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• Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage patients with or without vasospasm

  Cerebellar vasospasm is a severe complication of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) occurring for 30% of aSAH patients. To date, no biomarker of vasospasm occurrence exists and thus all aSAH patients undergo a preventive and dangerous treatment. In this study, we explored the miRNome of aSAH patients to detect potential expression differences between the patients developing a vasospasm (VSP+) or not (VSP-). The shared data include raw and normalized count miRNA data in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage patients with or without vasospasm.

  Study EGAS00001003092

• Genomic_landscape_of_liver_cirrhosis

  We are interested in the genomic landscape of liver cirrhosis and its potential manifestations for liver physiology and risk for hepatocellular carcinoma. Previous work in CASM has shown that there is a strong element of clonality within cirrhotic nodules and that some recurring mutations have been identified. However how this relates to the overall liver is not known and therefore by taking geographically disparate biospies, we aim to correlate our findings and make conclusions as to the characteristics of the overall genomic landscape.

  Study EGAS00001004329

• Bulk RNAseq gene expression of baseline tumors from metastatic urothelial bladder cancer patients (IMvigor210) and metastatic renal cell carcinoma (IMmotion150)

  We examined tumors from a large cohort of patients with metastatic urothelial bladder cancer (mUC) and metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) treated with an anti-PD-L1 agent (atezolizumab) and found that high tumor IL8 gene expression was associated with worse overall survival (OS). We further identified the tumoral immune presence based on Teff signature. We found that high tumor IL8 expression continued to be associated with worse OS even in inflamed tumors in mUC and mRCC.

  Study EGAS00001004386

• Whole Exome Sequencing of 15 Tumor/Normal pairs of inflammatory hepatocellular adenomas

  The French ICGC project on liver tumors is coordinated by Pr Jessica Zucman-Rossi and funded by Inca (French Institute for Cancer). The aim of the present project is to identify the catalog of somatic and germline mutations in liver tumors. The present series corresponds to 15 Tumor/Normal pairs of Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) of IHCA samples. Aligned bam files can be both in hg19 (CHC750T/CHC750N; CHC2189T/CHC2189N; CHC2615T/CHC2614N) or hg38 (other samples).

  Study EGAS00001003686

• A_compendium_of_mutational_signatures_due_to_environmental_exposures

  Analysis of mutational signatures caused by exposure to known mutagens in human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. A reference human iPS cell-line will be exposed to 100 chemicals known or proposed to be mutagenic. Following exposure to mutagen, cells will undergo a period of recovery before sub clones are generated and sequenced. The progenitor “parental” IPS cell-line will be used to generate reference sequence data, in order to determine the mutational signatures acquired as a result of exposure to different mutagens.

  Study EGAS00001002060

• Mutational Landscape of Plasmablastic Lymphoma

  Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) represents a clinically heterogeneous subtype of aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Although targeted sequencing studies and a single center whole exome sequencing (WES) study in HIV+ patients recently revealed several genes, associated with PBL pathogenesis, the global mutational landscape and transcriptional profile of PBL remain elusive. To inform on disease-associated mutational drivers, mutational patterns and perturbed pathways in HIV+ and HIV- PBL we performed WES and RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) of 34 PBL tumors.

  Study EGAS00001004906

• High-grade serous ovarian cancer refined with single-cell RNA-sequencing

  We performed single-cell RNA-sequencing of 18,403 cells unbiasedly collected from 7 treatment-naive HGSOC tumours. For each phenotypic cluster of tumour or stromal cells, we identified specific transcriptomic markers. Next, we explored which phenotypic clusters correlate with overall survival based on expression of these transcriptomic markers in 1467 bulk RNA-seq tumours. By evaluating molecular subtype signatures in single cells, we assessed to what extent a phenotypic cluster of tumour or stromal cells contributes to each molecular subtype.

  Study EGAS00001004987

• The distinct DNA methylome of acute lymphoblastic leukemia

  Here, using whole genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) data of over one hundred patients from multiple subtypes of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), controls samples and ALL cell lines, we show that in contrast to the prevailing paradigm, ALL samples exhibit CpG island hypermethylation but little to no global loss of methylation. The subtype-specific CpG island hypermethylation levels in T cell ALL span a broad range of methylation levels rather than previous binary classifications and are influenced by multiple factors, including TET2 expression.

  Study EGAS00001005203

• Sequencing of an adolescent patient with germline RET mutant alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma

  An adolescent patient presented with an alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma made more unique by the presence of a germline RET mutation ordinarily associated with and a known driver of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A (MEN2A) cancer. To better understand the role of this germline RET mutation in the genetics and phenotypic response of this unique alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma, we performed DNA and RNA sequencing of the patients in addition to functional studies on patient-derived cultures and genetically similar similar cell models.

  Study EGAS00001004359

• Defining structural variation associated with breast cancer susceptibility by long-read genome sequencing

  Germline structural variants (SVs) are challenging to identify by conventional genetic testing assays. Long-read sequencing has improved the global characterization of SVs, but its sensitivity at genetic loci associated with high- and moderate-penetrance cancer susceptibility has not been reported. This study used long-read genome sequencing performed on the Oxford Nanopore Technologies' PromethION to resolve variants underlying breast cancer susceptibility in sixteen individuals with pathogenic germline SVs in BRCA1, BRCA2, CHEK2 or PALB2.

  Study EGAS00001005872

• Single cell RNAseq of lung adenocarcinoma

  Little is known of the geospatial architecture of individual cell populations in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) evolution. Here, we perform single-cell RNA sequencing as well as single-cell BCR sequencing of cells from 16 LUADs and 47 multi-region normal lung tissues of defined spatial proximities from the tumors. Our multi-region single-cell sequencing analyses unravel cell populations, states, and phenotypes in the spatial and ecological evolution LUAD from the lung that comprise high-potential targets for early interception.

  Study EGAS00001005021

• Multiomic profiling of pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma

  Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) describes rare soft-tissue tumors that exhibit features of skeletal muscle differentiation. The most common subtypes in children are alveolar and embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, with the alveolar subtype characterized by PAX3/7 fusions. A lesser known and rarer subtype, pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma (PRMS), occurs most frequently in adults vetween the ages of 40 and 50. This pleomorphic subtype is often misdiagnosed and little is known about its molecular characterization. Here, we conducted comprehensive genomic, transcriptomic, and methylation profiling of these tumors.

  Study EGAS00001007230

• Profiling molecular heterogeneity in human primary microglia

  In the brain the cells that control inflammation are called a type of white blood cell called microglia. Microglia are located throughout the brain and spinal cord and account for 10–15% of all cells found within the brain. As the resident white blood cells, they are the main active immune defence in the central nervous system (CNS). Microglia are part of an important class of cells known as macrophages that have two main states: M1 and M2. M1 cells are pro- inflammatory, leading to more inflammation, while M2 are anti-inflammatory, and drive wound healing. In this study, we will collect primary microglia from surgical biospies of 100 individuals. This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

  Dataset EGAD00001005736

• Conserved interferon-gamma signaling and decreased immune exclusion programs in responses to immune checkpoint blockade therapy_CM38-DNA

  We analyzed baseline and on-therapy tumor biopsies from 101 patients with advanced melanoma treated with nivolumab (anti-PD-1) alone or combined with ipilimumab (anti-CTLA-4). Analysis of whole transcriptome data showed that T cell infiltration and interferon-gamma signaling signatures corresponded most highly with clinical response to therapy, with a reciprocal decrease in cell cycle and WNT signaling pathways in responding biopsies. Clinical outcome differences were likely not due to differential melanoma cell responses to interferon-gamma, as 57 human melanoma cell lines exposed in vitro to this cytokine showed a conserved interferon-gamma transcriptome response unless they had mutations that precluded signaling from the interferon-gamma receptor. Therefore, the magnitude of the antitumor T cell response and the corresponding downstream interferon-gamma signaling are the main drivers of clinical response or resistance to immune checkpoint blockade therapy.

  Dataset EGAD00001006284

• The mutational landscape of human somatic and germline cells

  During the course of a lifetime normal human cells accumulate mutations. Here, using multiple samples from the same individuals we compared the mutational landscape in 29 anatomical structures from soma and the germline. Two ubiquitous mutational signatures, SBS1 and SBS5/40, accounted for the majority of acquired mutations in most cell types but their absolute and relative contributions varied substantially. SBS18, potentially reflecting oxidative damage, and several additional signatures attributed to exogenous and endogenous exposures contributed mutations to subsets of cell types. The mutation rate was lowest in spermatogonia, the stem cell from which sperm are generated and from which most genetic variation in the human population is thought to originate. This was due to low rates of ubiquitous mutation processes and may be partially attributable to a low cell division rate of basal spermatogonia. The results provide important insights into how mutational processes affect the soma and germline.

  Dataset EGAD00001006642

• Combinatorial CRISPR screen identifies fitness effects of paralogues FAM50A and FAM50B

  Genetic redundancy has evolved as a way for human cells to survive the loss of genes that are single copy and essential in other organisms, but also allows tumours to survive despite having highly rearranged genomes. In this study we CRISPR screen 1,191 gene pairs, including paralogues and known and predicted synthetic lethal interactions to identify 105 gene combinations whose co-disruption results in a loss of cellular fitness. 27 pairs influence fitness across multiple cell lines including the paralogues FAM50A/FAM50B, two genes of unknown function. Silencing of FAM50B occurs across a range of tumour types and in this context disruption of FAM50A reduces cellular fitness whilst promoting micronucleus formation and extensive perturbation of transcriptional programmes. This dataset includes CRISPR screening of cancer cell lines, RNA sequencing studies of cancer cell lines and also data from the sequencing of tumour xenografts collected from mice.

  Dataset EGAD00001006649

• The mutational landscape of human somatic and germline cells

  During the course of a lifetime normal human cells accumulate mutations. Here, using multiple samples from the same individuals we compared the mutational landscape in 29 anatomical structures from soma and the germline. Two ubiquitous mutational signatures, SBS1 and SBS5/40, accounted for the majority of acquired mutations in most cell types but their absolute and relative contributions varied substantially. SBS18, potentially reflecting oxidative damage, and several additional signatures attributed to exogenous and endogenous exposures contributed mutations to subsets of cell types. The mutation rate was lowest in spermatogonia, the stem cell from which sperm are generated and from which most genetic variation in the human population is thought to originate. This was due to low rates of ubiquitous mutation processes and may be partially attributable to a low cell division rate of basal spermatogonia. The results provide important insights into how mutational processes affect the soma and germline.

  Dataset EGAD00001006643

• Single cell transcriptional consequences of leukaemogenic SETBP1 mutations

  The SETBP1 gene encodes a DNA-binding nuclear protein that regulates gene expression across multiple tissues. Precise control of SETBP1 dosage is essential for normal cellular function, as both loss- and gain-of-function variants of SETBP1 can lead to severe phenotypic consequences. De novo germline gain-of-function point mutations that prolong SETBP1 half-life result in Schinzel-Giedion syndrome (SGS), an ultra-rare and severe congenital disorder associated with extensive developmental abnormalities and health complications. These SGS-associated variants cluster within a hotspot in the SKI-homology domain of SETBP1, overlapping with somatic mutations recurrently observed in myeloid leukaemia with poor prognosis. Thus far, the precise mechanisms by which these SETBP1_mutations drive disease remain largely unclear. Here, through single-cell and single-nucleus mRNA sequencing of a rare collection of primary patient samples with SGS, we examined the transcriptional consequences of _SETBP1 gain-of-function variants in haematopoietic cells from natural variation.

  Dataset EGAD00001015829

• Impact of mutational profiles on response of primary oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancers to oestrogen deprivation

  Presurgical studies allow study of the relationship between mutations and response of estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer to aromatase inhibitors (AIs) but have been limited to small biopsies. Here in Phase I of this study, we perform exome sequencing on baseline, surgical core-cuts and blood from 60 patients (40 AI treated, 20 Controls). In poor responders (based on Ki67 change) we find significantly more somatic mutations than good responders. Subclones exclusive to baseline or surgical cores   occur in approximately 30% of tumours. In Phase II we combine targeted sequencing on another 28 treated patients with Phase I. We find six genes frequently mutated: PIK3CA, TP53, CDH1, MLL3, ABCA13 and FLG with 71% concordance between paired cores. TP53 mutations are associated with poor response. We conclude that multiple biopsies are essential for confident mutational profiling of ER+ breast cancer and TP53 mutations are associated with resistance to oestrogen deprivation therapy.

  Dataset EGAD00001002651

• Conserved interferon-gamma signaling and decreased immune exclusion programs in responses to immune checkpoint blockade therapy_CM38-RNA

  We analyzed baseline and on-therapy tumor biopsies from 101 patients with advanced melanoma treated with nivolumab (anti-PD-1) alone or combined with ipilimumab (anti-CTLA-4). Analysis of whole transcriptome data showed that T cell infiltration and interferon-gamma signaling signatures corresponded most highly with clinical response to therapy, with a reciprocal decrease in cell cycle and WNT signaling pathways in responding biopsies. Clinical outcome differences were likely not due to differential melanoma cell responses to interferon-gamma, as 57 human melanoma cell lines exposed in vitro to this cytokine showed a conserved interferon-gamma transcriptome response unless they had mutations that precluded signaling from the interferon-gamma receptor. Therefore, the magnitude of the antitumor T cell response and the corresponding downstream interferon-gamma signaling are the main drivers of clinical response or resistance to immune checkpoint blockade therapy.

  Dataset EGAD00001006282

• BAM files of total RNA-Seq data of POPS control samples (GRCh37)

  Placental biopsies (n = 64 female placentas, n = 67 male placentas) were selected from healthy pregnancies from the POPs cohort. A quality control process was also applied for the RNA-Seq datasets: reads were trimmed with Trim Galore!, which uses cutadapt internally and were mapped to the same version of human genome reference (hg19). TopHat2, a splice-aware mapper built on top of Bowtie2 short-read aligner, was used in the mapping process in which so-called two-pass (or two-scan) alignment protocol was applied to rescue unmapped reads from the initial mapping step. In the second mapping, previously unmapped reads were re-aligned to the exon-intron junctions detected in the first-mapping by TopHat2 and were combined across all 131 placenta samples. The initial and second mapped reads were merged by samtools

  Dataset EGAD00001003462

• Assessment of genetic and epigenetic variation in human IPS cells-RNA

  In order to progress human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) towards the clinic, several outstanding questions must be addressed. It is possible to reprogram different somatic cell types into hiPSCs and from studies in the mouse, it appears that an epigenetic memory of the starting cell type is carried over to hiPSCs. However a comprehensive comparative study of the characteristics of these hiPSCs has been missing from the literature. Importantly studies which aimed to address these aspects of hiPSCs have used cells from different patients. In order to avoid this important confounding variable and to keep the genetic background constant, tissue samples were procured from the patients and reprogrammed to iPS cells. The transcriptomes of these iPS cells will be compared. Protocol: primary cultures of cells were reprogrammed to iPS cells. RNA was extracted using a standard column extraction kit.

  Dataset EGAD00001000604

• Autozygosity pilot - British-Pakistani from Birmingham 2

  The offspring of first cousin marriages have ~6% of their genome autozygous, i.e. homozygous identical by descent, or even more if there was further consanguinity in their ancestry. In the UK there are large populations with very high first cousin marriage rates of 20-50%. Sequencing the exomes of a sample of these individuals has the potential both to support genetic health programmes in these populations, and to provide genetic research information about rare loss of function mutations. This pilot study based on existing British-Pakistani cohort samples from Birmingham will identify homozygous individuals for almost all variants down to an allele frequency around 1%, plus individuals carrying hundreds of new homozygous rare loss-of-function variants, and will support development of community relations and ethics for a wider study currently being designed. The data deposited in the EGA consists of low coverage whole exome sequencing on these samples.

  Dataset EGAD00001001026

• Autozygosity pilot - British-Pakistani from Birmingham

  The offspring of first cousin marriages have ~6% of their genome autozygous, i.e. homozygous identical by descent, or even more if there was further consanguinity in their ancestry. In the UK there are large populations with very high first cousin marriage rates of 50-80%. Sequencing the exomes of a sample of these individuals has the potential both to support genetic health programmes in these populations, and to provide genetic research information about rare loss of function mutations. This pilot study based on existing British-Pakistani cohort samples from Birmingham will identify homozygous individuals for almost all variants down to an allele frequency around 1%, plus individuals carrying hundreds of new homozygous rare loss-of-function variants, and will support development of community relations and ethics for a wider study currently being designed. The data deposited in the EGA consist of low coverage whole exome sequencing on these samples.

  Dataset EGAD00001001025

• BE_screens_of_WRN_gene_in_MSI_models

  We will take advantage of a base-editing screening strategy to engineer mutations in the WRN gene by deep mutagenesis. Two MSI-H cell lines sensitive to WRNi will be genetically modified to express doxycycline-inducible ABE and CBE base editors through a knock-in strategy. Moreover, we will design a pooled library of ~4000 gRNAs targeting the WRN gene plus appropriate controls gRNAs. Library-transduced cells will be selected with WRNi to identify WRN mutations able to interfere with the activity of WRNi.

  Study EGAS00001006872