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• WGS of 50 Intellectual Disability (ID) trios with Complete Genomics Sequencing. Dataset of sample: BvB60_C

  50 trios were whole genome sequenced with Complete Genomics to a depth of 80x. For each trio the child was affected with severe ID, and the parents were unaffected. All trios were negative for array, targeted gene and whole exome screening. Dataset consists of sample: BvB60_C

  Dataset EGAD00001001775

• WGS of 50 Intellectual Disability (ID) trios with Complete Genomics Sequencing. Dataset of sample: MW14_M

  50 trios were whole genome sequenced with Complete Genomics to a depth of 80x. For each trio the child was affected with severe ID, and the parents were unaffected. All trios were negative for array, targeted gene and whole exome screening. Dataset consists of sample: MW14_M

  Dataset EGAD00001001789

• WGS of 50 Intellectual Disability (ID) trios with Complete Genomics Sequencing. Dataset of sample: MW15_C

  50 trios were whole genome sequenced with Complete Genomics to a depth of 80x. For each trio the child was affected with severe ID, and the parents were unaffected. All trios were negative for array, targeted gene and whole exome screening. Dataset consists of sample: MW15_C

  Dataset EGAD00001001790

• WGS of 50 Intellectual Disability (ID) trios with Complete Genomics Sequencing. Dataset of sample: MW18_C

  50 trios were whole genome sequenced with Complete Genomics to a depth of 80x. For each trio the child was affected with severe ID, and the parents were unaffected. All trios were negative for array, targeted gene and whole exome screening. Dataset consists of sample: MW18_C

  Dataset EGAD00001001793

• WGS of 50 Intellectual Disability (ID) trios with Complete Genomics Sequencing. Dataset of sample: MW47_C

  50 trios were whole genome sequenced with Complete Genomics to a depth of 80x. For each trio the child was affected with severe ID, and the parents were unaffected. All trios were negative for array, targeted gene and whole exome screening. Dataset consists of sample: MW47_C

  Dataset EGAD00001001826

• A study of the molecular pathogenesis of Splenic Marginal Zone and Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma

  We will perform exome sequencing on selected cases of splenic marginal zone lymphoma (SMZL) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) in order to characterise their genetic makeup and identify biomarkers for prognosis and prediction of treatment response.

  Dataset EGAD00001000410

• Somatic pseudogenes acquired during cancer development – Whole Genome sequencing

  Insertion of processed pseudogenes is known to occur in the germline but has not previously been observed in somatic cells. Formation of pseudogenes could represent a new class of mutation in cancers and a new source of potential driver events.

  Dataset EGAD00001000638

• WGS of 50 Intellectual Disability (ID) trios with Complete Genomics Sequencing. Dataset of sample: MW4_M

  50 trios were whole genome sequenced with Complete Genomics to a depth of 80x. For each trio the child was affected with severe ID, and the parents were unaffected. All trios were negative for array, targeted gene and whole exome screening. Dataset consists of sample: MW4_M

  Dataset EGAD00001001834

• WGS of 50 Intellectual Disability (ID) trios with Complete Genomics Sequencing. Dataset of sample: MW20_M

  50 trios were whole genome sequenced with Complete Genomics to a depth of 80x. For each trio the child was affected with severe ID, and the parents were unaffected. All trios were negative for array, targeted gene and whole exome screening. Dataset consists of sample: MW20_M

  Dataset EGAD00001001798

• WGS of 50 Intellectual Disability (ID) trios with Complete Genomics Sequencing. Dataset of sample: MW24_C

  50 trios were whole genome sequenced with Complete Genomics to a depth of 80x. For each trio the child was affected with severe ID, and the parents were unaffected. All trios were negative for array, targeted gene and whole exome screening. Dataset consists of sample: MW24_C

  Dataset EGAD00001001802

• WGS of 50 Intellectual Disability (ID) trios with Complete Genomics Sequencing. Dataset of sample: MW47_F

  50 trios were whole genome sequenced with Complete Genomics to a depth of 80x. For each trio the child was affected with severe ID, and the parents were unaffected. All trios were negative for array, targeted gene and whole exome screening. Dataset consists of sample: MW47_F

  Dataset EGAD00001001827

• WGS of 50 Intellectual Disability (ID) trios with Complete Genomics Sequencing. Dataset of sample: MW46_C

  50 trios were whole genome sequenced with Complete Genomics to a depth of 80x. For each trio the child was affected with severe ID, and the parents were unaffected. All trios were negative for array, targeted gene and whole exome screening. Dataset consists of sample: MW46_C

  Dataset EGAD00001001823

• WGS of 50 Intellectual Disability (ID) trios with Complete Genomics Sequencing. Dataset of sample: MW27_C

  50 trios were whole genome sequenced with Complete Genomics to a depth of 80x. For each trio the child was affected with severe ID, and the parents were unaffected. All trios were negative for array, targeted gene and whole exome screening. Dataset consists of sample: MW27_C

  Dataset EGAD00001001805

• WGS of 50 Intellectual Disability (ID) trios with Complete Genomics Sequencing. Dataset of sample: MW2_F

  50 trios were whole genome sequenced with Complete Genomics to a depth of 80x. For each trio the child was affected with severe ID, and the parents were unaffected. All trios were negative for array, targeted gene and whole exome screening. Dataset consists of sample: MW2_F

  Dataset EGAD00001001812

• Single cell mRNA sequencing of CD11b cells from a primary GBM - SF 10345i

  We collected fresh tissue from an untreated GBM directly from the operating room and subjected the biopsy to single-cell RNA-seq with the fluidigm C1 machine after selection of CD11b+ cells using magnetic beads.

  Dataset EGAD00001003107

• Oxford Human Islet whole genome bisulphite data of 10 human pancreatic islet samples

  DNA from 10 human pancreatic islet samples was processed for Whole-genome Bisulphite Sequencing. The resulting libraries were sequenced on an Illumina Hiseq 2000 to generate 100bp paired-end read data. The resulting fastq.gz and mapped bam files were deposited.

  Dataset EGAD00001003946

• Somatic pseudogenes acquired during cancer development – Whole Exome sequencing

  Insertion of processed pseudogenes is known to occur in the germline but has not previously been observed in somatic cells. Formation of pseudogenes could represent a new class of mutation in cancers and a new source of potential driver events.

  Dataset EGAD00001000637

• WGS of 50 Intellectual Disability (ID) trios with Complete Genomics Sequencing. Dataset of sample: BvB55_F

  50 trios were whole genome sequenced with Complete Genomics to a depth of 80x. For each trio the child was affected with severe ID, and the parents were unaffected. All trios were negative for array, targeted gene and whole exome screening. Dataset consists of sample: BvB55_F

  Dataset EGAD00001001767

• WGS of 50 Intellectual Disability (ID) trios with Complete Genomics Sequencing. Dataset of sample: BvB62_C

  50 trios were whole genome sequenced with Complete Genomics to a depth of 80x. For each trio the child was affected with severe ID, and the parents were unaffected. All trios were negative for array, targeted gene and whole exome screening. Dataset consists of sample: BvB62_C

  Dataset EGAD00001001778

• WGS of 50 Intellectual Disability (ID) trios with Complete Genomics Sequencing. Dataset of sample: MW18_F

  50 trios were whole genome sequenced with Complete Genomics to a depth of 80x. For each trio the child was affected with severe ID, and the parents were unaffected. All trios were negative for array, targeted gene and whole exome screening. Dataset consists of sample: MW18_F

  Dataset EGAD00001001794

• WGS of 50 Intellectual Disability (ID) trios with Complete Genomics Sequencing. Dataset of sample: MW29_C

  50 trios were whole genome sequenced with Complete Genomics to a depth of 80x. For each trio the child was affected with severe ID, and the parents were unaffected. All trios were negative for array, targeted gene and whole exome screening. Dataset consists of sample: MW29_C

  Dataset EGAD00001001808

• WGS of 50 Intellectual Disability (ID) trios with Complete Genomics Sequencing. Dataset of sample: MW3_F

  50 trios were whole genome sequenced with Complete Genomics to a depth of 80x. For each trio the child was affected with severe ID, and the parents were unaffected. All trios were negative for array, targeted gene and whole exome screening. Dataset consists of sample: MW3_F

  Dataset EGAD00001001821

• Germline genome sequencing samples from the Hereditary Cancer Syndromes (ICCon) Cancer Flagship

  A prospective study of individuals with suspicion of a hereditary cancer syndrome for whom previous clinical targeted genetic testing was either not informative or was not available. To identify pathogenic disease-causing variants explaining participant presentation, germline whole-genome sequencing and a comprehensive cancer virtual gene panel analysis were undertaken.

  Dataset EGAD00001011260

• WXS dataset for Unraveling mutagenic processes influencing the tumor mutational patterns of individuals with Constitutional Mismatch Repair Deficiency

  Molecular characterization of 41 tumors from 17 individuals with CMMRD to gain a better understandig of mutational processes driving subsequent tumor development. The molecular characterization includes the investigation of tumor mutational load and mutational signatures.

  Dataset EGAD00001015158

• Targeted-capture sequencing (bam files) of 81 samples of myxofibrosarcoma and 44 matched pairs

  Myxofibrosarcoma (MFS) is a rare subtype of sarcomas in the elderly, whose genetic basis is poorly understood. To elucidate it, the Targeted-capture sequencing was performed.

  Dataset EGAD00001007826

• Timing the Philadelphia chromosome and trajectory to chronic myeloid leukaemia

  We sequence >1000 whole genomes from 9 patients with CML, providing the largest sequencing dataset for this cancer. We reconstruct phylogenetic trees using somatic mutations and infer BCR::ABL1 timing and tumour growth rates. We correlate mutation landscapes and clonal trajectories with clinical features.

  Dataset EGAD00001015353

• MGRB dataset

  This dataset comprises 2570 whole genome sequenced samples from the Medical Genome Reference Bank. https://sgc.garvan.org.au/initiatives/mgrb The files are provided in cram format, aligned to hs37d5 with decoys, with no further processing applied. The dataset also contains phenotype information for each sample.

  Dataset EGAD00001004940

• The transcriptome and DNA methylome profiling of the early human post-implantation embryos

  whole genome sequencing data of parent blood samples. Single cell full-length RNA-seq and PBAT-Seq data of in vitro culture D6 to D14 human embryo.

  Dataset EGAD00001005137

• LINE luminal breast cancer Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Study (2019-08-28)

  A targeted gene screen of 365 known cancer genes in luminal breast cancer samples pre-chemotherapy and at resection post-chemotherapy to evalaute clonal expansion of chemotherapy cancer cells. . This dataset contains all the data available for this study on 2019-08-28.

  Dataset EGAD00001005297

• whole exome sequencing (WES) data of the HIPO head and neck cancer (HNC, n=83)

  Paired whole exome sequencing data of the HIPO head and neck cancer (HNC) (n=83), using Agilent SureSelect V4+UTRs and V6+UTRs with the sequencing platforms HiSeq2000 and HiSeq2500. The reads were aligned to hg19. This is part of project H019.

  Dataset EGAD00001006336

• Small molecule screen reveals synergy of cell cycle checkpoint kinase inhibitors with DNA-damaging chemotherapies in medulloblastoma (methylation dataset)

  human medulloblastoma xenograft isolated from mouse brain was frozen and genomic DNA or RNA was extracted. Bisulfite converted DNA was processed and hybridised to illumina EPIC or 450K arrays using standard protocols. RNAseq was performed on total RNA.

  Dataset EGAD00001006583

• UROMOL 2020 - RNA-seq data validation

  For this project about non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), we analysed total RNA-seq data from 47 patients used for validation. Sequencing of total RNA was performed using KAPA RNA HyperPrep Kit with RiboErase HMR (Roche). RNA input was 100 to 500 ng. The dataset is composed of 94 fastq files.

  Dataset EGAD00001006967

• TF ChIP-seq of human acute leukemias

  CEBPA/PU.1/TCF7 ChIP-seq of 6 primary samples derived from human acute leukemias, namely AML, T-ALL and mixed myeloid/lymphoid leukemias with CpG Island Methylator Phenotype (CIMP). Low-coverage whole genome sequencing (ChIP input) of the same samples is also included as a control to be used in peak calling.

  Dataset EGAD00001015358

• scRNAseq data from ALI cultures of healthy donors and patients with asthma, infected with RSV

  This dataset contains the count matrices and corresponding metadata for our study on bronchial epithelial cells response to RSV in healthy and in asthma. This scRNAseq data is from primary cells, that have been differentiated in ALI cultures and infected with RSV.

  Dataset EGAD00001011264

• Cold Ischemia Study Dataset

  A total of 54 samples derived from 9 patients and frozem in 6 timepoints (T0 - immediately after resection, T1 - 10 minutes after resection, T2 - 20 minutes after resection, T3 - 30 minutes after resection, T4 - 45 minutes after resection, T5 - 60 minutes after resection) to assess the impact of ischemia on gene expression.

  Dataset EGAD00001015661

• OMRF SLEGEN GWAS Data from European-American Women with Lupus

  "Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a common systemic autoimmune disease with complex etiology but strong clustering in families (lambda(S) = approximately 30). We performed a genome-wide association scan using 317,501 SNPs in 720 women of European ancestry with SLE and in 2,337 controls, and we genotyped consistently associated SNPs in two additional independent sample sets totaling 1,846 affected women and 1,825 controls. Aside from the expected strong association between SLE and the HLA region on chromosome 6p21 and the previously confirmed non-HLA locus IRF5 on chromosome 7q32, we found evidence of association with replication (1.1 x 10-7 < P(overall) < 1.6 x 10-23; odds ratio = 0.82-1.62) in four regions: 16p11.2 (ITGAM), 11p15.5 (KIAA1542), 3p14.3 (PXK) and 1q25.1 (rs10798269). We also found evidence for association (P < 1 x 10-5) at FCGR2A, PTPN22 and STAT4, regions previously associated with SLE and other autoimmune diseases, as well as at > or =9 other loci (P < 2 x 10-7). Our results show that numerous genes, some with known immune-related functions, predispose to SLE." Reprinted from Nature Genetics, 2008 Feb; 40(2):204-10, PMID:18204446, with permission from Nature Publishing Group. Data submitted to dbGaP includes 297 samples from Oklahoma. (Please see also Study Accession: phs000216.v1.p1)

  Study phs000202

• Osteosarcoma Genomics

  In this study we attempt to elucidate the genomic characteristics of osteosarcoma. Clinical characteristics 58 tumor / normal pairs from 58 patients were included in the study. Median age at diagnosis was 12 years. 49% of the patients were male and 47% had metastases at diagnosis. 5 year overall survival was 49% for the entire population, 33% for patients with metastatic disease and 64% for patients with localized disease. Patients with metastatic disease at diagnosis had a significantly worse overall survival. All cases except 2 were sporadic and no patients had stigmata of Rothmund-Thomson, Bloom's or Werner's syndromes or Paget's disease. Two familial cases were affected siblings from a family in which there were 2 unaffected parents and 2 unaffected siblings. None of the patients had known Li Fraumeni or hereditary retinoblastoma. Sample Selection and Clinical Data Samples were contributed by hospitals in Brazil, Spain, Mexico and the United States. All patients had histopathology confirmed to be osteosarcoma by a pathologist at the local institution. All but 5 tumor specimens sequenced were obtained pre-chemotherapy from the primary tumor at the time of diagnosis. 2 tumor specimens were obtained pre-chemotherapy from a metastatic tumor at the time of diagnosis. 3 tumor specimens were obtained post-chemotherapy from a metastatic tumor.

  Study phs000699

• The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital Genetics of Congenital Heart Disease (CHD)

  Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common type of birth defect, but the cause for the majority of cardiac birth defects remains unknown. Numerous epidemiologic studies have demonstrated evidence that genetic factors likely play a contributory, if not causative, role in CHD. A few genes have been identified by us and other investigators using traditional genetic approaches, but these genes only account for a small portion of the non-syndromic CHDs. Therefore, we are now utilizing whole exome sequencing (WES) and whole genome sequencing (WGS), with the addition of more traditional genetic techniques such as chromosomal microarray or traditional linkage analysis, to identify genetic causes of familial and isolated CHD. With WES/WGS, we are able to sequence all of the genes of an individual and apply different data analysis techniques based on whether we are analyzing a multiplex family or a cohort of trios (mother, father and child with CHD) with a specific isolated CHD. Therefore, WES/WGS is a robust method for identification of novel genetic causes of CHD, which will have important diagnostic and therapeutic consequences for these children. Subjects provided blood samples, skin biopsy, or saliva samples for DNA extraction and creation of cell lines. Tissue remaining after surgical procedures was also collected. Medical records were searched for detailed phenotype data and subjects were followed longitudinally for outcome.

  Study phs002010

• Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) Control Copy Number Variation (CNV) Study

  We present a database of copy number variations (CNVs) detected in 2,026 disease-free individuals, using high-density, SNP-based oligonucleotide microarrays. This large cohort analyzed for CNVs in a single study using a uniform array platform and computational tools, comprises mainly of Caucasians (65.2%) and African-Americans (34.2%), We have catalogued and characterized 54,462 individual CNVs, 77.8% of which were identified in multiple unrelated individuals. These non-unique CNVs mapped to 3,272 distinct regions of genomic variation spanning 5.9% of the genome; 51.5% of these were previously unreported, and >85% are rare. Our annotation and analysis confirmed and extended previously reported correlations between CNVs and several genomic features such as repetitive DNA elements, segmental duplications and genes. We demonstrate the utility of this data set in distinguishing CNVs with pathologic significance from normal variants. Together, this analysis and annotation provides a useful resource to assist with the assessment of CNVs in the contexts of human variation, disease susceptibility, and clinical molecular diagnostics. The CNV resource is available at: http://cnv.chop.edu. Reprinted from Shaikh T., et al., High-Resolution Mapping and Analysis of Copy Number Variations in the Human Genome: A Data Resource for Clinical and Research Applications Genome Research. 2009, with permission from Genome Research. CHOP CNVs from 2,026 disease-free individuals are available through dbVar at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/dbvar/studies/nstd21.

  Study phs000199

• OncoArray: Follow-up of Ovarian Cancer Genetic Association and Interaction Studies (FOCI)

  The Follow-up of Ovarian Cancer Genetic Association and Interaction Studies (FOCI) was one of five projects funded in 2010 as part of the NCI's Genetic Associations and Mechanisms in Oncology (GAME-ON) initiative (http://epi.grants.cancer.gov/gameon/). FOCI represents a collective effort that builds upon the strengths and history of collaboration inherent in the Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium (OCAC), a multidisciplinary group comprised of epidemiologists, genetic epidemiologists, statistical geneticists, molecular and cell biologists and clinicians that was formed in 2005. The other four funded GAME-ON projects were: the ColoRectal TransdisciplinaryStudy (CORECT), Elucidating Loci Involved in Prostate Cancer Susceptibility (ELLIPSE), Discovery, Biology, and Risk of Inherited Variants in Breast Cancer (DRIVE), and Transdisciplinary Research in Cancer of the Lung (TRICL). As part of our aim to discover, expand, and replicate ovarian cancer susceptibility loci, the GAME-ON projects and other consortia formed the OncoArray network (http://epi.grants.cancer.gov/oncoarray/) to develop and genotype a new custom genotyping array in large numbers of cancer cases and controls (over 400,000 samples) across multiple cancer types. The FOCI data includes over 50,000 ovarian cancer cases and controls genotyped with the Oncoarray at the Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR). Genotype calling and quality control procedures were performed under a standardized protocol across the Oncoarray consortium, and over 490,000 SNPs passed QC and are included under this dbGaP submission.

  Study phs001882

• Genome-Wide Association Study of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia

  Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is an unpredictable, potentially catastrophic adverse effect resulting from an immune response to platelet factor 4 (PF4)/heparin complexes. We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) with positive functional assay as the outcome. Genetic associations were investigated in a cohort of functional assay-confirmed HIT cases, antibody-positive (function assay-negative) controls, and antibody negative controls. Both PF4-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and serotonin release assay (SRA) were positive in every HIT case. GWAS genotyping was performed at the Laboratory for Genotyping Development, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS). All samples in the discovery and replication cohorts were genotyped using the lllumina® Infinium HumanOmniExpressExome BeadChip, which contains 958,497 markers, including 273,000 functional exonic markers. Quality control was accomplished using sample and marker call rate ≥98%, sex mismatch, duplicate concordance, and removal of related samples through identity by descent. Genomic imputation was performed for samples using Minimac4 and the phase3 v5 reference panel data from the 1000 genomes project. The primary GWAS analysis used multivariable logistic regression assuming an additive genetic model with functional assay-confirmed case status as the outcome. Both PF4/heparin antibody negative and antibody positive controls were considered controls in the primary analysis. Logistic regressions were used to generate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) after adjustment for age, sex, and first three principal components.

  Study phs002863

• The neo-open reading frame peptides that comprise the tumor framome are a rich source of neoantigens for cancer immunotherapy

  Identification of immunogenic cancer neoantigens as targets for therapy is challenging. Here, we integrate whole genome and long-read transcript sequencing of cancers to identify the collection of neo-open reading frame peptides (NOPs) expressed in tumors. We termed this collection of NOPs the tumor framome. NOPs represent tumor-specific peptides that are different from wild-type proteins and may be strongly immunogenic. We describe a class of hidden NOPs that derive from structural genomic variants involving an upstream protein coding gene driving expression and translation of non-coding regions of the genome downstream of a rearrangement breakpoint, i.e. where no gene annotation or evidence for transcription exists. The entire collection of NOPs represents a vast number of possible neoantigens particularly in tumors with many structural genomic variants and a low number of missense mutations. We show that NOPs are immunogenic and epitopes derived from NOPs can bind to MHC class I molecules. Finally, we provide evidence for the presence of memory T cells specific for hidden NOPs in peripheral blood from a patient with lung cancer. This work highlights NOPs as a major source of possible neoantigens for personalized cancer immunotherapy and provides a rationale for analyzing the complete cancer genome and transcriptome as a basis for detection of NOPs.

  Study EGAS00001006021

• The Haplotype-Resolved Genome and Epigenome of the Aneuploid HeLa Cancer Cell Line

  The genomic architecture of HeLa remains largely unexplored beyond its karyotype, partly because like many cancers, its extensive aneuploidy renders such analyses challenging. We carried out haplotype-resolved whole-genome sequencing of the HeLa CCL-2 strain, examined point- and indel-mutation variations, mapped copy-number variations and loss of heterozygosity regions, and phased variants across full chromosome arms. We also investigated variation and copy-number profiles for HeLa S3 and eight additional strains. We find that HeLa is relatively stable in terms of point variation, with few new mutations accumulating after early passaging. Haplotype resolution facilitated reconstruction of an amplified, highly rearranged region of chromosome 8q24.21 at which integration of the human papilloma virus type 18 (HPV-18) genome occurred and that is likely to be the event that initiated tumorigenesis. We combined these maps with RNA-seq and ENCODE Project data sets to phase the HeLa epigenome. This revealed strong, haplotype specific activation of the proto-oncogene MYC by the integrated HPV-18 genome approximately 500 kilobases upstream, and enabled global analyses of the relationship between gene dosage and expression. These data provide an extensively phased, high-quality reference genome for past and future experiments relying on HeLa, and demonstrate the value of haplotype resolution for characterizing cancer genomes and epigenomes. Reprinted from Adey et. al. 2013, Nature, with permission from Nature Publishing Group.

  Study phs000642

• Genomic characterization of retinoblastoma (targeted sequencing)

  Retinoblastoma is the most frequent intraocular malignancy in children, originating from a maturing cone precursor in the developing retina. Little is known on the molecular basis underlying the biological and clinical behavior of this cancer. Here, using multi-omics data, we demonstrate the existence of two retinoblastoma subtypes. Subtype 1, of earlier onset, includes most of the heritable forms. It harbors few genetic alterations other than the initiating RB1 inactivation and corresponds to differentiated tumors expressing mature cone markers. By contrast, subtype 2 tumors harbor frequent recurrent genetic alterations including MYCN-amplification. They express markers of less differentiated cone together with neuronal/ganglion cell markers with marked inter- and intra-tumor heterogeneity. The cone dedifferentiation in subtype 2 is associated with stemness features including low immune and interferon response, E2F and MYC/MYCN activation and a higher propensity for metastasis. The recognition of these two subtypes, one maintaining a cone-differentiated state, and the other, more aggressive, associated with cone dedifferentiation and expression of neuronal markers, opens up important biological and clinical perspectives for retinoblastomas. In this study, we performed targeted sequencing of the exonic regions of RB1, BCOR and ARID1A on 37 samples from the series of 102 retinoblastomas. Among them, 23 samples were not subjected to whole-exome sequencing, and 14 samples have the whole-exome sequencing data (deposited in EGAS00001005248).

  Study EGAS00001005550

• Papuan Y chromosome Diversity Panel

  Island Southeast Asia and Oceania host one of the world’s richest assemblages of human phenotypic, linguistic and cultural diversity. Despite this, the region’s male genetic lineages are globally among the last to remain unresolved. We compiled ~9.7 Mb of Y chromosome sequence from a diverse sample of over 380 men from this region, including 152 first reported here. The granularity of this dataset allows us to fully resolve and date the regional Y chromosome phylogeny. This new high-resolution tree confirms two main population bursts: multiple rapid diversifications following the region’s initial settlement ~50 kya, and extensive expansions <6 kya. Notably, ~40-25 kya the deep rooting local lineages of C-M130, M-P256, and S-B254 show almost no further branching events in Island Southeast Asia, New Guinea and Australia, matching a similar pause in diversification seen in maternal mitochondrial DNA lineages. The main local lineages start diversifying ~25 kya, at the time of the Last Glacial Maximum. This improved Y chromosome topology highlights localized events with important historical implications, including pre-Holocene contact between Mainland and Island Southeast Asia, potential interactions between Australia and the Papuan world, and a sustained period of diversification following the flooding of the ancient Sunda and Sahul continents as the insular landscape observed today formed. The high-resolution phylogeny of the Y chromosome presented here thus enables a detailed exploration of

  Study EGAS00001006025

• Human Pancreatic Islet RNAseq - Lund

  Most signals detected by genome-wide association studies map to non-coding sequence and their tissue-specific effects influence transcriptional regulation. However, many key tissues and cell-types required for appropriate functional inference are absent from large-scale resources such as ENCODE and GTEx. We explored the relationship between genetic variants influencing predisposition to type 2 diabetes (T2D) and related glycemic traits, and human pancreatic islet transcription using RNA-Seq and genotyping data from 420 islet donors. We find: (a) eQTLs have a variable replication rate across the 44 GTEx tissues (<73%), indicating that our study captured islet-specific cis-eQTL signals; (b) islet eQTL signals show marked overlap with islet epigenome annotation, though eQTL effect size is reduced in the stretch enhancers most strongly implicated in GWAS signal location; (c) selective enrichment of islet eQTL overlap with the subset of T2D variants implicated in islet dysfunction; and (d) colocalization between islet eQTLs and variants influencing T2D or related glycemic traits, delivering candidate effector transcripts at 23 loci, including DGKB and TCF7L2. Our findings illustrate the advantages of performing functional and regulatory studies in tissues of greatest disease-relevance while expanding our mechanistic insights into complex traits association loci activity with an expanded list of putative transcripts implicated in T2D development.

  Study EGAS00001004042

• Phenotyping data on human pancreatic islets from 191 donors - Lund

  Most signals detected by genome-wide association studies map to non-coding sequence and their tissue-specific effects influence transcriptional regulation. However, many key tissues and cell-types required for appropriate functional inference are absent from large-scale resources such as ENCODE and GTEx. We explored the relationship between genetic variants influencing predisposition to type 2 diabetes (T2D) and related glycemic traits, and human pancreatic islet transcription using RNA-Seq and genotyping data from 420 islet donors. We find: (a) eQTLs have a variable replication rate across the 44 GTEx tissues (<73%), indicating that our study captured islet-specific cis-eQTL signals; (b) islet eQTL signals show marked overlap with islet epigenome annotation, though eQTL effect size is reduced in the stretch enhancers most strongly implicated in GWAS signal location; (c) selective enrichment of islet eQTL overlap with the subset of T2D variants implicated in islet dysfunction; and (d) colocalization between islet eQTLs and variants influencing T2D or related glycemic traits, delivering candidate effector transcripts at 23 loci, including DGKB and TCF7L2. Our findings illustrate the advantages of performing functional and regulatory studies in tissues of greatest disease-relevance while expanding our mechanistic insights into complex traits association loci activity with an expanded list of putative transcripts implicated in T2D development.

  Study EGAS00001004056

• Enrichment of oral-derived bacteria in inflamed colorectal tumors and distinct associations of Fusobacterium in the mesenchymal subtype

  The association between colorectal cancer (CRC) clinical variables and Fusobacterium, but not other intra-tumoral bacteria, has been extensively studied. Here we leveraged whole-transcriptome sequencing from 807 CRC tumor samples from the AVANT phase III trial to dually characterize tumor gene expression and intra-tumoral bacteria. After stringent filtering, 74 high-confidence taxa were identified. 17 of these species, including 4 Fusobacterium spp., were classified as orally-derived and had a robust signal within right-sided, MSI-H, and BRAF mutant tumors. Across consensus molecular subtypes (CMS), integration of Fusobacterium animalis presence and tumor gene expression revealed that F. animalis had the greatest number of associations in mesenchymal CMS4 tumors, despite an overall lower prevalence than in immune CMS1 tumors. Pathway analysis within CMS4 revealed that F. animalis, but not other highly prevalent species, was uniquely associated with pathways for collagen degradation and formation as well as IL-6 and IL-1 cytokine signaling. These associations could explain in part why Fusobacterium has been previously associated with reduced survival in mesenchymal populations. Overall, this study identified oral-derived bacteria, including Fusobacterium, as broadly more prevalent in inflamed CRC tumors compared to the other subtypes, and the association of intra-tumoral bacteria on tumor gene expression is context- and species-specific.

  Study EGAS00001006757

• RNA-sequencing of six Pilocytic astrocytoma tumors

  Pilocytic astrocytoma (PA) is the most common pediatric brain tumor. A recurrent feature of PA is deregulation of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway most often through KIAA1549-BRAF fusion, but also by other BRAF- or RAF1-gene fusions and point mutations (e.g. BRAFV600E). These features may serve as diagnostic and prognostic markers, and also facilitate development of targeted therapy. The aim of this study was to characterize the genetic alterations underlying the development of PA tumor in six cases, and evaluate methods for fusion oncogene detection. Using a combined analysis of RNA sequencing and copy number variation data we identified a new BRAF fusion involving the 5’ gene fusion partner GTF2I (7q11.23), not previously described in PA. The novel GTF2I-BRAF 19-10 fusion was found in one case, while the other five cases harbored the frequent KIAA1549-BRAF 16-9 fusion gene. Comparing fusion detection methods, Fluorescence in situ hybridization with BRAF break apart probe was the most sensitive method for detection of the two different BRAF rearrangements (GTF2I-BRAF and KIAA1549-BRAF). Our finding of a novel BRAF fusion in PA further emphasis the important role of B-Raf in tumorigenesis of these tumor types. Also, the growing list of BRAF/RAF gene fusions suggests these to be informative tumor markers in molecular diagnostics, which could guide future treatment strategies.

  Study EGAS00001002149

• GWAS data on human pancreatic islets from 191 donors - Lund

  Most signals detected by genome-wide association studies map to non-coding sequence and their tissue-specific effects influence transcriptional regulation. However, many key tissues and cell-types required for appropriate functional inference are absent from large-scale resources such as ENCODE and GTEx. We explored the relationship between genetic variants influencing predisposition to type 2 diabetes (T2D) and related glycemic traits, and human pancreatic islet transcription using RNA-Seq and genotyping data from 420 islet donors. We find: (a) eQTLs have a variable replication rate across the 44 GTEx tissues (<73%), indicating that our study captured islet-specific cis-eQTL signals; (b) islet eQTL signals show marked overlap with islet epigenome annotation, though eQTL effect size is reduced in the stretch enhancers most strongly implicated in GWAS signal location; (c) selective enrichment of islet eQTL overlap with the subset of T2D variants implicated in islet dysfunction; and (d) colocalization between islet eQTLs and variants influencing T2D or related glycemic traits, delivering candidate effector transcripts at 23 loci, including DGKB and TCF7L2. Our findings illustrate the advantages of performing functional and regulatory studies in tissues of greatest disease-relevance while expanding our mechanistic insights into complex traits association loci activity with an expanded list of putative transcripts implicated in T2D development.

  Study EGAS00001004044