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• Interplay of somatic alterations and immune infiltration modulates response to PD-1 blockade in advanced clear cell RCC -- CA209-010

  Immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting the PD-1 pathway have transformed the management of many advanced malignancies, including clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), but the drivers and resistors of PD-1 response remain incompletely elucidated. Here, we analyzed 592 tumors collected from advanced ccRCC patients enrolled in prospective clinical trials of treatment with PD-1 blockade (or mTOR inhibition as control arm) by whole-exome and RNA-sequencing, integrated with immunofluorescence analysis, to define the somatic alteration landscape of late-stage ccRCC and to uncover the immunogenomic determinants of therapeutic response. While conventional genomic markers (tumor mutation burden, neoantigen load) and degree of CD8+ T cell infiltration were not associated with clinical response, we discovered numerous chromosomal alterations in advanced ccRCC associated with response or resistance to PD-1 blockade. These advanced tumors were highly CD8+ T cell infiltrated, with only 22% and 5% with an immune desert and immune excluded phenotype, respectively. Our analysis revealed that CD8+ infiltrated tumors are depleted of favorable PBRM1 mutations and are enriched for unfavorable chromosomal losses of 9p21.3 when compared to non-infiltrated tumors. These data demonstrate how the interplay of somatic alterations and immunophenotypes impacts therapeutic efficacy.

  Study EGAS00001004291

• Interplay of somatic alterations and immune infiltration modulates response to PD-1 blockade in advanced clear cell RCC-- CA209-025

  Immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting the PD-1 pathway have transformed the management of many advanced malignancies, including clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), but the drivers and resistors of PD-1 response remain incompletely elucidated. Here, we analyzed 592 tumors collected from advanced ccRCC patients enrolled in prospective clinical trials of treatment with PD-1 blockade (or mTOR inhibition as control arm) by whole-exome and RNA-sequencing, integrated with immunofluorescence analysis, to define the somatic alteration landscape of late-stage ccRCC and to uncover the immunogenomic determinants of therapeutic response. While conventional genomic markers (tumor mutation burden, neoantigen load) and degree of CD8+ T cell infiltration were not associated with clinical response, we discovered numerous chromosomal alterations in advanced ccRCC associated with response or resistance to PD-1 blockade. These advanced tumors were highly CD8+ T cell infiltrated, with only 22% and 5% with an immune desert and immune excluded phenotype, respectively. Our analysis revealed that CD8+ infiltrated tumors are depleted of favorable PBRM1 mutations and are enriched for unfavorable chromosomal losses of 9p21.3 when compared to non-infiltrated tumors. These data demonstrate how the interplay of somatic alterations and immunophenotypes impacts therapeutic efficacy.

  Study EGAS00001004292

• Papuan Y chromosome Diversity Panel

  Island Southeast Asia and Oceania host one of the world’s richest assemblages of human phenotypic, linguistic and cultural diversity. Despite this, the region’s male genetic lineages are globally among the last to remain unresolved. We compiled ~9.7 Mb of Y chromosome sequence from a diverse sample of over 380 men from this region, including 152 first reported here. The granularity of this dataset allows us to fully resolve and date the regional Y chromosome phylogeny. This new high-resolution tree confirms two main population bursts: multiple rapid diversifications following the region’s initial settlement ~50 kya, and extensive expansions <6 kya. Notably, ~40-25 kya the deep rooting local lineages of C-M130, M-P256, and S-B254 show almost no further branching events in Island Southeast Asia, New Guinea and Australia, matching a similar pause in diversification seen in maternal mitochondrial DNA lineages. The main local lineages start diversifying ~25 kya, at the time of the Last Glacial Maximum. This improved Y chromosome topology highlights localized events with important historical implications, including pre-Holocene contact between Mainland and Island Southeast Asia, potential interactions between Australia and the Papuan world, and a sustained period of diversification following the flooding of the ancient Sunda and Sahul continents as the insular landscape observed today formed. The high-resolution phylogeny of the Y chromosome presented here thus enables a detailed exploration of

  Study EGAS00001006025

• scRNA-seq of HGSC tumor and ascites

  Immune regulatory metabolites are key features of the tumor microenvironment (TME), yet with a few notable exceptions, their identities remain largely unknown. We uncovered the immune regulatory metabolic states and metabolomes of sorted tumor and stromal, CD4+, and CD8+ cells from the tumor and ascites of patients with high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC) using high-dimensional flow cytometry and metabolomics supplemented with single cell RNA sequencing. Flow cytometry revealed that tumor cells show a consistently greater uptake of glucose than T cells, but similar mitochondrial activity. Cells within the ascites and tumor had pervasive metabolite differences, with a striking enrichment in 1-methylnicotinamide (MNA) in T cells infiltrating the tumor compared to ascites. Despite the elevated levels of MNA in T cells, the expression of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase, the gene encoding the enzyme that catalyses the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine to nicotinamide, was restricted to fibroblasts and tumor cells. Treatment of T cells with MNA resulted in an increase in T cell-mediated secretion of the tumor promoting cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha. Thus, the TME-derived metabolite MNA contributes to an alternative and non-cell autonomous mechanism of immune modulation of T cells in HGSC. Collectively, uncovering the tumor-T cell metabolome may reveal metabolic vulnerabilities that can be exploited using T cell-based immunotherapies to treat human cancer.

  Study EGAS00001004829

• Bacterial SNPs in the human gut microbiome associate with host BMI

  Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have revolutionized the field of genetics, providing numerous associations between human SNPs and health traits. Likewise, metagenome-wide association studies (MWAS) between bacterial SNPs and human traits can suggest mechanistic links between the microbiota and its host. However, very few such studies have been done to date, in part due to the large number of samples required to address the variable coverage of bacteria across samples and the fact that most bacteria are present in only a subset of the population. Here, we devised an MWAS framework to detect SNPs and associate them with host phenotypes systematically. We recruited and obtained gut metagenomic samples from a cohort of 7,190 healthy individuals and discovered 1,358 statistically significant associations between a bacterial SNP and host body mass index (BMI). To address the possible effects of population structure and linkage disequilibrium, we applied a clumping procedure, and found 40 independent associations between SNPs and host BMI. We uncovered BMI-associated SNPs in the genomes of 27 bacterial species, even though the relative abundance of 12 of these species was not associated with the phenotype. We separated genome-wide sub-species variations from local associations in individual SNPs, and demonstrated how this framework can highlight specific bacterial functions of interest. Our results demonstrate the importance of considering nucleotide-level diversity in microbiome studies and pave the way toward a better understanding of interpersonal gut microbiome differences and their health implications.

  Study EGAS00001007204

• T-VEC CBCL scRNA

  We are presenting raw and processed data of our study where we analyze fine-needle aspirate (FNA) samples of primary cutaneous B-cell lymphoma patients undergoing oncolytic virotherapy (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03458117). We are uploading single cell RNA-sequencing and immune repertoire profiling data of 29 FNA samples from four pCBCL patients. The four patients have three different subtypes of primary cutaneous B-cell lymphoma: pCDLBCL-LT, pCFCL and pCMZL. The samples are taken at different time points following T-VEC injection (from baseline up to 91 days after injection). We are uploading the sequences in BAM format and the outputs of the cellranger pipeline (count matrices and filtered VDJ contigs) in CSV format.

  Dataset EGAD00001006829

• C-MACH reduced-representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS)

  Umbilical cord blood (CB) has been commonly used as an epigenetic surrogate of fetuses. Here, we propose umbilical cord tissue (UC) as an alternative surrogate for epigenetic studies on fetuses. To explore the feasibility to examine UC epigenome by deep sequencing, we determined CpG methylation profiles of human postnatal UC by reduced representation bisulfite sequencing. We compared DNA methylomes between UC and CB. To investigate the effect of folate during pregnancy on fetal DNA methylation, we compared fetal UC DNA methylation between low and high levels of maternal plasma folate. Our study suggests that UC is useful as an alternative surrogate for studying environmental effects on DNA methylation in human fetuses, compensating CB by providing additional information about epigenetic regulation of genes.

  Study JGAS000171

• Multi-region sequencing of RCC with VTT and metastasis using WES and RNAseq

  This dataset contains multi-region sequencing of 16 RCC patients with venous tumor thrombus (VTT), 11 of which were either metastatic on diagnosis or recurred with metastasis. Whole exome sequencing is available for 94 samples across all 16 patients, including 1 matched normal sample per patient, 2-3 primary tumor samples per patient, 1-2 VTT samples per patient, and 0-3 metastasis samples per patient (metastatic lesions were only sampled for 8 of the 11 metastatic patients). RNAseq, generated by exome capture, is available for 67 samples across 12 patients, including 0-1 matched normal samples per patient, 3 primary tumor samples per patient, 0-1 VTT samples per patient, and 0-3 metastasis samples per patient (RNAseq was only available for 4 of the 8 patients from whom metastatic lesions were sampled).

  Dataset EGAD00001008441

• GWAS study on arsenic-exposed population

  Genetic analysis of women from the Andes Mountains that are exposed to arsenic in drinking water.

  Study EGAS00001001168

• MMR (DNA mismatch repair) pathway in human samples

  This data are related to the manuscript by Germano et al. Ms2016-04-06029

  Study EGAS00001002694

• Pulldown_cytosine_deaminases

  We are looking at the causal factors behind hyper-mutator phenotypes found in previous Breast Cancer sequencing studies.

  Study EGAS00001000233

• GOSH_Tumour_Embryology_Paediatric_Behjati_RNA_Managed_Access

  The aim of the study is to study thyroid development and function, and how this is altered in Down Syndrome and Thyroid Cancer.

  Study EGAS00001006737

• Bulk ATAC data

  Bulk ATAC libraries were generated for patient samples A.1, A.3, A.5, A.6, A.7, A.11, A.12, A.13 and A.15. For each patient a library of CD3- cells (myeloid cells, considered tumor cells) and CD3+ cells (T cells, considered healthy) were generated.

  Dataset EGAD00001010188

• Integrated single-cell profiling dissects cell-state-specific enhancer landscapes of human tumor infiltrating T cells.

  Despite extensive studies on the chromatin landscape of exhausted T cells, the transcriptional wiring underlying functional and dysfunctional states of human tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) is incompletely understood. Here, we identify tissue-specific and general gene-regulatory landscapes in the wide breadth of CD8+ TIL functional states covering four cancer entities using single-cell chromatin profiling. We map enhancer-promoter interactions in human TILs by integrating single-cell chromatin accessibility with single-cell RNA-seq data from tumor entity-matching samples and prioritize key elements by super enhancer analysis. Our analysis reveals a human core chromatin trajectory to TIL dysfunction and identifies key enhancers, transcriptional regulators, and deregulated target genes involved in this process. Finally, we validate enhancer regulation at loci encoding PD1, TCF1, and TIM3 by targeting non-coding regulatory elements with potent CRISPR activators and repressors. In summary, our study advances the understanding of molecular regulation of TIL (dys-)function and provides a framework for modulating immunotherapeutic relevant TIL genes via their enhancers.

  Dataset EGAD00001008662

• T-bet+ CXCR3+ B cells drive hyperreactive B-T cell interactions in multiple sclerosis

  Data Access Committee means the following members of the Institute of Experimental Immunology, UZH, and investigators of the publication, to which the Data Access refers and who are responsible for making the data access decisions for the genotype and gene expression generated by UZH or respectively the epigenetic data, which had been generated at Karolinska Institute. Christian Münz, PhD; Co-Director of Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich Roland Martin, MD; Affiliated Group Leader (to Institute Münz) of Institute of Experimental Immunology Institute of Experimental Immunology Ivan Jelcic, PhD, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland Maja Jagodic, PhD, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

  Dac EGAC50000000464

• Bulk RNAseq FASTQ files of three PDAC organoid lines treated with LGK974 or DMSO for 24h

  This dataset contains raw FASTQ files from bulk RNA sequencing of three patient-derived pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) organoid lines (P28, P40, P47). Each organoid line was treated with either the WNT secretion inhibitor LGK974 or DMSO for 24 hours, with three biological replicates per treatment condition. RNA was extracted using the Qiagen QiaSymphony SP system, and libraries were prepared with the Illumina Truseq stranded polyA kit. Sequencing was performed on an Illumina NextSeq2000 platform using single-end 50bp reads. Quality control was conducted with FastQC, and reads were trimmed with TrimGalore as appropriate. Data are controlled-access and intended for transcriptomic analysis of WNT pathway perturbation in PDAC organoid models.

  Dataset EGAD50000002219

• PPGL WES dataset

  Dataset includes fastq files for WES experiments for tumor samples of PPGL patients. Paired end reads fastq files are available for 87 different samples

  Dataset EGAD00001008579

• GWAS and Meta-analysis on Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia in two European Populations

  Summary statistics of a GWAS meta-analysis for frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA). A total of 7,039,930 genotyped and imputed variants were used for 1,044 European severe FFA cases and 4,145 matched population controls.

  Study EGAS00001003460

• COVID-19 Severity of First Wave of Infection for Severe Patients in Madrid

  Through thorough exclusion criteria and deep phenotypic characterisation for a Madrid-based population we intend to find enrichment of gene mutations associated to severity. In addition we will look for statistically overrepresented annotation of particular phenotypes (a controlled vocabulary specifically developed for this project) that associate them to affected genes in our patient sample.

  Study EGAS00001005931

• Women's Environmental Cancer and Radiation Epidemiology (WECARE) Study

  Study population The WECARE Study is an international multicenter population-based case-control study of cases with asynchronous contralateral breast cancer (CBC) and individually matched controls with unilateral breast cancer (UBC). Recruitment and data collection for the WECARE Study were conducted in two phases, herein referred to as WECARE I (2001–2004) and WECARE II (2009–2012). The study design of the first phase (WECARE I) has been described in detail elsewhere [Bernstein JL, et al 2004, PMID: 15084244]; the second phase (WECARE II) employed a nearly identical approach [Langballe R, et al 2016, PMID: 27400983]. Participants in each phase were identified through eight population-based cancer registries, including six in the United States that contribute to the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program: Los Angeles County Cancer Surveillance Program; Cancer Surveillance System of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center (Seattle region, WA); State Health Registry of Iowa; Cancer Surveillance Program of Orange County/San Diego-Imperial Organization for Cancer Control (Orange County/San Diego, CA); the Greater Bay Area Cancer Registry (San Francisco Bay Area region and Santa Clara region, CA); and the Sacramento and Sierra Center Registry (Sacramento region, CA). Participants were additionally identified using the Ontario Cancer Registry (Canada) and the Danish Breast Cancer Cooperative Group Registry, supplemented by data from the Danish Cancer Registry. The study protocol was approved by the institutional review or regulatory ethics boards at each study site. Data collection Study participants were interviewed by telephone using a structured questionnaire aimed at evaluating known or suspected breast cancer risk factors, including personal demographics, medical history, menstrual and reproductive history, family history of cancer, use of hormones, smoking, and alcohol intake. Risk factor status was assessed during the period prior to first diagnosis, as well as between first diagnosis and reference date (i.e., the at-risk period for CBC). Detailed data on treatment and tumor characteristics were obtained directly from cancer registry records or by abstracting medical records, including pathology and surgical reports, radiation oncology clinic notes, and systemic adjuvant treatment data. Complete medical treatment history information was collected, and for all women who received radiotherapy, the radiation dose to the contralateral breast was reconstructed using radiotherapy records and radiation measurements. Biospecimens were collected from study participants for genotyping: blood collected from WECARE I women; and saliva collected from WECARE II women.

  Study phs003945

• Synthetic data - Genome in a Bottle

  In May, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) released its first genome in a bottle, a reference sample of DNA for validating human genome sequences. This so-called truth sequence comes from a decades-old sample donated by a Utah woman for (other) research purposes (NA12878 cell line), which, over the years, has been one of the most studied, and hence best-characterized, human samples. Seeing genomic medicine moving toward mainstream healthcare, researchers at NIST recognized the need for a reference human genome and assembled a private-public consortium in 2012 to create one. As detailed in a 2014 Nature Biotechnology paper (Nat. Biotechnol.32, 246–251, 2014), the group integrated and arbitrated among sequences from 14 data sets, five sequencing technologies, seven read mappers and three variant callers.

  Study EGAS00001005591

• Characterization of Leukemic Stem Cells in DNMT3Amut and NPM1mut AMLs

  Trascriptomic profile of FACS-sorted LSCs from diagnostic DNMT3Amut and NPM1mut AML patients using a novel sorting strategy. Briefly, positive selection for GPR56 and a negative selection for NKG2DLigands were used to enrich for LSCs in both CD34+ and CD34- subpopulations. Primary samples were retrospectively collected based on their mutational profile.

  Study EGAS00001006527

• Intratumoural Heterogeneity Underlies Distinct Therapy Responses and Treatment Resistance in Glioblastoma

  Glioblastomas are the most common and lethal neoplasms of the central nervous system. Neighbouring glioma cells maintain extreme degrees of genetic and phenotypic variation that forms intratumoural heterogeneity. This genetic diversity allows the most adaptive tumour clones to show treatment resistance and conserve the tumour bulk. We aimed to model this phenomenon and test the effectiveness of several targeted therapeutic interventions to overcome therapy resistance. Heterogenic tumour masses were first deconstructed into single tumour cells, which were expanded independently as single-cell clones. SNP arrays, whole-genome and RNA sequencing, and CpG methylation analysis validated the unique molecular profile of each tumour clone, which displayed distinct pathologic features, including cell morphology, growth rate, and resistance to temozolomide and ionizing radiation. We also identified variable sensitivities to AURK, CDK, and EGFR inhibitors, consistent with the heterogenic molecular alterations that each clone harboured. These targeted therapies effectively eliminated the temozolomide- and/or irradiation-resistant clones and also parental polyclonal cells. Our findings indicate that polyclonal tumours create a dynamic environment that consists of diverse tumour elements and treatment responses. Designing targeted therapies based on a range of molecular profiles can be a more effective strategy to eradicate treatment resistance, recurrence, and metastasis.

  Study EGAS00001003438

• Variation and transmission of the human gut microbiota across generations - shotgun data

  Although composition and functional potential of the human gut microbiota evolve over lifespan, kinship has been identified as a key covariate of microbial community diversification. To date, sharing of microbiota features within families has however mostly been assessed between parents and their direct offspring. Here, we investigate potential transmission and persistence of familial microbiome patterns and microbial genotypes in a family cohort (N=102) spanning three to five generations over the same female bloodline. We observe microbiome community composition to be associated with kinship, with seven (low-abundant) genera displaying familial distribution patterns. While kinship and current cohabitation emerged as closely entangled variables, our explorative analyses of microbial genotype distribution and transmission estimates point at the latter as a key covariate of strain dissemination. Highest potential transmission rates are estimated between sisters and mother-daughter pairs, decreasing with increasing daughter’s age, and being higher among cohabiting pairs than those living apart. Although rare, we do detect potential transmission events spanning three and four generations, primarily involving species of the genera Alistipes and Bacteroides. Overall, while our analyses confirm the existence of family-bound microbiome community profiles, transmission or co-acquisition of bacterial strains appears to be strongly linked to cohabitation.

  Study EGAS00001005649

• Variation and transmission of the human gut microbiota across generations - 16S data

  Although composition and functional potential of the human gut microbiota evolve over lifespan, kinship has been identified as a key covariate of microbial community diversification. To date, sharing of microbiota features within families has however mostly been assessed between parents and their direct offspring. Here, we investigate potential transmission and persistence of familial microbiome patterns and microbial genotypes in a family cohort (N=102) spanning three to five generations over the same female bloodline. We observe microbiome community composition to be associated with kinship, with seven (low-abundant) genera displaying familial distribution patterns. While kinship and current cohabitation emerged as closely entangled variables, our explorative analyses of microbial genotype distribution and transmission estimates point at the latter as a key covariate of strain dissemination. Highest potential transmission rates are estimated between sisters and mother-daughter pairs, decreasing with increasing daughter’s age, and being higher among cohabiting pairs than those living apart. Although rare, we do detect potential transmission events spanning three and four generations, primarily involving species of the genera Alistipes and Bacteroides. Overall, while our analyses confirm the existence of family-bound microbiome community profiles, transmission or co-acquisition of bacterial strains appears to be strongly linked to cohabitation.

  Study EGAS00001005651