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• Targeted Sequencing of Human Myeloid Malignancies

  This study involves targeted sequencing of samples from myeloid malignancies at different timepoints to assess clonal evolution of malignancy a. This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

  Dataset EGAD00001002225

• SG10K_Pilot Dataset: Whole genome sequencing data of 4810 individuals from Singapore

  Genomic data obtained from the joint processing and variant calling of 4,810 individuals from Singapore. VCF files are by Chromosome (chr. 1-22 plus X) for all 4,810 individuals. Self-reported ethnicity is found in the "Region" column of metadata file.

  Dataset EGAD00001005337

• Woodcock et al TenMenDeep Study EGA Dataset A

  Woodcock et al TenMenDeep EGA Dataset A. These are Illumina based deep sequencing data based on bait capture sequencing. See Woodcock et al methods for more detail. Note: the Amplicon sequencing data type is selected because the EGA Website currently has no option to select Bait Capture Sequencing or similar.

  Dataset EGAD00001005381

• Woodcock et al TenMenDeep Study EGA Dataset B

  Woodcock et al TenMenDeep EGA Dataset B. These are Illumina based deep sequencing data based on bait capture sequencing. See Woodcock et al methods for more detail. Note: the Amplicon sequencing data type is selected because the EGA Website currently has no option to select Bait Capture Sequencing or similar.

  Dataset EGAD00001005382

• WGS of human colorectal cancer organoid exposed to genotoxic pks+ E. coli

  Organoid cultures were exposed to two different E.Coli strains and a dye control with three biological duplicates. Their original culture was harvested as a control. In total 10 organoid cultures were whole-genome sequenced using the Novaseq6000 platforms. The data is deposited as .bam format.

  Dataset EGAD00001005416

• Whole genome sequencing of Cas9 repaired cystic fibrosis organoids description

  Three SpCas9-ABE (R785X/R785X) and three xCas9-ABE-repaired organoid clones (F508del/R553X) and their respective unrepaired control organoids were paired-end whole genome sequenced using Illumina Novaseq 6000 system. The reads were mapped to hg19 genome assembly and data is provided as BAM files.

  Dataset EGAD00001005427

• GATCI whole genome sequence data

  Sequence data in fastq format was aligned to the GRCh38 reference genome with BWA-MEM. Aligned sequence was preprocessed with GATK for Indel Realignment and Base Quality Score Recalibration. Duplicates were marked with Picard Mark Duplicates. Aligned sequence is in bam format. Details of the alignment can be found in the bam header

  Dataset EGAD00001005914

• RNAseq and genotypes from pancreatic islets (InsPIRE study).

  This is the data from the eQTLs InsPIRE study. This dataset includes RNAseq and genotypes from pancreatic islets and FAC sorted beta-cells, as well as RPKM values, covariates and cell count estimates.

  Dataset EGAD00001006149

• Total RNAseq in the sporadic ALS and healthy control motor cortex

  The motor cortex is the earliest affected brain region in ALS. This dataset contains total RNA sequencing (stranded, 2x101bp) data derived from the motor cortex of 11 sporadic ALS patients and 8 healthy controls.

  Dataset EGAD00001006022

• Shallow whole genome sequencing from plasma DNA of BC, CRC and NSCLC patients

  This is the raw data obtained from shallow whole-genome sequencing of plasma DNA (plasma-Seq) for calling of somatic copy number alterations as well as focal amplifications and deletions from patients with breast, colorectal and non-small cell lung cancer.

  Dataset EGAD00001006288

• WGS of off-target analysis of prime editing in organoids

  Five edited and two unedited organoid clones with one clone prior to editing were paired-end whole genome sequenced using Illumina Novaseq 6000 system. The reads were mapped to hg38 genome assembly and data is provided as BAM files.

  Dataset EGAD00001007744

• Whole Exome Sequencing of a Chinese Cataract Girl

  Whole exome sequencing of a Chinese girl with congenital cataract. The dataset contains one sample with two fastq files. The novel PAX6 mutation (c.221G>A) is associated with congenital cataract, and the WFS1 mutation (c.2070_2079del) interactively aggravates this process.

  Dataset EGAD00001008267

• RNA sequencing of T-LGLL patients

  RNA sequencing was performed on 15 T-LGLL patients and five control samples. The raw data is provided as fastq files.

  Dataset EGAD00001008408

• scRNAseq/snucRNAseq of human implantation sites, placenta and decidua

  This dataset is part of a study that aims to provide a spatially resolved single-cell multiomics map of human trophoblast differentiation in early pregnancy. This dataset contains snucRNAseq; from three human implantation sites (between 8 and 12 post-conceptional weeks, PCW) from medical hysterectomies.

  Dataset EGAD00001010037

• Multiomic snRNAseq/snATACseq of human implantation sites, placenta and decidua

  This dataset is part of a study that aims to provide a spatially resolved single-cell multiomics map of human trophoblast differentiation in early pregnancy. This dataset contains 10x multiome snRNA-seq/snATAC-seq from human implantation sites, decidual and placental samples from 8-9 PCW.

  Dataset EGAD00001010038

• Mixture of 2

  Mixture of 2 unrelated individuals sequenced by 10x as a scRNA-seq. The dataset was then processed by Cell Ranger and deconvoluted to yield each individuals genetic profile. The clustering of SNPs is submitted as the processed file. The Sequencing fastqs are submitted as unprocessed files.

  Dataset EGAD00001008726

• Saliva microbiota and STI

  Excess sugar consumption is common among youth and can have adverse health effects. However, the relationship between saliva microbiota and sugar consumption remains sparsely studied. We aimed to explore diversity, composition and functional capacities of saliva microbiota in 11–13-year-old Finnish children with low and high sweet treat consumption.

  Dataset EGAD00001008780

• MutaSeq data for A.10-12

  MutaSeq was applied to CD34+ cells from patient samples A.10, A.11 and A.12 of the study. The protocol followed is described in https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21650-1 and in the methods of the manuscript

  Dataset EGAD00001010189

• Single cell TotalSeqC protein data of 20 PMBC pools of HCC patients

  Single cell TotalSeqC protein data serial peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples taken from advanced HCC patients. TotalSeqC is available for 41 out of 72 PBMC samples included in the study, and were combined into 20 pools.

  Dataset EGAD00001011346

• Viral Respiratory Pathogens Genetics

  The overall purpose of this study is to investigate the host genetic factors in response to influenza virus infection, with the focus on influenza vaccination in the first substudy "Adult Influenza Vaccine Genetics" and with the focus on influenza natural infection and other acute respiratory infections (ARIs) in the second substudy "Acute Viral Respiratory Infection Genetics". In the first substudy, healthy adults were enrolled in 2008 (male cohort) and 2010 (female cohort) and immunized with seasonal influenza vaccine. In the second substudy, healthy adults were invited to enroll to be followed for acute respiratory illness through two consecutive influenza seasons 2009-2010 and 2010-2011. Peripheral blood genomic DNA samples were collected from all the subjects, and time-series RNA and serum samples were obtained pre- and post- immunization/infection. Genotyping was carried out on peripheral blood genomic DNA samples using Illumina HumanOmniExpress-12 v1 arrays. Peripheral blood RNA samples obtained at each visit were analyzed using Illumina Human HT-12 (for all the samples) and HiSeq 2000 (for 130 samples in the "Acute Viral Respiratory Infection Genetics" study). Serum specimens were tested using hemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) antibody assay for Influenza H1N1, H3N2, and Influenza B strains. A detailed description of each substudy is provided under their own pages below and via the grouping tool in the right-hand box: phs000635 Adult Influenza Vaccine Genetics phs001031 Acute Viral Respiratory Infection Genetics

  Study phs001030

• NHLBI and NIA The New England Centenarian Study (NECS)

  Supercentenarians (age 110+ years old) generally delay or escape age-related diseases and disability well beyond the age one hundred and this exceptional survival is likely to be influenced by a genetic predisposition that includes both common and rare genetic variants. In this report, we describe the complete genomic sequences of male and female supercentenarians, both age >114 years old. We show that: (1) the sequence variant spectrum of these two individuals' DNA sequences is largely comparable to existing non-supercentenarian genomes; (2) the two individuals do not appear to carry most of the well-established human longevity enabling variants already reported in the literature; (3) they have a comparable number of known disease-associated variants relative to most human genomes sequenced to date; (4) approximately 1% of the variants these individuals possess are novel and may point to new genes involved in exceptional longevity; and (5) both individuals are enriched for longevity-associated variants that we discovered through a large genome-wide association study. These analyses suggest that there are both common and rare longevity associated variants that may counter the effects of disease predisposing variants and extend lifespan. The continued analysis of the genomes of these rare individuals who have survived to extremely old ages should provide insight into the processes that contribute to the maintenance of health during extreme ageing.

  Study phs000451

• North Carolina Clinical Genomic Evaluation by NextGen Exome Sequencing (NCGENES)

  North Carolina Clinical Genomic Evaluation by Next-generation Exome Sequencing This study is part of a larger consortium project investigating the validity and best use of next-generation sequencing (in particular, whole exome sequencing, or WES) in clinical care. Participants are patients who were either seen in the UNC Cancer and Adult Genetics Clinic or referred to the study by their physician. They will be approached by their physician or a genetic counselor for recruitment. Once enrolled, a clinical geneticist or genetic counselor will obtain consent and collect blood samples to be analyzed using WES. Results may include information related to a diagnosis and incidental information. Medically actionable incidental findings will be CLIA-certified and returned to participants in a routine genetic counseling session, along with diagnostic findings. Eligible adult participants will be randomized to have the opportunity to choose to get certain types of non-medically actionable incidental findings, as well. Their decisions will be investigated, as will psychosocial and behavioral responses to sequencing and receiving sequencing information. This is a longitudinal, mixed methods study (i.e., multiple assessments pre- and post-return of results, with both quantitative and qualitative methods used to gather data). Because only the quantitative component of the study uses randomization, only measures and procedures associated with that component are included here. The third study release includes data of additional n=189 subjects.

  Study phs000827

• GWAS in African Americans, Latinos and Japanese

  The Multiethnic Cohort Study is a population-based prospective cohort study (n=215,251) that was initiated between 1993 and 1996 and includes subjects from various ethnic groups - African Americans and Latinos primarily from Californian (great Los Angeles area) and Native Hawaiians, Japanese-Americans, and European Americans primarily from Hawaii. State drivers' license files were the primary sources used to identify study subjects in Hawaii and California. Additionally, in Hawaii, state voter's registration files were used, and, in California, Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) files were used to identify additional African American study subjects. In the cohort, incident cancer cases are identified annually through cohort linkage to population-based cancer Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registries in Hawaii and Los Angeles County as well as to the California State cancer registry. Information on estrogen receptor status is also obtained through these registries. Blood sample collection in the MEC began in 1994 and targeted incident breast cancer cases and a random sample of study participants to serve as controls for genetic analyses. Subjects are frequency matched on age at blood draw and ethnicity. The following number of breast cancer cases and controls were genome-wide scanned as part of this study: African Americans, 473 cases and 464 controls; Japanese: 885 cases and 822 controls; Latinos, 520 cases and 544 controls.

  Study phs000517

• The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital Genetics of Congenital Heart Disease (CHD)

  Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common type of birth defect, but the cause for the majority of cardiac birth defects remains unknown. Numerous epidemiologic studies have demonstrated evidence that genetic factors likely play a contributory, if not causative, role in CHD. A few genes have been identified by us and other investigators using traditional genetic approaches, but these genes only account for a small portion of the non-syndromic CHDs. Therefore, we are now utilizing whole exome sequencing (WES) and whole genome sequencing (WGS), with the addition of more traditional genetic techniques such as chromosomal microarray or traditional linkage analysis, to identify genetic causes of familial and isolated CHD. With WES/WGS, we are able to sequence all of the genes of an individual and apply different data analysis techniques based on whether we are analyzing a multiplex family or a cohort of trios (mother, father and child with CHD) with a specific isolated CHD. Therefore, WES/WGS is a robust method for identification of novel genetic causes of CHD, which will have important diagnostic and therapeutic consequences for these children. Subjects provided blood samples, skin biopsy, or saliva samples for DNA extraction and creation of cell lines. Tissue remaining after surgical procedures was also collected. Medical records were searched for detailed phenotype data and subjects were followed longitudinally for outcome.

  Study phs002010

• Genomics of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

  Despite the growing incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) due to increased hepatitis C virus infection and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in Western populations, the genetic determinants of this cancer have yet to be established. A minority (15-20%) of HCC occurs in livers without cirrhosis or other chronic disease. Because the liver is functionally preserved in these patients and surgical resection of the tumor may be performed safely, and because of the scarcity of livers available for transplantation, non-cirrhotic patients undergo surgical resection for HCC treatment. These resected tumors present investigatory opportunities in two ways: First, they provide tumor specimen which have not been treated with chemotherapy and embolization. Second, the absence of cirrhosis may provide an unconfounded background from which to investigate the genetic tumorigenesis of HCC. In livers with cirrhosis, genetic instability is prevalent as assessed by assays for microsatellite instability, loss of heterozygosity and aberrant DNA methylation. In contrast, in livers without cirrhosis, the non-tumor tissue surrounding HCC have been found to have fewer genetic aberrations. It has been postulated that the pathologic process of cirrhosis may result in the accumulation of many "passenger"; as well as "driver" mutations, and that the examination of the HCC cancer genome may be facilitated in non-cirrhotic livers because of the absence of an accumulated background noise of mutations.

  Study phs001106

• Genetic Epidemiology of Refractive Error in the KORA (Kooperative Gesundheitsforschung in der Region Augsburg) Study

  KORA ("Kooperative Gesundheitsforschung in der Region Augsburg" which translates as "Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg") is a population based study of adults randomly selected from 430,000 inhabitants living in Augsburg and 16 surrounding counties in Germany. The collection was done in 4 separate groups from 1984-2001 (S1-S4). One of the KORA groups, S3/F3, will be utilized for our GWAS because it is the only group with refractive error (RE) measurements. Consequent to informed consent, each of the surveys sampled subjects from ten strata according to age (range 25-74 years) and sex (equal ratio) with a minimum stratum size of > 400 subjects. In the KORA S3 study 4,856 subjects were studied between 1994 and 1995, and 3,006 individuals from S3 returned for follow up between 2003 and 2005 (S3/F3). For this refractive error study, we are including 1,981 subjects from S3/F3 (mean age 55.7, range 35-84). For each subject, eyeglass prescriptions were measured in addition to an evaluation by the Nikon Retinomax. Subjects with predisposing medical conditions, i.e., connective tissue disorders, and ocular conditions i.e., cataract and corneal opacities, that might predispose them to refractive error will not be included for genotyping. Whole genome association genotyping will be performed to determine common alleles that contribute to the variation of the quantitative trait of refractive error.

  Study phs000303

• Whole exome and transcriptome analysis of UV-exposed epidermis and carcinoma in situ reveals early drivers of carcinogenesis

  Squamous cell carcinoma in situ (SCCIS) is a prevalent precancerous lesion that can progress to cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). Although SCCIS is common, its pathogenesis remains poorly understood. To better understand SCCIS development, we performed laser-captured microdissection of human SCCIS and adjacent epidermis to isolate genomic DNA and RNA for next generation sequencing. Whole exome sequencing (WES) identified UV-signature mutations in multiple genes including Notch 1-3 (GeneID:4851, GeneID:4853, GeneID:4854) in the epidermis and SCCIS and oncogenic TP53 (GeneID:7157) mutations in SCCIS. Novel gene families, including SCHLAFEN genes, contained UV/oxidative-signature disruptive (UVD) epidermal mutations that manifested positive selection in SCCIS. The frequency and distribution of NOTCH and TP53 mutations indicate that NOTCH mutations may precede TP53 mutations. RNA sequencing identified 1166 differentially expressed genes; the top 5 enriched GO biological processes included: 1) immune response, 2) epidermal development, 3) protein phosphorylation, 4) regulation of catalytic activity, and 5) cytoskeletal regulation. The NEURL1 ubiquitin ligase, which targets Notch ligands for degradation, was upregulated in SCCIS. Neuralized 1 protein was found to be elevated in SCCIS suggesting that increased levels could represent a novel mechanism for downregulating Notch during UV-induced carcinogenesis. The data from DNA and RNA sequencing of epidermis and SCCIS provide insights regarding SCCIS formation.

  Study phs002019

• PGRN-RIKEN: Genetic Determinants of Clinical Cardiovascular Events in Patients Receiving Statins

  Coronary heart disease (CHD) is an important public health problem in developed countries. Statins are effective in the prevention and treatment of CHD; nevertheless, many patients receiving statins still suffer cardiovascular events (CV) such as heart attack. Identifying genetic variants responsible for differential clinical responses to statins will not only allow individual patients at high residual risk to be targeted for additional therapies, but also will define new biologic pathways contributing to statin response, and thus new targets for future therapies. Accordingly, the goal of this study is to identify genetic variants associated with clinical CV in patients receiving statins. Subjects identified for study are of European descent and include 1718 subjects with CV while on statins (cases) and 4172 subjects without CV while on statins (controls). Key research resources utilized in this effort include VanderbiltD's BioVU DNA databank and associated Synthetic Derivative database of clinical information, and software tools developed to identify drugs and clinical events using Electronic Health Record-derived structured and unstructured ("free text") data. Most cases and controls identified include three data types: ICD-9 codes, medication regimens, and medical test results. Genotyping, using IlluminaD's Infinium HumanOmniExpressExome BeadChip (OmniExpressExome), was performed by the RIKEN Integrative Medical Sciences Center (IMS) and supported by the Pharmacogenomics Research Network (PGRN)-RIKEN IMS Global Alliance.

  Study phs000963

• Large Scale Genotyping of Psychiatric Disorders

  Psychiatric disorders cause enormous human suffering and cost to society. The goal of this project is to elucidate the genetics of psychiatric disorders through a large consortium effort and genome-wide genotyping. The Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) (https://www.med.unc.edu/pgc) is an international consortium to pursue genome-wide analyses of common psychiatric disease. The PGC was founded in 2007 to unite investigators from around the world to conduct mega-analyses of individual genome-wide genotype data for schizophrenia (SCZ), bipolar disorder (BIP), autism (AUT), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and major depressive disorder (MDD). Subsequently, the PGC has expanded to include Tourette syndrome (TS), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), eating disorders (ED), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and substance abuse (SUD). The PGC partnered with Illumina to develop the PsychChip, a custom GWAS array aimed at capturing common variation genome-wide for imputation, rare coding variation drawn from the exome chip and dense genotypes for loci with suggestive evidence for association across the initial PGC analyses of SCZ, MDD, BPD, ASD and ADHD. Samples (cases, controls, and families) were collected from Institutional Review Board-approved protocols that aim to study the genetics of psychiatric disorders. Genome-wide genotyping was performed at the Broad Institute (Cambridge, MA, USA) and the Mount Sinai School of Medicine Friedman Brain Institute (New York, NY, USA) using the PsychChip or Exome Chip.

  Study phs001413

• Assessment of Neurological Deterioration in Subjects with Late Infantile Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis

  Late infantile ceroid lipofuscinosis (LINCL) is a rare, rapidly progressing lysosomal storage disease resulting from mutations in the CLN2 gene that lead to deficiency in the lysosomal protease tripeptidyl peptidase I (TPP-I). The symptoms are largely neurological with onset at 2-4 years age with progression to death at age 8-12 yrs. The rareness of the disease and the likelihood of non-uniform progression depending on genotype together limit the data available regarding the natural history of disease progression. Current neurological rating scales are used to give an overall quantitative description of the disease but the categories are generally broad and imprecise. With that background, the primary focus of this study is to use clinical rating scales and magnetic resonance imaging methods to define the natural history of LINCL and to provide objective and sensitive surrogates for neurological status and the impact of experimental treatments in children with LINCL. Together these parameters will be applicable to future clinical studies of novel therapies for LINCL and should be transferrable to other neurological lysosomal storage diseases. Subjects will be assessed at 2 visits separated by ≥1 yr. Brain morphometry, water self-diffusion coefficients and spectroscopic data will be obtained via magnetic resonance. Resulting MRI biomarkers will be compared with neurological assessment of disease severity using the Weill-Cornell LINCL rating scale.

  Study phs001575

• An Advanced Molecular Medicine Case Report of a Rare Human Tumor Using Genomics, Pathomics, and Radiomics

  The associated data of this study is derived from a single female patient with pulmonary sclerosing pneumocytoma (PSP). The aim of this study is to provide the most comprehensive, multi-modality sequencing study of a single case of PSP to-date. To this end, the following sequencing experiments were performed: i) RNA-Seq of the primary tumor and adjacent normal tissues (6 replicates for each tissue type), which was intended to analyze RNA-Seq fusions, gene expression, expression mutations, ii) low-pass DNA whole genome sequencing (WGS) from primary tumor tissue and germline, which was intended to analyze copy number aberrations, and iii) DNA targeted panel sequencing of lung cancer associated genes, using primary tumor tissue and germline from white blood cells, which was intended to analyze somatic mutations. Principal findings: i) the PSP hallmark mutation AKT1 (p.E17K) was detected within both the DNA and RNA, and ii) the TP53 signaling pathway was found to be statistically significant by three different pathway analysis tools of analyzing gene expression and pathway ramifications. Among proteins within the TP53 signaling pathway, the p53 inhibitor encoded by MDM2 was found to be overexpressed (by differential gene expression analysis). The original sequencing data (i.e., FastQ files) from each of the aforementioned samples will be accessible through dbGaP.

  Study phs003154

• NHLBI TOPMed: Genome-Wide Association Study of Adiposity in Samoans

  The individuals sequenced here represent a small subset of the parent study (described below) and were carefully selected for the purpose of creating a Samoan-specific reference panel for imputation back into the parent study. The INFOSTIP algorithm of Gusev et. al. (2012) (PMID: 22135348) was used to optimally choose the individuals for sequencing. The research goal of the parent study (dbGaP ID phs000914) is to identify genetic variation that increases susceptibility to obesity and cardiometabolic phenotypes among adult Samoans using genome-wide association (GWAS) methods. DNA from peripheral blood and phenotypic information were collected from 3,119 adult Samoans, 23 to 70 years of age. The participants reside throughout the independent nation of Samoa, which is experiencing economic development and the nutrition transition. Genotyping was performed with the Affymetrix Genome-Wide Human SNP 6.0 Array using a panel of approximately 900,000 SNPs. Anthropometric, fasting blood biomarkers and detailed dietary, physical activity, health and socio-demographic variables were collected. We are replicating the GWAS findings in an independent sample of 2,500 Samoans from earlier studies. After replication of genomic regions and informative SNPs in those regions, we will determine sequences of the important genes, and determine the specific genetic variants in the sequenced genes that are associated with adiposity and related cardiometabolic conditions. We will also identify gene by environment interactions, focusing on dietary intake patterns and nutrients.

  Study phs000972

• ApoA-1 and Atherosclerosis in Psoriasis

  Apolipoprotein A-1 is a protein localized to high-density lipoprotein that functions to remove cholesterol from tissues for transport back to the liver. Psoriasis is a systemic inflammatory disease associated with poor high-density lipoprotein function and accelerated non-calcified burden by coronary computed tomographic angiography. In this study, 310 psoriasis patients from The Psoriasis, Atherosclerosis, and Cardiometabolic Disease Initiative (PACI) were studied at baseline to determine if levels of circulating apolipoprotein A-1 predict early onset coronary artery disease in inflammatory conditions. Of the 310 participants, 124 were followed for four years to determine if apolipoprotein A-1 predicts non-calcified coronary burden over time. The primary outcome of this study was non-calcified coronary burden by coronary computed tomography angiography. To assess non-calcified coronary burden, participants underwent coronary computed tomography angiography using the same scanner (320-detector row Aquilion ONE ViSION, Toshiba, Japan). For ApoA-1 quantification, fasting blood draw was performed the same day as the coronary computed tomography angiography. The 400MHz proton Vantera Clinical Analyzer was used to quantify Plasma apolipoprotein A-1. The study determined that low levels of apolipoprotein A-1 are associated with increased coronary artery burden and that this relationship persists over time. The data are available through dbGaP and the dataset includes all variables reported in the manuscript.

  Study phs003231

• INSIGHT (Intervention Nurses Start Infants Growing on Healthy Trajectories) Cohort

  This is a study of the biological risk factors for children enrolled in the INSIGHT (Intervention Nurses Start Infants Growing on Healthy Trajectories) study. INSIGHT is a randomized, controlled trial testing a responsive parenting intervention designed for the primary prevention of childhood obesity against a safety control. These first-born children were deeply studied in this time period with data collected on a wide variety of variables including mode of delivery, gender, weight and height (collected at 7 time points), medication usage, diet information, and maternal health information (gestational weight gain, gestational diabetes, smoking during pregnancy). This study includes a survey of the oral and gut microbiota from 226 mother-child dyads. It was designed to investigate the relationship between a cross-sectional view of the child's microbiome (at two years of age) and the patterns of growth between birth and 2 years. Microbiome samples from children (buccal swab and stool sample) and their mothers (buccal swab) are collected at the children's 2-year clinical research visit. Stool metabolites have also been assayed for a subset of the 226 children using 1H-NMR. Additionally, we genotyped the same individuals for SNPs across the genome. For a subset of 48 individuals we have added second-born siblings. For these additional 48 children, we characterized the methylation pattern across the genome using cord blood and placenta samples.

  Study phs001498

• Collection: Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL)

  The Hispanic Community Health Study / Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) is a multi-center epidemiologic study in Hispanic/Latino populations to determine the role of acculturation in the prevalence and development of disease, and to identify risk factors playing a protective or harmful role in Hispanics/Latinos. The study is sponsored by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) and six other institutes, centers, and offices of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The goals of the HCHS/SOL include studying the prevalence and development of disease in Hispanics/Latinos, including the role of acculturation, and identifying disease risk factors that play protective or harmful roles in Hispanics/Latinos. A total of 16,415 persons of Cuban, Dominican, Mexican, Puerto Rican, Central American, and South American backgrounds were recruited through four Field Centers affiliated with San Diego State University, Northwestern University in Chicago, Albert Einstein College of Medicine in the Bronx area of New York, and the University of Miami. Seven additional academic centers serve as scientific and logistical support centers. Study participants aged 18-74 years took part in an extensive clinic exam and assessments to ascertain socio-demographic, cultural, environmental and biomedical characteristics. Annual follow-up interviews are conducted to determine a range of health outcomes.To request access to this collection, select phs003650 in the dbGaP when submitting a data access request.

  Study phs003650

• The Bangladesh Environmental Enteric Dysfunction (BEED) Study

  Environmental enteric dysfunction (EED), a sub-acute inflammatory condition of the small intestinal mucosa of unclear etiology, has been associated with a variety of environmental exposures and host factors and is implicated in growth faltering. Linear growth faltering usually occurs within the first two years of life and in most of the cases is irreversible demanding early diagnosis for treatment to be successful. The objectives of 'The Bangladesh Environmental Enteric Dysfunction Study (BEED)' are to investigate role of EED in malnutrition, examine the biology of EED to identify common biological pathways for potential interventions, to validate a system for histological scoring for EED and test the effectiveness of nutritional interventions in improving the growth parameters in children with stunting and or EED. In Bangladesh, participants are recruited from two age groups; a child cohort and a malnourished an adult cohort. In addition, two control groups are recruited for comparison consisting of a) children that are undergoing endoscopy as a part of their clinical care at the University of Virginia Health system (UVAHS) and b) an adult well-nourished control group recruited from the Gastroenterology Outpatient Department of Dhaka Medical College and Hospital in Bangladesh. The description of the study design and procedures of the study can be obtained from Mahfuz M, Das S, Mazumder RN, et al., 2017, PMID: 28801442.

  Study phs001891

• The Haplotype-Resolved Genome and Epigenome of the Aneuploid HeLa Cancer Cell Line

  The genomic architecture of HeLa remains largely unexplored beyond its karyotype, partly because like many cancers, its extensive aneuploidy renders such analyses challenging. We carried out haplotype-resolved whole-genome sequencing of the HeLa CCL-2 strain, examined point- and indel-mutation variations, mapped copy-number variations and loss of heterozygosity regions, and phased variants across full chromosome arms. We also investigated variation and copy-number profiles for HeLa S3 and eight additional strains. We find that HeLa is relatively stable in terms of point variation, with few new mutations accumulating after early passaging. Haplotype resolution facilitated reconstruction of an amplified, highly rearranged region of chromosome 8q24.21 at which integration of the human papilloma virus type 18 (HPV-18) genome occurred and that is likely to be the event that initiated tumorigenesis. We combined these maps with RNA-seq and ENCODE Project data sets to phase the HeLa epigenome. This revealed strong, haplotype specific activation of the proto-oncogene MYC by the integrated HPV-18 genome approximately 500 kilobases upstream, and enabled global analyses of the relationship between gene dosage and expression. These data provide an extensively phased, high-quality reference genome for past and future experiments relying on HeLa, and demonstrate the value of haplotype resolution for characterizing cancer genomes and epigenomes. Reprinted from Adey et. al. 2013, Nature, with permission from Nature Publishing Group.

  Study phs000642

• Chromatin remodeling enhances MAP3K8 expression in HAM: a key pathogenesis for therapeutic intervention

  Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-associated myelopathy (HAM) is a debilitating neuroinflammatory disease with no available effective treatments. A hallmark of HAM is the transformation of HTLV-1-infected cells into T helper type 1 (Th1)-like cells, characterized by excessive interferon (IFN)-gamma production that drives chronic inflammation. However, the molecular mechanisms fuel this aberrant Th1-like transformation and sustained inflammation remain poorly understood. We hypothesized that HAM-characteristic chromatin remodeling plays a pivotal role in the overexpression of key genes driving inflammatory pathogenesis. Using transcriptomic analysis, chromatin accessibility profiling, and biomarker evaluations across HTLV-1-related diseases, we identify MAP3K8 as a key gene that defines the unique inflammatory profile of HAM. MAP3K8 overexpression promotes Th1-like differentiation and constitutively activates the MEK-ERK signaling pathway. Furthermore, we elucidate the mechanism by which HTLV-1 Tax, Fosl2, and c-Jun collaboratively induce HAM-characteristic chromatin remodeling at the enhancer region of the MAP3K8 locus. Crucially, we demonstrate that mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitors effectively suppress the MAP3K8-MEK signaling cascade and significantly mitigated inflammatory pathogenesis in an ex vivo culture assay. Our findings provide critical insights into the virus-host interactions underpinning HAM and propose the MAP3K8-MEK-ERK axis as a promising therapeutic target for this challenging condition.

  Study JGAS000835

• Localised colon cancer WES study contaning WBCs, tissue and plasma samples at different time points

  Decision-making based on circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) status following curative-intent surgery in stage II-III colon cancer (CC) is where the strongest clinical evidence lies. Commercial or academic assays are predominantly used to detect ctDNA, aiming to reveal minimal residual disease (MRD) and identify patients at high risk of recurrence. However, while current tests demonstrate exceptional specificity in detecting MRD among patients who later experience recurrence, their sensitivity is notably limited, particularly immediately after surgery when decisions regarding ACT are crucial. Additionally, up to 70% of patients with stage II-III colon cancer fail to clear ctDNA after standard adjuvant treatment (ACT) and subsequently experience recurrence. In this study, we performed whole exome sequencing (WES) of ctDNA at different timepoints in relapsed CC patients using two independent cohorts, alongside transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of metastases to gain a deeper understanding of progression mechanisms. An assay based on a tumor-agnostic approach from WES could enhance sensitivity in detecting MRD disease compared to current assays. Immune evasion appears to be the primary driver of progression in the localized CC setting, facilitated by a functional mutational burden at relapse. This suggests that immunotherapy could extend its efficacy to patients with microsatellite stability, broadening treatment options. Moreover, organoid modeling affirms the promising potential of targeted therapy to surpass conventional treatments in eradicating MRD.

  Study EGAS50000000204

• Personalized peptide vaccination among 173 patients with IDH wildtype glioblastoma: a retrospective analysis

  Tumors from 173 GBM patients were analysed for somatic mutations to generate a personalized peptide vaccine targeting tumor-specific neoantigens. Exome libraries for 173 glioblastoma tumors and matched normal DNA were sequenced on Illumina platform, alongside whole transcriptomes from the tumor samples. Paper Abstract: Current treatment outcome of patients with glioblastoma (GBM) remains poor. Following standard therapy, recurrence is universal with limited survival. GBM tumors from 173 patients were analysed for somatic mutations to generate a personalized peptide vaccine targeting tumor-specific neoantigens. Among all patients, including 70 treated prior to progression (primary) and 103 treated after progression (recurrent), the median overall survival from first diagnosis was 31.9 months (95% CI: 25.0-36.5). Side effects were infrequent and were predominantly grade 1 or 2. A vaccine-induced immune response to at least one of the vaccinated peptides was detected in blood samples of 87 of 99 (88%) monitored patients. T-cell responses to vaccinated neoepitope peptides were durable in most patients. Significantly prolonged survival was observed for patients with multiple vaccine-induced immune responses (53 months) compared to those with no/low induced responses (27 months; P=0.03). Altogether, our results highlight that the application of personalized neoantigen-targeting peptide vaccine is feasible and represents a promising potential treatment option for GBM patients.

  Study EGAS50000000449

• Identification and characterisation of pathogenic and non-pathogenic FGF14 repeat expansions

  Repeat expansions in FGF14 cause autosomal dominant late-onset cerebellar ataxia (SCA27B) with estimated pathogenic thresholds of 250 (incomplete penetrance) and 300 AAG repeats (full penetrance), but the sequence of pathogenic and non-pathogenic expansions remains unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that STRling and ExpansionHunter accurately detect FGF14 expansions from short-read genomic data using outlier approaches. By combining long-range PCR and nanopore sequencing in 169 patients with cerebellar ataxia and 802 controls, we compare FGF14 expansion alleles, including interruptions and flanking regions. Uninterrupted AAG expansions are significantly enriched in patients with ataxia from a lower threshold (180-200 repeats) than previously reported based on expansion size alone. Conversely, AAGGAG hexameric expansions are equally frequent in patients and controls. Distinct 5' flanking regions, interruptions and pre-repeat sequences correlate with repeat size. Furthermore, pure AAG (pathogenic) and AAGGAG (non-pathogenic) repeats form different secondary structures. Regardless of expansion size, SCA27B is a recognizable clinical entity characterized by frequent episodic ataxia and downbeat nystagmus, similar to the presentation observed in a family with a previously unreported nonsense variant (SCA27A). Overall, this study suggests that SCA27B is a major overlooked cause of adult-onset ataxia, accounting for 23-31% of unsolved patients. We strongly recommend re-evaluating pathogenic thresholds and integrating expansion sequencing into the molecular diagnostic process.

  Study EGAS50000000481

• A Cancer Cell-Line Titration Series for Evaluating Somatic Classification

  Accurate detection of somatic single nucleotide variants and small insertions and deletions from DNA sequencing experiments of tumour-normal pairs is a challenging task. Tumour samples are often contaminated with normal cells confounding the available evidence for the somatic variants. Furthermore, tumours are heterogeneous so sub-clonal variants are observed at reduced allele frequencies. We present here a cell-line titration series dataset that can be used to evaluate somatic variant calling pipelines with the goal of reliably calling true somatic mutations at low allele frequencies. Cell-line DNA was mixed with matched normal DNA at 8 different ratios to generate samples with known tumour cellularities, and exome sequenced on Illumina HiSeq to depths of >300x. The data was processed with several different variant calling pipelines and verification experiments were performed to assay >1,500 somatic variant candidates using Ion Torrent PGM as an orthogonal technology. By examining the variants called at varying cellularities and depths of coverage, we show that the best performing pipelines are able to maintain a high level of precision at any cellularity. In addition, we estimate the number of true somatic variants undetected as cellularity and coverage decrease. Our cell-line titration series dataset, along with the associated verification results, is effective for this evaluation and will serve as a valuable dataset for future somatic calling algorithm development.

  Study EGAS00001001016

• Transposable Elements Shape Stemness in Normal and Leukemic Hematopoiesis

  Despite most acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients achieving complete remission after induction chemotherapy, two-thirds will relapse with fatal disease within five years. AML is organized as a cellular hierarchy sustained by leukemia stem cells (LSC) at the apex, with LSC properties directly linked to tumor progression, therapy failure, and disease relapse 1–5. Despite the central role of LSC in poor patient outcomes, little is known about the genetic determinants driving their stemness properties. As LSCs share many functional and molecular properties with normal hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) 6, we investigated accessible chromatin unique across normal hematopoietic and cancer cell states and identified transposable elements (TEs) as genetic determinants of both primitive populations in comparison with their downstream mature progeny. A clinically-relevant TE chromatin accessibility-based LSCTE121 signature was developed that enabled patient classification based on survival outcomes. Through functional assays, primitive cell specific-TE subfamilies were found to serve as docking sites for stem cell-associated regulators of genome topology or lineage-specific transcription factors, including LYL1 in LSCs. Finally, using chromatin editing tools, we establish that chromatin accessibility at LTR12C elements in LSCs are necessary to maintain stemness properties. Our work identifies TEs as genetic drivers of primitive versus mature cell states, where distinct TE subfamilies account for stemness properties in normal versus leukemic hematopoietic stem cells.

  Study EGAS50000001141

• Transposable Elements Shape Stemness in Normal and Leukemic Hematopoiesis

  Despite most acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients achieving complete remission after induction chemotherapy, two-thirds will relapse with fatal disease within five years. AML is organized as a cellular hierarchy sustained by leukemia stem cells (LSC) at the apex, with LSC properties directly linked to tumor progression, therapy failure, and disease relapse 1–5. Despite the central role of LSC in poor patient outcomes, little is known about the genetic determinants driving their stemness properties. As LSCs share many functional and molecular properties with normal hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) 6, we investigated accessible chromatin unique across normal hematopoietic and cancer cell states and identified transposable elements (TEs) as genetic determinants of both primitive populations in comparison with their downstream mature progeny. A clinically-relevant TE chromatin accessibility-based LSCTE121 signature was developed that enabled patient classification based on survival outcomes. Through functional assays, primitive cell specific-TE subfamilies were found to serve as docking sites for stem cell-associated regulators of genome topology or lineage-specific transcription factors, including LYL1 in LSCs. Finally, using chromatin editing tools, we establish that chromatin accessibility at LTR12C elements in LSCs are necessary to maintain stemness properties. Our work identifies TEs as genetic drivers of primitive versus mature cell states, where distinct TE subfamilies account for stemness properties in normal versus leukemic hematopoietic stem cells.

  Study EGAS50000001147

• Prebiotic inulin-type fructans induce specific changes in the human gut microbiota

  ObjectiveContrary to the long-standing prerequisite of inducing selective (i.e. bifidogenic) effects, recent findings suggest that prebiotic interventions lead to ecosystem-wide microbiota shifts. Yet, a comprehensive characterization of this process is still lacking. Here, we apply 16S rDNA microbiota profiling and matching (GC-MS) metabolomics to assess the consequences of inulin fermentation both on the composition of the colon bacterial ecosystem and fecal metabolites profiles.DesignFecal samples collected during a double blind, randomized, cross-over intervention study (NCT02548247) set up to assess the effect of inulin consumption on stool frequency in healthy adults with mild constipation were analyzed. Fecal microbiota composition and metabolite profiles were linked to the study’s clinical outcome as well as to quality-of-life measurements recorded.ResultsWhile fecal metabolite profiles were not significantly altered by inulin consumption, our analyses did detect a modest effect on global microbiota composition. At the same time, specific inulin-induced changes in relative abundances of Anaerostipes, Bilophila, and Bifidobacterium were identified. The observed decrease in Bilophila abundances following inulin consumption was associated with both softer stools and a favorable change in constipation-specific quality of life measures.ConclusionsEcosystem-wide analysis of the effect of a dietary intervention with prebiotic inulin-type fructans on the colon microbiota revealed that this effect is specifically associated to three genera, one of which (Bilophila) representing a promising novel target for mechanistic research.

  Study EGAS00001002173

• Genomic analysis reveals novel secondary drivers and progression pathways in skin basal cell carcinoma

  Basal cell carcinoma of the skin (BCC) is the most common malignant neoplasm in humans. BCC is primarily driven by the aberrant activation of the Sonic Hedgehog (Hh) pathway. However, its extensive phenotypical variation remains to be explained. The genetic profiling of 293 BCCs revealed the highest mutation rate observed in cancer (65 Mutations/Mb), with strong prevalence of UV-light signature mutations. 85% of BCCs harbored mutations in Hh pathway genes: mutually exclusive PTCH1 (73%) and SMO (20%) (P=6.6x10-8), SUFU (8%), and in TP53 (61%). 85% of BCCs also harbored secondary driver mutations in other genes implicated in BCC tumorigenesis. Recurrent secondary driver mutations were observed in MYCN (30%), PPP6C (15%), STK19 (10%), LATS1 (8%), ERBB2 (4%), PIK3CA (2%), RAC1 (1%) and N/K/H-RAS (2%). Loss of function (LoF) and deleterious missense mutations were observed in PTPN14 (23%), RB1 (8%) and FBXW7 (5%). In line with the mutational profiles detected by RNAseq, we observed activation of the Hh pathway as well as upregulation of target genes of the Hippo-YAP pathway and activation of MYCN target genes. The functional analysis of the novel tumorigenic driver mutations in MYCN, PTPN14 and LATS1 demonstrates their relevance in BCC tumorigenesis and provides an expanded molecular understanding of BCC.

  Study EGAS00001001540

• GoT2D: Genetics of Type 2 Diabetes, a study of the the genetic architecture of type 2 diabetes using low pass whole genome sequencing and high density SNP genotyping in 2,657 individuals.

  The Genetics of Type 2 Diabetes Consortium (GoT2D) is a collaboration between the University of Michigan, the Broad Institute and the Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics. The overall aim is to extend upon recent efforts, such as genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and large scale meta-analyses. While they have proved successful at mapping genomic loci that influence human diseases, like type 2 diabetes, much of the heritability remains unexplained. In this study, we use next generation sequencing and genotyping technologies to query for lower frequency variants in the human genome. Thereby, allowing a deeper characterization of the spectrum of alleles associated with type 2 diabetes risk, and a better assessment of the genes that play a role in the etiology of type 2 diabetes development. We studied 1,326 T2D cases and 1,331 normoglycemic controls from Northern and Central Europe (Sweden, Finland, UK, and Germany). To efficiently characterize the entire genome sequence of each individual, we performed low-coverage (~5x) whole-genome sequencing, augmented by deep coverage (~100x) sequencing of the exome, and dense (2.5M) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping using the HumanOmni2.5 array. The data deposited in EGA will include all the Swedish, Finnish, UK, and German samples.

  Study EGAS00001001459

• Coding and small non-coding transcriptional landscape of tuberous sclerosis complex cortical tubers: implications for pathophysiology and treatment

  Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) is a rare genetic disorder that results from a mutation in the TSC1 or TSC2 genes leading to constitutive activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). TSC is associated with autism, intellectual disability and severe epilepsy. Cortical tubers are believed to represent the neuropathological substrates of these disabling manifestations in TSC. In the presented study we used high-throughput RNA sequencing in combination with systems-based computational approaches to investigate the complexity of the TSC molecular network. Overall we detected 438 differentially expressed genes and 991 differentially expressed small non-coding RNAs in cortical tubers compared to autopsy control brain tissue. We observed increased expression of genes associated with inflammatory, innate and adaptive immune responses. In contrast, we observed a down-regulation of genes associated with neurogenesis and glutamate receptor signaling. MicroRNAs represented the largest class of over-expressed small non-coding RNA species in tubers. In particular, our analysis revealed that the miR-34 family (including miR-34a, miR-34b and miR-34c) was significantly over-expressed. Functional studies demonstrated the ability of miR-34b to modulate neurite outgrowth in mouse primary hippocampal neuronal cultures. This study provides new insights into the TSC transcriptomic network along with the identification of potential new treatment targets.

  Study EGAS00001002485

• Novel CNV contribution to schizophrenia from a genome wide study of 41,321 subjects

  Genomic copy number variants (CNVs) have been strongly implicated in the etiology schizophrenia (SCZ). However, apart from a small number of risk variants, elucidation of the CNV contribution to risk has been difficult due to the very low frequencies of risk alleles, all occurring in less than 1% of patients. We sought to address this obstacle through a collaborative effort unprecedented in psychiatry in which we applied a centralized analysis pipeline to a large SCZ cohort of 21,094 cases and 20,227 controls. A global enrichment of CNV burden is observed in SCZ patients (OR=1.11, P=5.7e-15), and persists after excluding loci implicated in previous studies (OR=1.07, P=1.7e-6). CNV Burden is also enriched for genes associated with synaptic function (OR = 1.68, P = 2.8e-11) and neurobehavioral phenotypes in mouse (OR = 1.18, P= 7.3e-05). While only previously implicated loci surpass strict genome-wide testing correction, we identify “novel” CNVs (BH-FDR < 0.05) that confer both protective and risk effects on SCZ and are predominantly mediated by non-allelic homologous recombination (NAHR). Our combined data find genome-wide significant support for eight loci, including 1q21.1, 2p16.3 (NRXN1), 3q29, 7q11.2, 15q13.3, distal 16p11.2, proximal 16p11.2 and 22q11.2.

  Study EGAS00001001960

• RNA-sequencing of six Pilocytic astrocytoma tumors

  Pilocytic astrocytoma (PA) is the most common pediatric brain tumor. A recurrent feature of PA is deregulation of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway most often through KIAA1549-BRAF fusion, but also by other BRAF- or RAF1-gene fusions and point mutations (e.g. BRAFV600E). These features may serve as diagnostic and prognostic markers, and also facilitate development of targeted therapy. The aim of this study was to characterize the genetic alterations underlying the development of PA tumor in six cases, and evaluate methods for fusion oncogene detection. Using a combined analysis of RNA sequencing and copy number variation data we identified a new BRAF fusion involving the 5’ gene fusion partner GTF2I (7q11.23), not previously described in PA. The novel GTF2I-BRAF 19-10 fusion was found in one case, while the other five cases harbored the frequent KIAA1549-BRAF 16-9 fusion gene. Comparing fusion detection methods, Fluorescence in situ hybridization with BRAF break apart probe was the most sensitive method for detection of the two different BRAF rearrangements (GTF2I-BRAF and KIAA1549-BRAF). Our finding of a novel BRAF fusion in PA further emphasis the important role of B-Raf in tumorigenesis of these tumor types. Also, the growing list of BRAF/RAF gene fusions suggests these to be informative tumor markers in molecular diagnostics, which could guide future treatment strategies.

  Study EGAS00001002149