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• GWAS for IgA Nephropathy

  IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is a common form of immune-mediated glomerulonephritis characterized by glomerular deposition of IgA-containing immune complexes and manifesting with hematuria, proteinuria, and often kidney failure. This dataset is from a genome-wide association study (GWAS) designed to identify novel genetic risk loci for IgAN. In this dataset, seven cohorts were genotyped by Illumina Multi-Ethnic Global Array, consisting of 3,337 IgAN cases and 2,177 healthy controls of European and East Asian ancestries. Three of the provided cohorts were genotyped by Illumina HumanImmuno Chip, which are composed of 2007 cases of IgAN of European ancestry. These cohorts were used in the GWAS meta-analysis, as described in the manuscript entitled "GWAS defines pathogenic signaling pathways and prioritizes drug targets for IgA nephropathy" (Nature Genetics 2022, in press).

  Study phs000431

• Sensitivity to the Subjective Effects of Amphetamine

  The goal of this study was to identify SNPs associated with subjective, physiological, and behavioral responses to d-amphetamine. The study was double-blind and placebo-controlled. 381 healthy volunteers aged 18-35 years old received oral doses of d-amphetamine (10 and 20 mg) and placebo over the course of three different phenotyping sessions. A subset of subjects received a fourth dose of d-amphetamine (5 mg). Measures of subjective, cardiovascular and behavioral responses were obtained at regular intervals (pre-drug administration and 30, 60, 90, 150, and 180 minutes post-drug administration). The subjective measures included in the study were the Profile of Mood States (POMS), Drug Effects Questionnaire (DEQ) and Addiction Research Center Inventory (ARCI). Tasks included were the Digit Symbol Substitution (DSST) and Stop Task.

  Study phs000832

• National Sleep Research Resource (NSRR): Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos

  The Hispanic Community Health Study / Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) is a multi-center epidemiologic study in Hispanic/Latino populations to determine the role of acculturation in the prevalence and development of disease, and to identify risk factors playing a protective or harmful role in Hispanics/Latinos. The study is sponsored by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) and six other institutes, centers, and offices of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) contributed to the first phase of the project. Raw polysomnography data are available from the HCHS/SOL Baseline visit and raw actigraphy data are available from the Sueño Ancillary visit. Primary HCHS/SOL data can be requested through dbGaP phs000810 Hispanic Community Health Study /Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL).

  Study phs003543

• Dysregulation of Naive T Cell Quiescence during Aging

  TEA-seq (novel trimodal single-cell analysis of mRNA transcripts, surface protein epitopes, and chromatin accessibility) was performed on CD3+ T cells isolated from peripheral blood of healthy pediatric (11–13 yrs, n = 8) and older adult (55–65 yrs, n = 8) female donors. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was additionally performed on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from a healthy cohort of 16 pediatric, 16 young adult (25–35 yrs), and 16 older adult donors with equal sex distribution. Using these data, we dissected the compositional and molecular alterations within the T cell compartment across the spectrum of healthy age, showing broad transcriptional and epigenetic alterations within the T cell compartment of older adults compared to children, as well as a novel population of pediatric-specific CD8aa T cells.

  Study phs003400

• Single cell multi-omics analysis of chromothriptic medulloblastoma highlights genomic and transcriptomic consequences of genome instability

  Chromothripsis is a form of genome instability, whereby a presumably single catastrophic event generates extensive genomic rearrangements of one or few chromosome(s). However, little is known about the heterogeneity of chromothripsis across different clones from the same tumor, as well as changes in response to treatment. We analyzed single-cell genomic and transcriptomic alterations linked with chromothripsis in human p53-deficient medulloblastoma (n=7). We reconstructed the order of somatic events, identified early alterations likely linked to chromothripsis and depicted the contribution of chromothripsis to malignancy. We characterized subclonal variation of chromothripsis and its effects on double-minute chromosomes, cancer drivers and putatively druggable targets. Furthermore, we highlighted the causative role and the fitness consequences of specific rearrangements in neural progenitors.

  Study EGAS00001005410

• RNA-Seq of human longitudinal whole blood samples from PCR-positive and PCR-negative recent household contacts of COVID-19 index cases.

  Little is known about the transcriptomic profile of individuals who are exposed to SARS-CoV-2 yet resist becoming PCR positive. To investigate this, longitudinal whole-blood samples were taken (0, 7, 14, and 28 days after enrolment) from PCR positive and PCR negative SARS-CoV-2-naïve household contacts who were recently exposed to a COVID-19 index. Samples were also taken from pre- and post-pandemic unexposed controls. Total RNA was extracted from PAXgene tubes before undergoing poly(A) selection followed by globin and rRNA depletion. DNA libraries were constructed using the NEBNext® Ultra™ II Directional RNA Library Prep Kit for Illumina. All samples were then sequenced across 2 flowcells of an Illumina HiSeq 4000.

  Study EGAS50000000473

• Head and neck tumor organoid biobank for modelling individual responses to radiation therapy according to the TP53/ HPV status

  Head and neck cancers (HNC) represent an extremely heterogeneous group of diseases with a poorly predictable therapy outcome. Here, we have established a comprehensive molecularly and functionally characterized head and neck organoid biobank recapitulating the clinically relevant subtypes of TP53 mutant and human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV 16) infection-driven HNC. Organoids were exposed to radiotherapy and genetically engineered normal and tumor organoids were used for testing the direct functional consequences of TP53-loss and HPV infection. We identified subtype-associated transcriptomic signatures and pathological features, including sensitivity to TP53 stabilization by the MDM2 inhibitor Nutlin-3. TP53 loss-of-function alone was insufficient to promote radiation resistance, whereas HPV 16 oncogenes E6/E7 mediated radiosensitivity via induction of cell cycle arrest.

  Study EGAS50000001219

• NHLBI TOPMed - NHGRI CCDG: Intermountain INSPIRE Registry

  The INtermountain Healthcare Biological Samples Collection Project and Investigational REgistry for the On-going Study of Disease Origin, Progression and Treatment (Intermountain INSPIRE Registry) purpose is to collect biological samples, clinical information and laboratory data from Intermountain Healthcare patients. The registry originally collected samples in patients undergoing a coronary angiography as part of the Intermountain Heart Collaborative Study. It has been expanded to collect samples in patients diagnosed with all types of medical conditions, and patients from the general population including those who have not been diagnosed with health related issues. Just over 25,000 individuals have provided samples as part of this registry. The registry enables researchers to develop a comprehensive collection of information that may help in disease management, including determining best medical practices for predicting, preventing and treating medical conditions.

  Study phs001545

• High-coverage whole exome sequence in non-TRU-type lung adenocarcinomas

  In order to elucidate the key genetic events in non-TRU-type lung cancer, we selected 43 non-TRU-type lung adenocarcinomas and performed a whole exome sequence and RNA-seq analysis using a next-generation sequencer. The results of the analysis identified mutations in TP53, KRAS and NKX2-1 as the top three significantly mutated genes, while the EGFR mutation was rare in this cohort. Eight NKX2-1 mutations (5 frameshift, 2 nonsense, and one missense) were identified, with one case harboring two distinct NKX2-1 mutations (missense and frameshift). All NKX2-1 mutants were transcriptionally inactive in reporter assays. Histologically, invasive mucinous adenocarcinomas accounted for most of the NKX2-1 mutations (5 cases), while 1 enteric and 1 acinar adenocarcinoma harbored the NKX2-1 mutation.

  Study JGAS000105

• GWAS for atrial fibrillation in the Japanese population

  We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) that utilized 8,180 atrial fibrillation cases and 28,612 controls and followed up in an additional 3,120 cases and 125,064 controls in the Japanese population. We replicated previously reported loci and identified six novel loci. Five of the six novel loci were specifically associated with atrial fibrillation in the Japanese population after comparing our data to individuals of European ancestry, suggesting there might be different susceptibility genetic factors across ancestries. Our study has discovered variants in genes HAND2, KCND3 and NEBL that are relevant to atrial fibrillation susceptibility. The involvement of PPFIA4 and SH3PXD2A in axon guidance also suggested its role in the disease pathogenesis. Our findings may contribute to a better understanding of atrial fibrillation susceptibility and pathogenesis.

  Study JGAS000101

• Development of humanized mice for human hematopoisis and immunity research

  We obtained peripheral blood or bone marrow samples from 27 FLT3-ITD+ acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients and created humanized mice engrafted with human AML cells. We sequenced DNA obtained from patient-derived pre-leukemia and leukemia cells and engrafted human hematopoietic cells and leukemia cells en bulk to detect AML-associated mutations and determine mutations contributing to in vivo. From five of these patients, we also performed single cell DNA sequencing to determine clonal heterogeneity and mutational complexity of human pre-leukemic and leukemic cells and to discriminate between permissive and leukemogenic mutations. Finally, inhibition of a leukemogenic mutation led to effective elimination of human AML cells in vivo, and a co-administration of an inhibitor of anti-apoptotic pathway further improved killing of AML cells in vivo.

  Study JGAS000122

• 3.5KJPNv2, an allele frequency panel of 3,552 Japanese individuals

  In the Tohoku Medical Megabank Project, we have conducted whole-genome sequencing of nearly 4,000 individuals from a Japanese population, and constructed an allele frequency panel of 3,552 individuals (3.5KJPNv2) after removing genetically related individuals. The 3.5KJPNv2 was constructed by using a standard pipeline including the 1KGP and gnomAD algorithms to reduce technical biases and to allow comparisons to other populations. The 3.5KJPNv2 includes variants in chromosome X and mitochondrial genome as well as autosome. The submitter has changed the access level of this study from controlled-access [Type I] to un-restricted access since 11th, January, 2019. The un-restricted access data ?hum0015.v3.3.5kjpnv2.v1? are available at the NBDC site: https://humandbs.biosciencedbc.jp/en/hum0015-v3. This study does not contain any controlled-access dataset.

  Study JGAS000159

• DEPArray-based sorting of pure carcinoma and stromal populations from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues followed by targeted sequencing

  To overcome the challenges of low DNA yields, degraded DNA by formalin fixation and diluted signal of genomic aberrations by non-carcinoma components in the heterogeneous FFPE samples, we isolated pure carcinoma and stromal cells using the DEPArray™ NxT system, a microchip-based digital sorter that allows isolation of pure, homogeneous subpopulations of cells from FFPE samples. We isolated pure carcinoma and stromal cell populations from 12 FFPE tissues, including tissues from 9 primary and metastatic breast cancer and 3 primary ovarian high-grade serous carcinomas. This was followed by a targeted panel for somatic mutation and sCNA analysis (7 samples), subject to cell availability. Mutation analysis was performed successfully in 6/7 samples and somatic mutations were detected in all of them.

  Study EGAS50000001327

• Transcriptomic analysis of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (B-ALL) patients treated on the ALL09 clinical trial

  This study provides comprehensive transcriptomic analysis of adolescent and young adult (AYA) patients treated on the Australasian Leukaemia and Lymphoma Group (ALLG) ALL09 clinical trial (ACTRN12618001734257). The ALL09 clinical trial is a Phase II single arm study to assess whether substitution of blinatumomab for conventional multi-agent chemotherapy in phase 2 induction leads to improved minimal residual disease negativity rates when compared to the historical AYA ALL trial cohort. Patients treated on this trial were aged 15-40 years, demonstrated morphological diagnosis of CD19 positive B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (B-ALL), and were negative for Philadelphia chromosome-positive disease. Transcriptomic sequencing was performed as a correlative study to determine assess patients’ genomic subtypes and enable comparison of clinical outcome in blinatumomab treated patients.

  Study EGAS50000001109

• High-depth whole genome sequencing of 26 premalignant breast lesions

  Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a non-obligate precursor lesion of breast cancer, representing 20-25% of newly diagnosed breast cancer lesions. It is currently not possible to predict which DCIS patients will progress to invasive breast cancer. The samples deposited here are part of a larger study using high-depth whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to investigate the somatic mutation genomic landscape of DCIS. Comprehensive evaluation of DCIS genomes aims to uncover biological insights into breast cancer progression and potential opportunities to stratify DCIS patients for personalised treatment options or active surveillance. Due to specific restrictions imposed by the ethical approval at sample collection, the use of the germline data is restricted to filtering of somatic mutation calls only and cannot be used outside this purpose.

  Study EGAS50000001559

• Adeno-associated virus in the liver: natural history and consequences in tumor development

  Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a defective mono-stranded DNA virus, endemic in human population (40-80%). AAV infection has long been considered as non-pathogenic1, however few years ago we reported for the first time recurrent clonal AAV2 insertion in the pathogenesis of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) developed on normal liver. These clonal viral insertions target cancer driver genes, including CCNA2, CCNE1, TERT, TNFSF10 and MLL4, leading to their overexpression. The viral inserted sequences involved in almost all the cases the 3’ inverse tandem repeat (ITR) of AAV2, which is important for virus integration in host DNA and exhibits a promoter/enhancer activity. Here, we used RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to investigate their functional impact on the tissue, such as fusion transcript generation events.

  Study EGAS00001003310

• Evolutionary Origins of Recurrent Pancreatic Cancer

  Surgery is the only curative option for patients with Stage I/II pancreatic cancer, nonetheless most patients will recur after surgery and die of their disease. To identify novel opportunities for management of recurrent pancreatic cancer we performed whole exome or targeted sequencing of 10 resected primary cancers and their matched intrapancreatic recurrences or distant metastases. We identified that recurrent disease develops from a monophyletic or polyphyletic origin, and this distinction has potential clinical relevance. In all patients, treatment induced genetic bottlenecks led to a modified genetic landscape and subclonal heterogeneity for driver gene alterations in part due to intermetastatic seeding. In one patient what was believed to be recurrent disease was an independent (second) primary tumor. These findings strongly advocate for routine post-treatment sampling in the management of recurrent pancreatic cancer.

  Study EGAS00001004097

• Longitudinal_Cambridge_Study_COVID19

  Investigating tissue immune responses to SARSCoV-2 in live and deceased donors This project is part of a longitudinal clinical study that will be run from Cambridge University Medical School (Joseph Cheriyen) studying covid-19 infected patients. The Clatworthy project would use single cell approaches to study severe fatal versus non-fatal in old and old versus young patients and will also provide some information on male versus female. This work will provide single cell resolution insights into immune response to the virus, providing vital information on the biology of covid-19 infection. This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

  Study EGAS00001004488

• Assessment of the Toll-like receptor 3 response in hepatocytes

  Toll like receptor 3 (TLR3) is an endosomal pattern recognition receptor (PRR), recognizing double stranded RNA (dsRNA) as a distinct Pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) for viral infections. We aim to understand the contribution of TLR3 to the dsRNA response in hepatocytes. The innate immune response of cells of hepatic origin (Huh7, Huh7.5, PH5CH and primary human hepatocytes (PHH)) was analyzed by transcriptome analysis (RNAseq) upon supernatant delivery or transfection of synthetic dsRNA (poly(I:C)). Expression of TLR3 and RIG-I was reconstituted by lentiviral transduction in Huh7 and Huh7.5 cells. Huh7 and Huh7.5 cells, devoid of functional TLR3 expression, did not respond to supernatant delivery of poly(I:C), in contrast to PH5CH and PHH, confirming a high selectivity of this method towards activating TLR3 in all hepatocyte models.

  Study EGAS00001005147

• XClone for analyzing somatic copy number alterations

  Somatic copy number alterations (CNAs) are major mutations that contribute to the development and progression of various cancers. Despite a few computational methods proposed to detect CNAs from single-cell transcriptomic data, the technical sparsity of such data makes it challenging to identify allele-specific CNAs, particularly in complex clonal structures. In this study, we present a statistical method, XClone, that strengthens the signals of read depth and allelic imbalance by effective smoothing on cell neighborhood and gene coordinate graphs to detect haplotype-aware CNAs from scRNA-seq data. By applying XClone to multiple datasets with challenging compositions, we demonstrated its ability to robustly detect different types of allele-specific CNAs and potentially indicate whole genome duplication, therefore enabling the discovery of corresponding subclones and the dissection of their phenotypic impacts.

  Study EGAS00001007854

• IMCISION RNAseq

  RNA sequencing could be performed on all 32 baseline and 30 on-treatment primary tumor biopsies. Based on gene-set enrichment analysis, the epithelial to mesenchymal transition signature was enriched in baseline tumors of patients without MPR, though its expression was insufficient to predict ICB response. Baseline and on-treatment IFNγ and T-cell signature expression (Z-score) were not significantly higher in patients with an MPR.­­­ Baseline primary tumor hypoxia-associated gene expression in IMCISION did not predict ICB response. However, on-treatment biopsies of MPR tumor samples showed significantly lower hypoxia gene expression when compared to non-MPR samples. Moreover, in a paired analysis of baseline and corresponding on-treatment samples, a significant decrease of hypoxia-related gene expression was observed in MPR biopsies, while this decrease was absent in non-MPR biopsies.

  Study EGAS00001005454

• UCSF Pediatric Bithalamic Glioma Genome Project

  Brain tumors are the most common solid tumors of childhood, and the genetic drivers and optimal therapeutic strategies for many of the different subtypes remain unknown. We performed targeted next-generation sequencing of approximately 500 cancer-associated genes on a cohort of 13 pediatric bithalamic diffuse gliomas, a lethal brain tumor of childhood for which the genetic basis is largely unknown. We identified that bithalamic diffuse gliomas harbor frequent mutations in the EGFR oncogene in the absence of accompanying gene amplification and only rare histone H3 mutation. These EGFR mutations were either small in-frame insertions within exon 20 (intracellular tyrosine kinase domain) or missense mutations within exon 7 (extracellular ligand-binding domain). Accompanying alterations included frequent TP53 mutation, CDK6 amplification or CDKN2C mutation, and BCOR and BCORL1 mutation or deletion.

  Study EGAS00001004033

• Non-Mendalian inheritance of extrachromosal DNA elements can drive disease evolution in glioblastoma

  Genomic heterogeneity of glioblastoma (GBM) is suspected to contribute to the poor response to therapy of this disease. We compared molecular characteristics between primary GBM, neurospheres and orthotopic xenograft models derived from the same parental tumor. Driver alterations were in majority propagated from tumor to model systems. Extrachromosomal amplifications of MET, a proto-oncogene coding for a receptor tyrosine kinase, were detected in three primary GBM, largely discarded in neurospheres cultures, but resurfaced in xenografts. The clonal dynamics inferred by somatic single nucleotide variants (sSNVs) in MET-amplified samples diverged from the pattern delineated by the MET amplification event suggesting that the MET event and sSNVs were inherited in different manners. Our analysis shows that extrachromosomal elements are able to drive tumor progression.

  Study EGAS00001001878

• Neoadjuvant immune checkpoint blockade in high-risk resectable melanoma

  We conducted a randomized phase II study of neoadjuvant nivolumab versus combined ipilimumab with nivolumab in 23 patients with high-risk resectable melanoma (NCT02519322) and assessed clinical responses and immune correlates. Treatment with combined ipilimumab and nivolumab yielded high response rates (RECIST overall response rate 73%, pathologic complete response rate 45%) but substantial toxicity (73% grade 3 treatment related adverse events), whereas treatment with nivolumab monotherapy yielded modest responses (RECIST overall response rate 25%, pathologic complete response rate 25%) and low toxicity (8% grade 3 treatment related adverse events). Immune correlates of response were identified, demonstrating higher lymphoid infiltrates in responders to both therapies and a more clonal and diverse T cell infiltrate in responders to nivolumab monotherapy. Mutational load was also higher in responders to therapy.

  Study EGAS00001003178

• Low frequency and rare coding variation contributes to multiple sclerosis risk

  Multiple sclerosis is a common, complex neurological disease, where almost 20% of risk heritability can be attributed to common genetic variants, including >230 identified by genome-wide association studies. Multiple strands of evidence suggest that the majority of the remaining heritability is also due to the additive effects of individual variants, rather than epistatic interactions between these variants, or mutations exclusive to individual families. Here, we show in 68,379 cases and controls that as much as 5% of this heritability is explained by low-frequency variation in gene coding sequence. We identify four novel genes driving MS risk independently of common variant signals, which highlight a key role for regulatory T cell homeostasis and regulation, IFNγ biology and NFκB signaling in MS pathogenesis.

  Study EGAS00001003195