influence the dramatic resolution of T2D from RYGB may identify novel targets for pharmacological T2D therapies and/or identify patients in whom RYGB may not be effective.

  Study phs000380

• eMERGE Genome-Wide Association Studies of Obesity

  The Geisinger eMERGE Genome-Wide Association Studies of Obesity Project is a genetic study of a cohort of primarily Caucasian patients with extreme obesity who have undergone bariatric surgery. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery, in which intestinal anatomy is altered, dramatically ameliorates and/or eliminates Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) in 50-80% of patients within hours to days following surgery, well before significant weight loss, in contrast to other types of bariatric surgeries, such as gastric banding, that attenuate insulin resistance as a result of substantial weight loss that occurs over months to years. The molecular mechanism by which RYGB exerts this clinical phenomenon occurs is not known. The goal of this project was to conduct a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify genetic variants associated with amelioration in T2D defined by medication independence. Identifying genetic variants that influence the dramatic resolution of T2D from RYGB may identify novel targets for pharmacological T2D therapies and/or identify patients in whom RYGB may not be effective.

  Study phs000408

• Spatial transcriptomics analysis of triple negative breast cancers

  While triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is known to be heterogeneous at the genomic and transcriptomic levels, spatial information on tumor organization and cell composition is still lacking. Here, we investigated TNBC tumor architecture including its microenvironment using spatial transcriptomics on a series of 92 patients. We performed an in-depth characterization of tumor and stroma organization and composition using an integrative approach combining histomorphological and spatial transcriptomics. Furthermore, a detailed molecular characterization of tertiary lymphoid structures led to identify a gene signature strongly associated to disease outcome and response to immunotherapy in several tumor types beyond TNBC. A stepwise clustering analysis identified nine TNBC ecotypes, further validated in external datasets. Several ecotypes were associated with disease outcome and characterized by potentially actionable features. In this work, we provideThis is the largest TNBC series providing a comprehensive insight into the complexity of TNBC ecosystem with potential clinical relevance, opening avenues for treatment tailoring including immunotherapy. All the processed data needed to replicate the results from the publication (counts, images, clinical data, etc) are available on Zenodo: https://zenodo.org/records/14204217

  Study EGAS50000000475

• An APOBEC Cytidine Deaminase Mutagenesis in Human Cancers

  Reprinted from Roberts et al. "An APOBEC cytidine deaminase mutagenesis pattern is widespread in human cancers", Nature Genetics, 45:970-976, 2013, with permission of Nature Publishing Group: Recent studies indicate that a subclass of APOBEC cytidine deaminases, which convert cytosine to uracil during RNA editing and retrovirus or retrotransposon restriction, may induce mutation clusters in human tumors. We show here that throughout cancer genomes APOBEC-mediated mutagenesis is pervasive and correlates with APOBEC mRNA levels. Mutation clusters in whole-genome and exome data sets conformed to the stringent criteria indicative of an APOBEC mutation pattern. Applying these criteria to 954,247 mutations in 2,680 exomes from 14 cancer types, mostly from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), showed a significant presence of the APOBEC mutation pattern in bladder, cervical, breast, head and neck, and lung cancers, reaching 68% of all mutations in some samples. Within breast cancer, the HER2-enriched subtype was clearly enriched for tumors with the APOBEC mutation pattern, suggesting that this type of mutagenesis is functionally linked with cancer development. The APOBEC mutation pattern also extended to cancer-associated genes, implying that ubiquitous APOBEC-mediated mutagenesis is carcinogenic.

  Study phs000677

• Kids First: Whole Genome Sequencing of Nonsyndromic Craniosynostosis

  The Gabriella Miller Kids First Pediatric Research Program (Kids First) is a trans-NIH effort initiated in response to the 2014 Gabriella Miller Kids First Research Act and supported by the NIH Common Fund. This program focuses on gene discovery in pediatric cancers and structural birth defects and the development of the Gabriella Miller Kids First Pediatric Data Resource (Kids First Data Resource). All of the WGS and phenotypic data from this study are accessible through dbGaP and kidsfirstdrc.org, where other Kids First datasets can also be accessed. Nonsyndromic craniosynostosis (NCS) is a common, major structural birth defect - due to the premature fusion of one or more cranial sutures - that requires extensive surgical correction and is associated with considerable ongoing medical problems and health care costs. Because little is known about the causes of NCS, whole genome sequencing will help advance knowledge of genetic factors contributing to the etiology of NCS. Data from this project will lead to a better understanding of biological processes involved in the etiology of NCS and provide critical insights for development of early diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies.

  Study phs001806

• Increased mutation accumulation during fetal development in Down syndrome

  Children with Down syndrome (DS) show a high incidence of leukemia, which is preceded by transient myeloproliferative disorder (TMD) in neonates. TMD is characterized by mutations in GATA1 that accumulate during fetal development, indicating that additional mutagenesis is required for leukemogenesis. Abnormalities in chromosome numbers can result in a mutator phenotype. However, it is unknown whether a trisomy of chromosome 21 (T21) results in enhanced mutation accumulation during human development. Here, we determined the mutational consequences of a constitutive T21 in DS fetuses compared to disomy 21 cells (D21) of D21 fetuses. We found that D21 fetal HPSCs had a higher somatic mutation rate compared to healthy adults HSPCs. Moreover, we observed an increase in somatic mutation load in T21 cells of DS fetuses, which was already apparent during the first cell divisions of embryogenesis. The mutation load could be explained by processes that are active during normal fetal development and were similar to those observed in TMD blast cells. Our study shows that T21 causes an increase in somatic load in fetal cells of DS fetuses, which may contribute to leukemia development early in life.

  Study EGAS00001003982

• Research for genetic causes and mechanisms of Hirschsprung's or Hirschsprung's related diseases

  Hirschsprung's disease (HD) is an abdomen disorder which is caused by absence of enteric neurons. HD is a complex genetic disorder and several causing gene mutations have been identified including the receptor tyrosine kinase gene. However, the whole mechanism of HD remains unknown and additional genetic causalities are implicated. To further investigate the genetic causalities of HD, we conducted whole-exome sequencing of patients with HD and unaffected patient's families.

  Study JGAS000007

• Mapping_genetic_variants_underlying_gene_regulation_in_inflammed_intestinal_cell_types_to_identify_novel_IBD_drug_targets

  Biopsies from the terminal ileum and rectum of individuals with Crohn's disease are digested on ice to single cells and processed for single-cell RNA-sequencing (10X Genomics and Illumina) This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

  Study EGAS00001003770

• Childhood Cancer Data Initiative (CCDI): Genomic Analysis in Pediatric Malignancies

  Pediatric solid tumors are highly heterogeneous, encompassing a large number of histotypes. The genomic landscape of these diseases is characterized by few single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) compared to adult cancers. In contrast, many exhibit a high prevalence of structural or epigenetic changes that alter gene expression, underlining the need for comprehensive genomic approaches such as whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Several studies have specifically addressed the clinical utility of genomic analysis in the pediatric and AYA cancer setting. Review of these studies point to key challenges that must be addressed in order to advance the routine use of genomics in this population. We have established a large collection of solid tumor tissue samples through our biobanking efforts. Where possible, we obtain longitudinal samples from the same patient. These primary patient samples and their corresponding germline have been analyzed using whole genome and whole transcriptome sequencing methods and have been linked to clinical metadata using both manual curation and robust methods for automatic extraction from the electronic health record (EHR). Importantly, research-grade genomic analysis is performed in parallel to our CLIA-grade sequencing (“UCSF500”) efforts for some of the patients in this study cohort and have been submitted as part of the American Association for Cancer Research's project GENIE and/or the National Childhood Cancer Registry. For our sequenced tumor samples, we have retrospective clinical data and ongoing efforts to prospectively record key events throughout the patient's cancer journey. In our solid tumor program, we have developed many patient-derived xenograft models and a number of PDX-derived cell lines. These unique models have been evaluated using genomic and functional approaches including (in some cases) treatment with conventional chemotherapy or investigational agents. Lastly, these samples were collected from a population that is among the most diverse in the nation and includes significant numbers of Asian, Latino, Indigenous and African-American patients, groups that are traditionally underrepresented in many banking efforts.

  Study phs002430

• In this study, blood-brain barrier (BBB)-forming brain endothelial-like cells were generated from apolipoprotein E gene allele E4 (APOE4, high AD risk) and allele E3 (APOE3, lower AD risk) carrying patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Cells were subsequently exposed to focused ultrasound and microbubbles (FUS+MB) to induce BBB opening and their transcriptome analysed. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) results demonstrated minimal changes in the gene expression following FUS+MB suggesting safety of FUS+MB application in the clinical setting.

  The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a major impediment to therapeutic intracranial drug delivery for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Focused ultrasound applied together with microbubbles (FUS+MB) is a novel technique to transiently open the BBB and increase drug delivery. Evidence suggests that FUS+MB is safe, however the effects of FUS+MB on human BBB cells, especially in relation to AD, remain sparsely investigated. Here we developed a human sporadic AD BBB cell platform to investigate the effects of FUS+MB on BBB cells and screen for the delivery of two potentially therapeutic AD antibodies. We generated BBB cells from apolipoprotein E gene allele E4 (APOE4, high AD risk) and allele E3 (APOE3, lower AD risk) carrying patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). We utilized this robust and reproducible platform to demonstrate increased delivery of potentially therapeutic antibodies across the BBB, including an analogue of Aducanumab (AduhelmTM) following FUS+MB treatment. Our results also demonstrate the safety of FUS+MB indicated by minimal changes in the cell transcriptome as well as little or no changes in cell viability and inflammatory responses within first 24 h post FUS+MB, with potentially important implications in a clinical setting. Finally, we report a more physiologically relevant hydrogel-based 2.5D BBB model as a key development for FUS+MB-mediated drug delivery screening, with potentially higher translational utility. Our results provide an important advancement for identifying FUS+MB-deliverable drugs and screening for cell- and patient-specific effects of FUS+MB, accelerating its use as a therapy in AD.

  Study EGAS00001005944

• Genomic Origins and Admixture in Latinos (GOAL)

  The GOAL Study was designed to comprehensively evaluate the genomic architecture of diverse Hispanic/Latino individuals with origins from the Caribbean, Central and South America, and to understand the impact of this diversity on genetic disease studies. Population structure and admixture are key confounders in genome-wide association and medical resequencing studies. In particular, accounting for difference in ancestry among cases and controls, both in terms of genomic and geographic location, is critical for proper analysis and interpretation of studies with multi- and trans-ethnic samples. Genomic studies of Hispanics/Latinos, the largest and fastest growing minority group in the US, reveal that they are a highly genetically heterogeneous admixed group with immense variation among individuals and populations in the proportions of African, European, and Native American ancestry. Knowledge of the underlying complex genetic structure of US Hispanic/Latino and Caribbean populations is, therefore, essential to ensuring robustness of genotype-phenotype associations and understanding the medical relevance of associated variants across diverse populations in the US and throughout the Americas. Furthermore, since much is known about the African and European migrations into the Americas over the past 500 years, population genetic studies of Hispanics/Latinos serve as an excellent model for developing novel algorithms and approaches for characterizing fine-scale genetic structure of admixed populations, in general. This project extends current studies of population genetic structure in US Hispanics/Latinos by densely genotyping parent-offspring triads from individuals (sampled in the US) of Caribbean-descent from six Latin American countries: Puerto Rico, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Honduras and Colombia. This study will provide immediate insights and new statistical methods to improve study design and genetic analysis for medical genomic studies in Hispanics/Latinos, other complex admixed groups, and multi- and trans-ethnic studies.

  Study phs000750

• COVID-19: Post-Hospital Thromboprophylaxis A Multicenter, Adaptive, Prospective, Randomized Trial Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Antithrombotic Strategies in Patients with COVID-19 Following Hospital Discharge (ACTIV-4C)

  This study is an adaptive, prospective, randomized trial designed to compare the effectiveness and safety of antithrombotic therapy with no antithrombotic therapy after hospitalization for 48 hours or longer for COVID-19. For Stage 1 of this study, participants will be randomized to either prophylactic anticoagulation or no anticoagulant therapy for 30 days, and then followed for an additional 60 days after the completion of treatment (total duration of follow-up, approximately 90 days). Biobanking of samples for future biomarker and mechanistic studies will be available for centers able to participate and collect samples from eligible participants. Samples will be collected at the time of enrollment and after the completion of 30 days of therapy.

  Study phs003063

• Variant calling for LUNG-NSCLC2 cohort

  The goal of IMMUcan is to understand how the immune system interacts with tumors and how therapeutic interventions influence this interaction. This cohort includes patients with non-small cell lung cancer who had surgical resection. This is a subcohort of the EORTC SPECTAlung study. This dataset contains whole exome sequencing data from tumor samples processed with the Vegan pipeline. In the absence of matching germline samples, variant calling is performed using two panel of normals (one for female and one for male). It includes SNP and CNV calling.

  Dataset EGAD50000002235

• Identification of rare germline variants in familial multiple myeloma

  The risk of developing multiple myeloma (MM) in first-degree relatives of affected individuals is 2 to 4 fold higher than in the general population, implying the existence of inherited susceptibility. While over 20 common, low-penetrance variants have been associated with MM risk, less is known about rare, high-penetrance germline predisposition. We aimed to identify and characterize high/moderated penetrance germline variants in MM families using whole genome sequencing. For that purpose we identified families with at least two individuals diagnosed with MM or its precursors MGUS and smoldering MM. Also, patients with solitary plasmacytoma and AL amyloidosis were enrolled. We also recruited unaffected family members, and they were screened to exclude undetected MM or its precursor stages. After whole genome sequencing of blood DNA and filtering for rare variants (minor allele frequency <0.1%) and family segregation, variants are prioritized by a range of published in silico tools and literature search. The most promising variants are subjected to experimental validation to evaluate their functional relevance. Our data will provide guidance to worldwide efforts to unravel germline predisposition in MM and validation of the proposed variants and genes.

  Study EGAS00001004734

• NHLBI TOPMed: Outcome Modifying Genes in Sickle Cell Disease (OMG)

  Sickle cell disease (SCD) is caused by homozygosity for a single mutation of the beta hemoglobin gene. Despite the constancy of this genetic abnormality, the clinical course of patients with SCD is remarkably variable. SCD can affect the function and cause the failure of multiple organ systems through the pathophysiologic processes of vaso-occlusion and hemolysis. These pathophysiological processes are complex and expected to impact multiple organ systems in a variety of ways. This study, therefore, was designed to identify genetic factors that predispose SCD patients to develop specific end-organ complications and to experience more or less severe clinical courses. We enrolled > 700 patients with Hb SS, Hb S-beta0 thalassemia and HbSC being followed primarily at three southeastern U.S. regional institutions (Duke University Medical Center, University of North Carolina Medical Center, and Emory University Medical Center). Medical information obtained included the presence or absence of specific targeted outcomes (overall disease severity as well as specific types of end organ damage). Clinical data include medical status (history, physical, examination, and laboratory results) and information regarding potentially confounding environmental factors. Limited plasma samples are available for correlative studies (e.g. of cytokine levels, coagulation activation). Targeted SNP for candidate gene analysis as well as GWAS has been performed on most samples. Whole genome sequencing has been conducted through the TOPMed Consortium. The subjects in this analysis were collected as part of a larger study, "Outcome Modifying Genes in Sickle Cell Disease" (OMG-SCD) aimed at identifying genetic modifiers for sickle cell disease. More information about the study can be found in Elmariah et al. (2014), PMID: 24478166. Clinical and genetic data have been used to identify genetic characteristics predisposing patients with SCD to a more or less severe overall clinical course as well as to individual organ-specific complications. It is anticipated that identification of such genetic factors will reveal new therapeutic targets individualized to specific complications of SCD, leading to improved outcomes and increased life expectancy for patients with SCD.

  Study phs001608

• Germline elongator mutations in sonic hedgehog medulloblastoma

  Cancer genomics has illuminated a wide spectrum of genes and core molecular processes contributing to human malignancy. Still, the genetic and molecular basis of many cancers remains only partially explained. Genetic predisposition accounts for 5-10% of cancer diagnoses and genetic events cooperating with known somatic driver events are poorly understood. Analyzing established cancer predisposition genes in medulloblastoma (MB), a malignant childhood brain tumor, we recently identified pathogenic germline variants that account for 5% of all MB patients. Here, by extending our previous analysis to include all protein-coding genes, we discovered and replicated rare germline loss-of-function (LoF) variants across Elongator Complex Protein 1 (ELP1) on 9q31.3 in 15% of pediatric MBSHH cases, thus implicating ELP1 as the most common MB predisposition gene and increasing genetic predisposition to 40% for pediatric MBSHH. Inheritance was verified based on parent-offspring and pedigree analysis, which identified two families with a history of pediatric MB. ELP1-associated MBs were restricted to the molecular SHHa subtype and were characterized by universal biallelic inactivation of ELP1 due to somatic loss of chromosome 9q. The majority of ELP1-associated MBs exhibited co-occurring somatic PTCH1 (9q22.32) alterations, suggesting that ELP1-deficiency predisposes to tumor development in combination with constitutive activation of SHH signaling. ELP1 is an essential subunit of the evolutionary conserved Elongator complex, whose primary function is to enable efficient translational elongation through tRNAs modifications at the wobble (U34) position. Biochemical, transcriptional, and proteomic analyses revealed that ELP1-associated MBSHH are characterized by a destabilized core Elongator complex, loss of Elongator-dependent tRNA modifications, codon-dependent translational reprogramming, and induction of the unfolded protein response (UPR), consistent with deregulation of protein homeostasis due to Elongator-deficiency in model systems. Our findings suggest that genetic predisposition to proteome instability is a previously underappreciated determinant in the pathogenesis of pediatric brain cancer. These results provide strong rationale for further investigating the role of protein homeostasis in other pediatric and adult cancer types and potential opportunities for novel therapeutic interference.

  Study EGAS00001004126

• Preeclampsia InterPregGen Consortium: Whole Genome Sequencing of 100 unrelated Kazakhs (DNA samples from the Scientific Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Gulnara Svyatova, Principal Investigator

  Whole genome sequencing of 100 unrelated Kazakhs in order to impute genotypes into PE cases and controls from Kazakhstan and to provide genetic data and infrastructure for future genetic studies in Kazakhstan and Central Asia more generally and to fill a gap in worldwide information as Central Asia is not adequately represented in available genomic data. This dataset is one component of the InterPregGen FP7 project. DNA samples for this component were collected by InterPregGen Consortium collaborators at the Scientific Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Almaty, Kazakhstan (Gulnara Svyatova, Principal Investigator)

  Dataset EGAD00001005467

• ERDERA Diagnostic Research Workstream - WES reanalysis (distributed approach)

  The ERDERA Diagnostic Research Workstream – WES reanalysis (distributed approach) aims to improve diagnostic yield by systematically reanalyzing existing whole exome sequencing (WES) data from rare disease cases. The goal is to apply updated bioinformatics pipelines, novel variant interpretation tools, and the latest reference databases to detect clinically relevant variants that may have been missed in earlier analyses. By using a distributed approach across multiple expert groups, the project fosters collaborative interpretation and knowledge sharing to enhance diagnostic outcomes for patients.

  Study EGAS50000001514

• Temporal Lobe Epilepsy and Retrotransposons

  Idiopathic (cryptogenic) epilepsy is a common, chronic group of brain disorders, affecting 1-2% of the US population, creating a significant public health problem because of the associated morbidity and mortality. One subtype of this complex group of brain disorders, temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), is particularly burdensome, because a substantial fraction of patients do not respond to anticonvulsant medications. If the seizure focus can be localized by imaging and/or EEG, the TLE patient often elects to have a partial resection of the affected temporal lobe, because they have daily seizures, despite multiple pharmacotherapy regimens. Although genetic risk is thought to play a role in TLE, identification of common risk alleles has had limited success. In the past 5 years, data have accumulated to prove that neuronal embryogenesis is accompanied by activation of LINE1 (L1) retrotransposons (RTPs) to an unexpected degree, such that developing neurons may accumulate de novo L1 insertions. This results in a substantial mosaicism within populations of CNS neurons. While most of these somatic de novo L1s will have little effect on neuronal function (perhaps because they occur in gene deserts or in large introns or in genes not required for that cell's function), some may interfere with normal neuronal activity because they have inserted into a gene needed by that particular neuron for normal function. If one or more functional de novo L1s occur early in CNS development, all the daughter neurons that derive from that neuronal precursor will also carry the L1 insertion, perhaps leading to a dysfunctional population of neurons destined to become an epileptic focus. This study leveraged CNS tissue (obtained at craniotomy) from patients with intractable TLE, who have undergone a therapeutic partial resection of one temporal lobe. Using fluorescence-assisted cell sorting of temporal lobe neuronal nuclei, followed by high-throughput sequencing and alignment to the reference genome, detection of de novo L1s will be done. In this manner, it is expected that de-novo intragenic L1s, contributing to idiopathic TLE, will be discovered.

  Study phs002067

• Analysis_of_genomic_integrity_of_disease_corrected_human_induced_pluripotent_stem_cells_by_exome_sequencing

  Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells hold great promise for autologous cell transplantation. In order to apply this therapy to monogenic disorder, disease-causing mutations must be corrected prior to transplantation. We generated iPS cells from patients with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, which is caused by homozygous non-synonymous mutation in the SERPINA1 gene. In vitro differentiation of patient-derived iPS cells to hepatocytes showed recapitulation of the disease phenotype. We corrected the mutations by gene targeting using zinc finger nuclease (ZFN) and piggyBac transposon technologies. Our mutation correction is highly accurate. There is no exogenous sequence left behind at the targeted site. The corrected iPS cell-derived hepatocytes were indistinguishable from healthy hepatocyte, suggesting that the corrected gene was fully functional. The genomic integrity was also analyzed by CGH and SNP array, showing no genomic alterations. These are important points to ensure clinical safety as well as functional restoration of the corrected gene. One remaining question is if these corrected iPS cells are clinically safe at the single base-pair level. Recent publications suggested that cancer-related mutations are significantly accumulated during iPS cell propagation. We aim to assess the clinical safety of the corrected iPS cells by using exome sequencing. Outcome from this project would bring iPS cell technology one step closer to clinical applications.

  Study EGAS00001000055

• Digital tEchnology For Lung Cancer Treatment

  The aim of the DEFLeCT project (Digital tEchnology For Lung Cancer Treatment) is to generate a technological platform for precision medicine in order to set predictive personalised algorithms for patient diagnosis and therapy. All resectable patients having histologically confirmed stage IB-IIIA non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC) will be enrolled in the PROMOLE study, a related and ongoing observational prospective clinical study, for tissue sampling. A large biobank of lung cancer samples and the corresponding healthy tissues and biological components (ie, blood, stools, etc.) with complete clinical, pathological and molecular information will be collected. The project will lay the basis of a knowledge hub and qualified technology aimed not only at answering the medical and scientific community's questions, but also meant to be useful to individual patients by predicting the response to adjuvant and second-line drugs in case of relapse of the disease.

  Study EGAS00001007219

• Metagenomic Analysis of the Structure and Function of the Human Gut Microbiota in Crohn's Disease

  Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), such as Crohn's disease, are chronic, immunologically mediated disorders that have severe medical consequences. The current hypothesis is that these diseases are due to an overly aggressive immune response to a subset of commensal enteric bacteria. Studies to date on IBD have suggested that the disorder may be caused by a combination of bacteria and host susceptibility; however the etiologies of these diseases remain an enigma. In this application, we propose to develop and demonstrate the ability to profile Crohn's disease at an unprecedented molecular level by elucidation of specific biomarkers (bacterial strains, genes, or proteins) that correlate to disease symptoms. To achieve this goal, we will employ a multidisciplinary approach based on metagenomic and metaproteomic molecular tools to elucidate the composition of the commensal microbiota in monozygotic twins that are either healthy or exhibit Crohn's disease (for concordant, both are diseased; for discordant, one is healthy and one is diseased). The central hypotheses of this proposal are (1) that specific members and/or functional activities of the gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota differ in patients with Crohn's disease as compared to healthy individuals, and (2) that it will be possible to elucidate microbial signatures which correlate with the occurrence and progression of this disease by integration of data obtained from 16S rRNA-based molecular fingerprinting, metagenomics, and metaproteomics approaches. To address these hypotheses, three specific aims are proposed: 1) Obtain data on community gene content (metagenome) in a subset of healthy twins and twins with Crohn's Disease to assess potential differences in the metabolic capabilities of the gut microbiota associated with CD, 2) Obtain data on community protein content (metaproteome) in a subset of healthy twins and twins with Crohn's Disease to assess the state of expressed proteins associated with CD, 3) Apply various statistical clustering and classification methods to correlate/associate microbial community composition, gene and protein content with patient metadata, including metabolite profiles and clinical phenotype. The ultimate goal of these efforts is to identify novel biomarkers for non-invasive diagnostics of CD and to eventually identify drug targets (i.e. bacterial strains) for cure or suppression of disease symptoms. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: This study aims to unravel the contribution of the bacteria that normally inhabit the human gastrointestinal tract to Crohn's disease by using a multidisciplinary approach to study changes in the structure and function of gut microbial communities in three sets of patient cohorts who have Crohn's disease. These results will be compared with those obtained from the study of healthy individuals and have the potential to identify new biomarkers of disease severity, location, and progression.

  Study phs000257

• Orofacial Pain: Prospective Evaluation and Risk Assessment (OPPERA)

  The OPPERA project has two sub-studies investigating effects of genetic, physiological, psychological and clinical factors on the risk of developing painful temporomandibular disorder (TMD). OPPERA I baseline case-control study of chronic TMJD (dbGaP study accession phs000762). This sub-study uses a case-control study design to investigate characteristics associated with chronic TMD. The parent OPPERA phenotype file contains an indicator variable (PHASE1CASECONTROL) identifying participants in this sub-study. Data users should use the relevant case-classification variable (CHRNONICTMDCASE) and apply statistical methods appropriate for case-control studies when analyzing TMJD in this sub-study. OPPERA I prospective cohort for first onset of TMJD (dbGaP study accession phs000850). This sub-study uses a prospective cohort study design to investigate characteristics that predict risk of developing first-onset TMD. The parent OPPERA phenotype file contains an indicator variable (PROSPECTIVECOHORT) identifying participants in this sub-study. Data users should use the relevant case-classification variable (INCIDENTCASE) and the relevant time-in-study variable (FOLLOWUPYEARS) when analyzing TMJD in this sub-study. It is recommended that data users apply statistical methods appropriate for cohort studies of a dynamic population (for example, Cox regression models, where INCIDENTCASE is the censoring variable and FOLLOWUPYEARS is time in study).

  Study phs000761

• T2D-GENES Consortium: San Antonio Mexican American Family Studies (SAMAFS)

  The Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) Genetic Exploration by Next-generation sequencing in Ethnic Samples (T2D-GENES) Consortium is a collaborative international effort to identify genes influencing susceptibility to type 2 diabetes in multiple ethnic groups using next generation sequencing. To fulfill this objective, T2D-GENES Consortium undertook two large sequencing studies, called T2D-GENES Projects 1 and 2. Project 1 has carried out whole exome sequencing of 12,940 individuals, 6,504 with T2D and 6,436 non-diabetic controls, equally divided among five continental ancestry groups: Europeans, East Asians, South Asians, Hispanic Americans, and African Americans. The goal of Project 1 is to identify all genetic variants in the complete coding regions of the genomes (i.e., whole exome) by sequencing, including rare variants. Project 2 (i.e., SAMAFS substudy 2) is a pedigree-based study designed to identify low frequency or rare variants influencing susceptibility to T2D, using whole genome sequence information from approximately 600 individuals in 20 Mexican American T2D-enriched pedigrees from San Antonio, Texas, augmented with family-based imputation into approximately 440 additional family members. The major objectives of Project 2 are to identify low frequency or rare variants in and around known common variant signals for T2D, as well as to find novel low frequency or rare variants influencing susceptibility to T2D. Both T2D-GENES Projects 1 and 2 involve the San Antonio Mexican American Family Studies (SAMAFS), which are composed of four San Antonio, Texas-based family studies: the San Antonio Family Heart Study (SAFHS), San Antonio Family Diabetes/Gallbladder Study (SAFDGS), Veterans Administration Genetic Epidemiology Study (VAGES), and Family Investigation of Nephropathy and Diabetes - San Antonio (FIND-SA) Component and its extension called the Extended FIND [E-FIND]. The SAFHS and SAFDGS began in 1991 and have followed participants with extensive clinical phenotyping related to T2D for over 20 years. The VAGES was initiated in 1994 and a large battery of T2D-related phenotypic data has been obtained from its participants. The FIND-SA began in 2000, a part of the multicenter FIND study which was designed to identify genetic determinants of diabetic kidney disease; data from its participants related to T2D were used for this project. Non-overlapping subsets of SAMAFS participants are part of the T2D-GENES Projects 1 and 2, henceforth referred to as SAMAFS substudies 1 and 2, respectively. The SAMAFS substudies 1 and 2 are part of one of the five awards funded by NIDDK under a cooperative agreement award mechanism, which is governed by the Steering Committee of the T2D-GENES Consortium. Since Project 1 relies on population based subsets of cases and controls, 491 unrelated participants are drawn from the four SAMAFS as part of the T2D-GENES Project 1 Mexican American sample (i.e., SAMAFS substudy 1). The whole exome sequencing was performed at the Broad Institute. For Project 2, 1048 individuals are drawn from two SAMAFS (SAFHS and SAFDGS), representing 20 large families for substudy 2. The substudy 2 strategy is to sequence approximately 600 individuals at an average of 50x coverage across the entire genome, then impute genome wide genotypes for about 440 additional family members. The 600 sequenced individuals are specifically chosen for their value in imputing sequence information into other family members. By studying large pedigrees, we expect to find multiple individuals carrying each genetic variant, even if this variant is very rare in the population at large. Thus, a pedigree-based approach provides an excellent opportunity for identifying rare novel variants influencing risk of T2D and quantitative variation in T2D-related phenotypes. The whole genome sequencing has been done commercially by Complete Genomics, Inc. (CGI). The available sample of 1,048 includes 5 sequenced individuals who do not belong to any of the 20 large pedigrees. The final family data of 1,043 individuals includes whole genome sequence data for 607 individuals. After quality control, 590 sequenced individuals provide data for family based imputation using Merlin linkage analysis software into approximately 440 additional family members for whom chip based genotypes are available to indicate which parental haplotype is transmitted. The complete SAMAFS data including phenotype, genotype, sequence, other T2D-related trait data utilized for Projects 1 and 2 are available. These data can readily be viewed by clicking on the substudy title shown below or in the box: "Substudies", located on the right hand side of this parent or top study page phs000847.v1.p1, titled T2D-GENES Consortium: San Antonio Mexican American Family Studies (SAMAFS). phs000849 T2D-GENES Project 1: San Antonio Mexican American Family Studies (SAMAFS), Substudy 1: Whole Exome Sequencing phs000462 T2D-GENES Project 2: San Antonio Mexican American Family Studies (SAMAFS), Substudy 2: Whole Genome Sequencing in Pedigrees

  Study phs000847

• Native_American_Ancient_DNA_sequencing

  The morphology of the first humans in the Americas (Paleoamericans) differs from that of Native Americans, and has raised the question of whether or not there are also differences in origin or genetics. A few populations who survived until relatively recently have been suggested to retain Paleoamerican morphology. One of these populations is from La Jolla. Here, we have generated genome sequence data from four La Jolla individuals in order to investigate these questions This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

  Study EGAS00001001802

• The Somatic Mutational Landscape of Thyroid Cancer in Patients with Germline PTEN Mutations

  PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome (PHTS) is associated with a high rate of thyroid cancer and benign thyroid disease, yet nothing is known of the genomic landscape of PHTS-associated thyroid tumors. In this study, exome sequencing was performed on 58 thyroid tumors (28 cancers, 30 benign nodules) from 19 patients with PHTS, sequenced in tumor-normal pairs. Somatic variant calling was utilized to determine the somatic mutational landscape of thyroid tumors in this population. This was then compared to the known mutational landscape of sporadic thyroid cancer in the general population using sequencing data from The Cancer Genome Atlas. The primary finding of the study was that PHTS-associated thyroid tumors had a unique genomic landscape, including a high frequency of second-hit somatic PTEN alterations compared to the sporadic thyroid tumors. Additionally, PHTS-associated thyroid cancers were found to have somatic alterations in BRAF, RAS family members, and genes associated with DNA double stranded break repair. Data available through dbGAP will include tumor BAM files for each tumor, normal BAM files for each patient, and MAF files for PHTS-associated thyroid cancer and PHTS associated benign thyroid nodules.

  Study phs003640

• The ClinSeq Project: Piloting Large-Scale Genome Sequencing for Research in Genomic Medicine

  ClinSeq is a pilot project to investigate the use of whole-genome sequencing as a tool for clinical research. By piloting the acquisition of large amounts of DNA sequence data from individual human subjects, we are fostering the development of hypothesis-generating approaches for performing research in genomic medicine, including the exploration of issues related to the genetic architecture of disease, implementation of genomic technology, informed consent, disclosure of genetic information, and archiving, analyzing, and displaying sequence data. In the initial phase of ClinSeq, we are enrolling roughly 1000 participants; the evaluation of each includes obtaining a detailed family and medical history, as well as a clinical evaluation. The participants are being consented broadly for research on many traits and for whole-genome sequencing. Initially, Sanger-based sequencing of 300-400 genes thought to be relevant to atherosclerosis is being performed, with the resulting data analyzed for rare, high-penetrance variants associated with specific clinical traits. The participants are also being consented to allow the contact of family members for additional studies of sequence variants to explore their potential association with specific phenotypes. Here, we present the general considerations in designing ClinSeq, preliminary results based on the generation of an initial 826 Mb of sequence data, the findings for several genes that serve as positive controls for the project, and our views about the potential implications of ClinSeq. The early experiences with ClinSeq illustrate how large-scale medical sequencing can be a practical, productive, and critical component of research in genomic medicine. Reprinted from Genome Res. 2009 Sep; 19(9): 1665-1674, with permission from Genome Research, PMID: 19602640.

  Study phs000971