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• Whole exome sequencing in patients with ALS and concomitant FTD lacking the C9orf72 repeat expansion

  Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are part of a clinical, pathological and genetic continuum. The purpose of the present study was to assess the mutation burden that is present in ALS and/or FTD known disease-causing genes in 54 patients (16 with available postmortem neuropathological diagnosis) with concurrent ALS and FTD (ALS/FTD) not-carrying the C9orf72 hexanucleotide repeat expansion, the most important genetic cause in both diseases.

  Dataset EGAD00001003409

• RNA-seq data from Follicular Lymphoma samples

  Dataset included RNA-seq data (Two Fastq files per sample as paired end sequencing was performed) from ribosomal-depleted total RNA in 28 Follicular Lymphoma (FL) criopreserved samples to analyze long non-coding RNA and coding transcript expression profiles. Sample metadata is referred to histological groups of FL tumors (FL1-3A versus FL3B/DLBCL) either in tumor purified cell samples (N=12) as in unpurified tumor samples including normal cells of the lymph node microenvironment (N=16).

  Dataset EGAD00001004109

• Pairs of whole genome sequencing repeated measurement sample pairs

  This dataset includes 186 whole genome sequencing samples which combine to create 93 pairs. Each pair is comprised of two sequencing experiments carried out on the same donor to the NIHR BioResource Rare Disease cohort. These samples have been used to validate the Telomerecat method (a method for estimating telomere length from whole genome sequencing).

  Dataset EGAD00001003809

• Gene Characterization in Carbohydrate metabolic alterations (neonatel diabetes & congenital hyperinsulinemic) in early childhood (2018-03-14)

  Whole Exome Sequencing of trios (proband + parents) or probands only with Neonatal Diabetes Mellitus (NDM) or Congenital Hyperinsulinism of Infancy (CHI) of unknown genetic origin. This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/ . This dataset contains all the data available for this study on 2018-03-14.

  Dataset EGAD00001004040

• snRNA-seq in white matter post-mortem tissue from MS and controls

  This Dataset is currently hosted by the European Nucleotide Archive. To access the data contained within the Dataset please follow the link below: https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/view/PRJEB39323 Dataset consists of 20 snRNA-seq bam files from 10X v2. 5 samples from postmortem white matter tissue from non-neurological controls and15 samples from different MS lesions from the white matter tissue of 4 postmortem progressive MS patients.

  Dataset EGAD00001004544

• Exome sequencing of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma

  The aim of our project is to decipher the genomic of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma using whole exome sequencing. To this purpose, we aim to compare genetic landscape of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with early tumor in order to understand the mechanisms of tumor progression. This work will also help to identify new therapeutic targets potentially useful to treat patients at advanced stage. This dataset contain whole exome sequencing aligned reads for 41 tumor with matched normal samples

  Dataset EGAD00001004555

• Genetic screening of GPI-anchor protein synthesis (2018-08-13)

  This study will analyse the guide sequence which were used for making mutations in the Cas9-expressing cells. We used GeCKO v2 library which were released by Feng Zhang, 2014. This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/ . This dataset contains all the data available for this study on 2018-08-13.

  Dataset EGAD00001004294

• Egypt Genome Project - low coverage whole genome sequencing

  All humans outside Africa are descendants of the same single exit, usually dated at 50-70 thousand years ago. However, the route taken out of Africa is still debated. The two main candidates are a northern route via Egypt and the Levant, or a southern route via Ethiopia and the Arabian Peninsula. We are generating genetic data to evaluate these two possibilities. In this study we propose to generate low-coverage sequencing data for 100 Egyptian samples.

  Dataset EGAD00001001372

• Egypt Genome Project - high coverage whole genome sequencing

  All humans outside Africa are descendants of the same single exit, usually dated at 50-70 thousand years ago. However, the route taken out of Africa is still debated. The two main candidates are a northern route via Egypt and the Levant, or a southern route via Ethiopia and the Arabian Peninsula. We are generating genetic data to evaluate these two possibilities. In this study we propose to generate high-coverage sequencing data for 3 Egyptian samples.

  Dataset EGAD00001001380

• Study to investigate the prevalence of leukaemic mutations in whole blood DNA in a cohort of blood donors

  The aim of this study is to ascertain whether leukaemic mutations exist within the blood of people with otherwise normal haematopoeisis. To satisfy this aim we plan to look for 7 known leukaemic mutations in the whole blood DNA of a large cohort of blood donors who have normal haematopoesis. Genomic regions around mutational sites have been amplified using a 2 step PCR process which involves barcoding of individual patients

  Dataset EGAD00001001319

• Barcelona kids with melanoma

  This set of samples is composed of eight young people (7-16 years old) that have developed melanoma with first-degree relatives that have also developed cancer, which suggests a genetic component to their disease. Here we want to sequence these samples in order to find the causative mutations. As these samples do not carry any of the high-penetrance mutations known to date, finding the genes(s) responsible will offer new insights into the genetic mechanisms underlying predisposition to melanoma.

  Dataset EGAD00001002198

• miRNA expression in response to LPS stimulus in macrophages

  Our lab is currently using macrophages as a model system for understanding how genetic variation modulates the response to external environmental stimulus. We want to extend this beyond regular polyadenylated RNA to small RNAs such as miRNAs. This project would cover the costs of a pilot to study miRNA response to LPS stimulus, and will be performed as part of a rotation project in the lab. We will require a small number of miRNA libraries and a single lane of MiSeq

  Dataset EGAD00001002196

• IBD Whole Genome Sequencing (2019-04-01)

  We will sequence at 15X coverage the genomes of 1536 IBD patients. These samples are currently onsite at Sanger and made available for sequencing via our collaboration with the UK IBD Genetics consortium. This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/ . This dataset contains all the data available for this study on 2019-04-01.

  Dataset EGAD00001004880

• Epigenetic dysregulation in autism spectrum disorder

  Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a collection of neuro-developmental disorders characterized by deficits in social interaction and social communication, along with restricted and repetitive behaviour patterns. we globally interrogated the histone acetylomes of enhancers in a large cohort of ASD and control samples by analyzing tissue from three brain regions postmortem: prefrontal cortex (PFC), temporal cortex (TC) and cerebellum (CB). H3K27ac was selected as the representative acetylation mark and 288 ChIP-seq were performed on these postmortem samples.

  Dataset EGAD00001002725

• RNA sequencing in blood samples of cluster headache patients

  Cluster headache is a relatively rare headache disorder, typically characterized by multiple daily, short-lasting attacks of excruciating, unilateral (peri-)orbital or temporal pain associated with autonomic symptoms and restlessness. To better understand the pathophysiology of cluster headache, we used RNA sequencing to identify differentially expressed genes and pathways in whole blood of patients with episodic (n = 19) or chronic (n = 20) cluster headache in comparison with headache-free controls (n = 20).

  Dataset EGAD00001002726

• TTV018 RORC IBD-associated genotype effects on RORgT expression and function in ex vivo T cells (2019-02-15)

  RNA sequencing of peripheral immune cells from patients +/- an IBD risk variant. Peripheral immune cells +/- in vitro test compound treatment. This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/ . This dataset contains all the data available for this study on 2019-02-15.

  Dataset EGAD00001004777

• Clonality of circulating tumor cells in breast cancer brain metastases patients

  The incidence of brain metastases in breast cancer (BCBM) patients is increasing. These patients have a very poor prognosis and therefore identification of blood-based biomarkers, such as circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and understanding the genomic heterogeneity could help to personalize treatment options. In this study, DNA from individual CTCs as well as corresponding primary tumors and brain metastases were analyzed by next generation sequencing (NGS) in order to evaluate copy number aberrations and single nucleotide variations (SNVs).

  Dataset EGAD00001005020

• Oceanian and American population sequencing and phasing (2019-04-11)

  Whole-genome sequencing of human individuals from Polynesian and Native American populations, as well as 10x Genomics Chromium data from Polynesian, Native American and Aboriginal Australian populations, allowing for experimental phasing of haplotypes. This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/ . This dataset contains all the data available for this study on 2019-04-11.

  Dataset EGAD00001004951

• Non-invasive prenatal diagnosis by genome-wide haplotyping of cell-free plasma DNA

  This dataset contains a total of 10 families and 51 samples presented in 'Non-invasive prenatal diagnosis by genome-wide haplotyping of cell-free plasma DNA' study, in which 9 of them are cfDNA samples and the rest of samples are gDNA samples. All the samples are targeted sequencing data with a custom 45Mb capture library . Raw pair-end fastq files for each sample is available.

  Dataset EGAD00001004989

• Melanoma post mortem analysis

  Despite multiple large-scale sequencing studies offering substantial insight into the genomic landscape of cutaneous melanoma, the molecular events surrounding disease progression and the resulting molecular heterogeneity between metastases have not been fully elucidated. We have been applying whole genome and transcriptome sequencing across metastases collected during post mortem. Herein we show the findings for the first such patient. This is a targeted pulldown validation in support of the whole-genome sequencing analysis of the metastatic tumours and targeted pulldown of the primary tumour.

  Dataset EGAD00001005073

• Childhood arthritis DNA (2020-01-15)

  The aim of this study is to describe the transcriptome of single arthritic cells. . This dataset contains all the data available for this study on 2020-01-15.

  Dataset EGAD00001005785

• Investigating the impact of MBD4 on the mutability of the germline (2020-01-15)

  We will be testing the hypothesis that MBD4 PTV germline carriers also show an increased number of C toT germline mutations in their offspring. This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/ . This dataset contains all the data available for this study on 2020-01-15.

  Dataset EGAD00001005788

• Novel manifestations of immune dysregulation and granule defects in gray platelet syndrome

  Gray Platelet Syndrome (GPS) is a rare recessive bleeding disorder resulting from biallelic variants in NBEAL2. As part of a comprehensive evaluation of the phenotype and genotype in 47 patients with GPS, four different blood cell-types (platelets, neutrophils, monocytes, and CD4-lymphocytes) were evaluated using bulk RNA-seq in five patients and five controls. These data are deposited in this archive in FASTQ format.

  Dataset EGAD00001005950

• Processed RNA-seq data for clinical efficacy and biomarker analysis of neoadjuvant atezolizumab in operable urothelial carcinoma in the ABACUS trial

  ABACUS is a single arm phase 2 study that investigated 2 cycles of atezolizumab (1200mg Q3) prior to cystectomy in 95 patients with muscle invasive transitional cell cancer (T2-4N0M0). Pathological complete response (pCR) occurring in ≥20% of patients was the primary endpoint. Biomarker analysis on sequential tissue was a co-primary endpoint. This dataset includes the TPM and raw counts tables.

  Dataset EGAD00001006199

• Raw RNA-seq data for clinical efficacy and biomarker analysis of neoadjuvant atezolizumab in operable urothelial carcinoma in the ABACUS trial

  ABACUS is a single arm phase 2 study that investigated 2 cycles of atezolizumab (1200mg Q3) prior to cystectomy in 95 patients with muscle invasive transitional cell cancer (T2-4N0M0). Pathological complete response (pCR) occurring in ≥20% of patients was the primary endpoint. Biomarker analysis on sequential tissue was a co-primary endpoint. This dataset includes the raw RNA-seq data.

  Dataset EGAD00001006205

• ScRNA-seq of 6 human FL

  Follicular lymphoma (FL) is an indolent cancer of mature B-cells but carries increased risk of transformation to a more aggressive histology over time. We present here comprehensive profiling both tumor and immune compartments in 6 diagnostic FL biopsies by single-cell RNA sequencing. This confirmed results from 155 FL tumors characterized by mass cytometry (CyTOF) which revealed two distinct evolutionary trajectories with disparate risk of transformation and alternate biologies.

  Dataset EGAD00001007691

• RNA-seq from time-course experiment treating cells for 72h

  RNA sequencing from MSTO-211H cell line cultures treated for 72h with vehicle solution, palbociclib 250nM, or abemaciclib 250nM (N = 3, each). RNA-seq prepared using TruSeq Stranded mRNA libraries and sequenced with Illumina HiSeq 4000. Data is in raw fastq format, paired end. Some samples have been split in two lanes, with a final count of 24 fastq files.

  Dataset EGAD00001007737

• RNAseq Iron-Treated iPSC-derived Microglia

  Iron accumulation in microglia has been observed in Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative disorders and is thought to contribute to disease progression through various mechanisms including neuroinflammation. To study the interaction between iron accumulation and inflammation, we treated human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived microglia (iPSC-MG) with an increasing concentration of iron, in combination with inflammatory stimuli such as interferon gamma and amyloid β, and performed RNA sequencing.

  Dataset EGAD00001008660

• ATAC-seq of metastatic prostate tumors

  This dataset includes Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin using sequencing (ATAC-seq) data, in FASTQ format, from 70 metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer tumor samples from the SU2C/PCF West Coast Dream Team (WCDT) project. The sequencing data is paired-end, 150 bp sequencing data from an Illumina NovaSeq 6000 machine. ATAC-seq libraries were prepared following the protocol described in Buenrostro et al. Nature Methods. 2013 (PMID: 24097267) and Corces et al. Nature Methods. 2017 (PMID: 28846090).

  Dataset EGAD00001009654

• XP patients NGS data collection from Gustave Roussy.

  This dataset is composed of NGS data from 33 XP patients studied by WGS.

  Dataset EGAD00001009693

• WGS data from LCNEC patient derived tumor organoids (PDTOs) and matched parental tumors - SA

  The dataset includes cram files from WGS of 2 LCNEC tumors and matched PDTOs. For all tumors, cram files from WGS of matched normal tissue derived organoids from the corresponding patients is included. Analysis VCF files are also included in the dataset. The sequencing was done with a NovaSeq 6000 instrument.

  Dataset EGAD00001009990

• Mtb infected and uninfected neutrophils after 1 and 6 hrs

  Fastq.gz files for mRNA sequenced from Mtb infected and uninfected neutrophils after 1 and 6 hrs. Samples were sequenced in 2 batched as indicated per experiment. Batch 1 was SE unstranded, 100bp on an Illumina HiSeq4000 sequencer and batch 2 unstranded, 150bp paired-end on an Illumina NovaSeq6000 sequencer. Phenotypic data for the samples is also included.

  Dataset EGAD00001010893

• Extended screen by deep amplicon sequencing

  The whole study comprises of two patient cohorts. Screening cohort: 40 patients of Germany; validation cohort: 40 patients from Asia. Further, bile duct and CCA cell lines have been analyzed. This dataset contains targeted DNA sequencing data of 40 tumor/normal pairs from the validation cohort plus 10 tumor/normal pairs of patients from the screening cohort for technical validation. Data was generated on Illumina HiSeq 2000 device in paired-end mode and is stored in BAM file format.

  Dataset EGAD00001011323

• Fusion gene analysis using multiplex single primer extension-based RNA-sequencing

  The whole study comprises of two patient cohorts. Screening cohort: 40 patients of Germany; validation cohort: 40 patients from Asia. Further, bile duct and CCA cell lines have been analyzed. This dataset contains fusion gene analysis using multiplex single primer extension-based RNA-sequencing for a subset of 25 patients of the screening cohort. Data was generated on Illumina NexSeq 550 device in paired-end mode and is stored in compressed FASTQ file format.

  Dataset EGAD00001011326

• Multi-Modal Single-Cell, Spatial, and Genomic Analyses of Human Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Brain Metastases

  We performed single nuclei RNA-sequencing (snRNA-seq) with matched T cell receptor sequencing (TCR-seq), and pool matched low pass whole genome sequencing (WGS) of 12 treatment-naive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) primary tumors (PTs) and 31 treatment-naive NSCLC brain metastases (BMs). In total, we recovered 277,206 cell transcriptomes in 43 samples. Single-nuclei suspension from frozen NSCLC metastases were generated using methods published in Slyper et al. (Nature Medicine, 2020, PMID:32405060) with modifications. The tissue was first cut in 20 µm sections using a cryostat and stored on dry ice until the next step. Then the tissue was put on wet ice and washed once with 5 ml PBS to remove OCT. After this step nuclei were extracted by vigorous pipetting in salt-tris buffer with Tween-20 (TST) followed by a high-volume wash in salt-tris buffer (ST). Nuclei were counted and 10,000-14,000 and were loaded using a Chromium controller (10X genomics) and Chromium Single Cell 5' Reagents (V1.1 and V2). Complementary DNA libraries were generated according to manufacturer's instructions, with the modification of one additional cycle of amplification. Matched single nuclei T cell receptor (snTCR) sequencing libraries were prepared from amplified cDNA libraries using either Chromium Single Cell V(D)J Enrichment Kit for human T cells Reagent Kit, v1.1, or single cell human TCR amplification kit. Final snTCR sequencing libraries were prepared using Single Index Kit T Set A for V1.1 libraries or Library construction kit and Dual Index Kit TT set A for V2 libraries. Sequencing libraries were quantified using Tapestation D5000 reagents and a 2200 TapeStation and pooled for sequencing. Pool matched low pass whole-genome sequencing (lp-WGS) was performed in addition to snRNA-seq to improve the identification of the malignant and non-malignant cell compartments. Nuclei from snRNA-seq sample preparations were collected by centrifugation (500g, 5 min), snap frozen after removing excess ST buffer, and stored at -200C until further processing. If insufficient nuclei (0C for 9 minutes. Adapters were not diluted, and the optional PCR (5 cycles) and cleanup were performed. After library cleanup with AMPure beads (Beckman Coulter, Brea, CA), libraries were quantified with Tapestation D5000 HS tapes (Agilent) and stored at -200C until sequencing.Using multiplexed immunofluorescence in an independent cohort of treatment-naïve pairs of primary tumors and brain metastases from the same patients with NSCLC, we validated genomic and tumor-microenvironmental findings and identified a cancer cell population characterized by neural features that strongly enriched in brain metastases. This comprehensive analysis provides insights into human NSCLC brain metastasis biology and serves as an important resource for additional discovery.

  Study phs003865

• Discover Cancer Image Europe, the first release of the EUCAIM platform to fuel cancer research and data sharing

  The EUCAIM consortium and the European Commission have announced the release of Cancer Image Europe, a platform to fuel collaborative innovation and data sharing across Europe. This constitutes a major milestone in EUCAIM's development and an exciting step towards achieving the project's vision and goals. The platform aims to accelerate the pace of AI development and other data-intensive cancer research activities, constituting the basis for a fully-fledged infrastructure for sharing, reusing, and exploiting cancer imaging data, especially using AI techniques. A platform paving the way for the future of cancer diagnosis and treatment Cancer Image Europe brings benefits to researchers, clinicians, and AI innovators across Europe as it addresses the fragmentation of existing cancer image repositories. The platform gathers a public catalogue of cancer imaging datasets from the repositories of the EU-funded AI for Health Imaging projects. A distributed Atlas of Cancer Imaging with over 60 million anonymised cancer image data from over 100,000 patients will be established as part of future updates. The first version of Cancer Image Europe also includes a public catalogue of cancer imaging datasets, a federated searching tool to understand the information available in the federated providers, and full integration with Life Science Login. Moreover, it reuses and adds value to key components of EU-funded research projects and infrastructure in the field of cancer. The Public Catalogue When we talk about data re-use, data discovery is key. The EUCAIM public catalogue is the result of a systematic and collaborative process to which the EGA-CRG has actively contributed. This browsing interface gathers the metadata of the available cancer imaging datasets. This descriptive information will help researchers in their data retrieval. Our contribution to the Public Catalogue comes from our experience gained in the deployment of our federated network, the Federated EGA (FEGA), and as partners in projects such as EuCanImage (AI4HI initiative), in which we worked on the definition of common data models, ontologies and data standards. The EUCAIM Project EUCAIM is a cornerstone of the European Commission-initiated European Cancer Imaging Initiative, a flagship of the Europe's Beating Cancer Plan, which aims to foster innovation and deployment of digital technologies in cancer treatment and care, to achieve more precise and faster clinical decision-making, diagnostics, treatments, and predictive medicine for cancer patients. For more information about the first release of the Cancer Image Europe platform and the EUCAIM project, please visit cancerimage.eu.

  Blog discover-cancer-image-europe

• NHLBI GO-ESP Family Studies: Idiopathic Bronchiectasis of unknown etiology that is not related to cystic fibrosis or classic primary ciliary dyskinesia or immune deficiency or any other known causes

  The NHLBI "Grand Opportunity" Exome Sequencing Project (GO-ESP), a signature project of the NHLBI Recovery Act investment, was designed to identify genetic variants in coding regions (exons) of the human genome (the "exome") that are associated with heart, lung and blood diseases. These and related diseases that are of high impact to public health and individuals from diverse racial and ethnic groups will be studied. These data may help researchers understand the causes of disease, contributing to better ways to prevent, diagnose, and treat diseases, as well as determine whether to tailor prevention and treatments to specific populations. This could lead to more effective treatments and reduce the likelihood of side effects. GO-ESP is comprised of five collaborative components: 3 cohort consortia - HeartGO, LungGO, and WHISP - and 2 sequencing centers - BroadGO and SeattleGO. The major goal of this project is to apply next generation resequencing technology to identify disease-causing variants that cause bronchiectasis of unknown etiology (e.g. non cystic fibrosis (CF), classic primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), immune deficiency, or any other known cause of bronchiectasis), i.e., "idiopathic bronchiectasis." As part of our ongoing efforts to define the genetic cause of rare lung diseases, we have also studied families in whom diagnosis of PCD or other known etiologies could not be confirmed. We have systematically collected and stored the DNA and phenotypic data on each of the families in our cohort. The phenotypic data includes age, gender, ethnicity information, clinical data pertaining to the airways disease, including neonatal respiratory distress, otitis media, sinusitis and bronchiectasis, ciliary ultrastructure analysis, and microbial colonization (status of nontuberculosis mycobacterium). During the course of our study, we have acquired 98 unrelated patients in whom bronchiectasis seemed to be of unknown causes. We will be using 11 unrelated patients, 5 unrelated affected sib-pairs, and 3 affected sibs from a family from this cohort, based on 1) development of bronchiectasis in the absence of smoking, 2) a good family pedigree with available DNA, and 3) a family history of bronchiectasis and/or occurrence of airways disease in a sibling. Classic CF, PCD and immune deficiency were ruled out, based on the tests described above. Alpha-1 antiprotease deficiency work up was negative and none of the patients were tobacco users or smokers.

  Study phs000518

• Polyclonal selection of immune checkpoint mutations in thyroid autoimmunity - ExomeNanoSeq

  Our immune system contains multiple tolerance checkpoints to prevent the activation of self-reactive lymphocytes. How some lymphocytes escape these constraints to cause autoimmune disease remains poorly understood. A long-standing hypothesis in autoimmunity posits that somatic mutations in immune regulatory genes may enable self-reactive lymphocytes to bypass tolerance checkpoints. However, testing this hypothesis has proved challenging due to technical limitations in detecting somatic mutations in polyclonal cell populations. Here, we use deep whole-exome and targeted NanoSeq, a highly accurate single-molecule DNA sequencing protocol, to comprehensively search for driver mutations in autoimmune thyroid disease. This revealed a remarkably high number of B cell clones convergently acquiring loss-of-function somatic mutations in key immune checkpoint genes TNFRSF14 (also known as HVEM) and CD274 (encoding PD-L1), as well as less frequent driver mutations in a diversity of other immune genes. In highly inflamed biopsies, we detected tens to hundreds of independent immune-checkpoint mutant clones. Laser capture microdissection, methylation sequencing, spatial transcriptomics, immunohistochemistry and single-nucleus DNA sequencing localised these mutations to non-naive B cells and revealed frequent co-occurrence of drivers in single cells. We found widespread TNFRSF14 biallelic loss in mutant B cells, and several clones with as many as 4-6 driver mutations. Whilst each clone accounts for a small proportion of cells (typically <1%), the myriad mutant clones in each donor collectively amounted to a substantial fraction of B cells harbouring one or more driver mutations. Our results support the hypothesis that somatic mutations in autoimmune lymphocytes may allow them to escape tolerance constraints through a polyclonal cascade of somatic evolution. These findings provide new insights into the molecular basis of autoimmune disease and suggest novel diagnostic and therapeutic avenues.

  Dataset EGAD00001016058

• Polyclonal selection of immune checkpoint mutations in thyroid autoimmunity - TargetedNanoSeq

  Our immune system contains multiple tolerance checkpoints to prevent the activation of self-reactive lymphocytes. How some lymphocytes escape these constraints to cause autoimmune disease remains poorly understood. A long-standing hypothesis in autoimmunity posits that somatic mutations in immune regulatory genes may enable self-reactive lymphocytes to bypass tolerance checkpoints. However, testing this hypothesis has proved challenging due to technical limitations in detecting somatic mutations in polyclonal cell populations. Here, we use deep whole-exome and targeted NanoSeq, a highly accurate single-molecule DNA sequencing protocol, to comprehensively search for driver mutations in autoimmune thyroid disease. This revealed a remarkably high number of B cell clones convergently acquiring loss-of-function somatic mutations in key immune checkpoint genes TNFRSF14 (also known as HVEM) and CD274 (encoding PD-L1), as well as less frequent driver mutations in a diversity of other immune genes. In highly inflamed biopsies, we detected tens to hundreds of independent immune-checkpoint mutant clones. Laser capture microdissection, methylation sequencing, spatial transcriptomics, immunohistochemistry and single-nucleus DNA sequencing localised these mutations to non-naive B cells and revealed frequent co-occurrence of drivers in single cells. We found widespread TNFRSF14 biallelic loss in mutant B cells, and several clones with as many as 4-6 driver mutations. Whilst each clone accounts for a small proportion of cells (typically <1%), the myriad mutant clones in each donor collectively amounted to a substantial fraction of B cells harbouring one or more driver mutations. Our results support the hypothesis that somatic mutations in autoimmune lymphocytes may allow them to escape tolerance constraints through a polyclonal cascade of somatic evolution. These findings provide new insights into the molecular basis of autoimmune disease and suggest novel diagnostic and therapeutic avenues.

  Dataset EGAD00001016059

• A New High-Throughput Sequencing-Based Technology to Study Heterochromatin Structure

  In this study we report epigenomic and transcriptomics datasets for normal control fibroblasts. The following cell lines were obtained from the NIGMS Human Genetic Cell Repository at the Coriell Institute for Medical Research: AG08498, AG07095, originally collected as part of the NIA Aging Cell Repository study. We applied a high-throughput sequencing-based technique, named Sequential Analysis of MacroMolecules accessibilitY (SAMMY-seq), for the genome-wide mapping of chromatin regions separated by differential accessibility. The method is based on the sequential extraction of multiple chromatin fractions, corresponding to increasingly compacted and less accessible chromatin regions, which are mapped along the genome using high-throughput sequencing. Additionally we carried out ChIP-seq for the H3K9me3 and H3K27me3 histone modifications and RNA-seq for the characterization of transcriptome in control fibroblasts.

  Study phs002202

• Single Cell Analysis of Pulmonary Fibrosis

  Pulmonary fibrosis is a heterogenous syndrome in which fibrotic scar replaces normal lung tissue. We performed massively parallel single-cell RNA-Seq on lung tissue from eight lung transplant donors and eight patients with pulmonary fibrosis. Combined with in situ RNA hybridization, with amplification, these data provide a molecular atlas of disease pathobiology. We identified a distinct, novel population of profibrotic alveolar macrophages exclusively in patients with fibrosis. Within epithelial cells, the expression of genes involved in Wnt secretion and response was restricted to non-overlapping cells. We identified rare cell populations including airway stem cells and senescent cells emerging during pulmonary fibrosis. Analysis of a cryobiopsy specimen from a patient with early disease supports the clinical application of single-cell RNA-Seq to develop personalized approaches to therapy.

  Study phs001750

• The Mood and Methylation Study (MMS)

  The Mood Methylation Study (MMS) is an observational study designed to understand epigenetic mechanisms underlying major depression symptoms (MDD) using a co-twin control design. Twins enrolled in the MMS were monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs discordant on lifetime history of MDD. All twins were members of the Washington State Twin Registry (WSTR), a community-based twin registry consisting of over 10,000 twin pairs. Lifetime and current MDD diagnoses were determined using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Research Version (SCID-4-RV). DNA methylation in blood monocytes was measured using the Infinium HumanMethylationEPIC BeadChip. Monocyte gene expression was quantified by paired end RNA-seq (50 PE). Zygosity of the twin pairs included in the MMS was self-reported and confirmed using the polymorphic SNPs included in the DNA methylation array.

  Study phs002858

• COVID-19: Post-Hospital Thromboprophylaxis A Multicenter, Adaptive, Prospective, Randomized Trial Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Antithrombotic Strategies in Patients with COVID-19 Following Hospital Discharge (ACTIV-4C)

  This study is an adaptive, prospective, randomized trial designed to compare the effectiveness and safety of antithrombotic therapy with no antithrombotic therapy after hospitalization for 48 hours or longer for COVID-19. For Stage 1 of this study, participants will be randomized to either prophylactic anticoagulation or no anticoagulant therapy for 30 days, and then followed for an additional 60 days after the completion of treatment (total duration of follow-up, approximately 90 days). Biobanking of samples for future biomarker and mechanistic studies will be available for centers able to participate and collect samples from eligible participants. Samples will be collected at the time of enrollment and after the completion of 30 days of therapy.

  Study phs003063

• Next Generation Sequencing of Stage IV Squamous Cell Lung Cancers Reveals an Association of PI3K Aberrations and Evidence of Clonal Heterogeneity in Patients with Brain Metastases

  Putative oncogenic pathways in squamous cell lung cancer have been recently characterized, although their biologic repercussions in patients is largely unknown. This study sought to discover potential clinical manifestations of major pathways in squamous cell lung cancer, particularly the PI3K pathway. Two key findings emerged: patients with stage IV squamous cell lung cancer whose tumors harbored upstream PI3K aberrations had significantly worse survival and a higher burden of metastatic disease. In addition, brain metastases were significantly more common in these patients than in others. Paired lung primary/brain metastasis genotyping, including RNA sequencing and whole exome sequencing, uncovered a high degree of genetic heterogeneity between lung/brain pairs, and identified potential regulators of the metastatic process to brain.

  Study phs000907

• Single Cell Transcriptomic Data from CD4+ T Cells from Children with MIS-C

  Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a severe complication of SARS-CoV-2 infections in the pediatric population characterized by fever, multi-organ involvement and systemic inflammation. Single-cell RNA sequencing was used to evaluate the transcriptomic signature of CD4+ T cells obtained from the peripheral blood of patients with MIS-C before (n=3) and after (n=5) immunomodulatory treatment, along with pediatric controls (n=4). Compared to controls and treated children with MIS-C, T cells obtained from pre-treatment MIS-C patients upregulated genes associated with activation, such as NF-kB signaling. This single-cell transcriptomic data was used in the context of a larger study entitled, "Notch1-CD22-Dependent Immune Dysregulation in the SARSCoV2-Associated Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children."

  Study phs003086

• Melanoma Brain Metastasis Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Atlas

  Melanoma brain metastasis (MBM) frequently occurs in patients with advanced melanoma, yet our understanding of the underlying salient biology is rudimentary. Here, we performed single-cell/nucleus RNA-seq in 22 treatment-naive MBM (scRNA-seq n=5; snRNA-seq n=17) and 10 extracranial melanoma metastases (ECM; all snRNA-seq), and matched spatial single-cell transcriptomics (n=16) and T cell receptor (TCR)-seq (n=5). Key observations were validated in matched bulk RNA- and ATAC-seq of isogenic MBM/ECM cell culture models (n=24; including triplicates (labeled as *-A, -B and -C) of 4 MBM- and 4 ECM-derived patient cell lines with 2 matched pairs). This work provides comprehensive insights into MBM biology and serves as a foundational resource for further discovery and therapeutic exploration.

  Study phs002944

• Transcriptomic and Clonal Characterization of T Cells in the Human Central Nervous System

  The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is thought to be a main route for immune surveillance in the central nervous system (CNS). Understanding the composition and state of CSF in healthy individuals may provide insight into perturbations present during neuroinflammation. Here, we have used single-cell RNA and TCR sequencing to profile CSF and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy individuals and patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic autoimmmune disease. In addition, with the goal of understanding how transcriptional artefacts are introduced in transcriptomics experiments, we have performed single-cell and TCR sequencing to profile PBMCs from a healthy individual that were processed with the same enzymatic digestion used for tissues (such as the brain) in the presence or absence of transcription inhibitors. 

  Study phs002222

• Development and Validation of Organoids from Fibrolamellar Carcinoma Human Cells

  Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma (FL-HCC) is a rare liver tumor affecting adolescents and young adults with no history of primary liver disease or cirrhosis. We collected fibrolamellar tumor tissue and the adjacent non-tumor liver from patients at the time of surgery. We only used tumor tissue that was validated as fibrolamellar by the presence of the DNAJB1-PRKACA fusion gene. The freshly resected tissue was dissociated and grown as organoids. This yielded 21 patient-derived organoid lines. From the tumor tissue we developed twelve organoids from metastases and three from the liver tumor. Additionally, we generated six organoid lines from the adjacent non-tumor liver. The tumor organoids were all shown to recapitulate the histologic morphology, immunohistochemistry, and transcriptome of the tumor tissue from which they were derived.

  Study phs002439

• RNA-Seq from PMM2-CDG Patients and Healthy Controls

  Besides the predominant neurological involvement of PMM2-CDG patients, around 20% of patient mortality has been linked to severe infections. However, the immunological dysfunction in PMM2-CDG is not well understood. In this study, we aimed to address this gap and study the molecular mechanisms affected behind immunological issues in PMM2-CDG. Primary skin fibroblasts from three PMM2-CDG patients and three healthy controls were stimulated or not with TNF-alpha and their gene expression was assessed by RNA sequencing. The response to TNF-alpha was characterized based on the differential expressed genes and functional enrichment and and compared between PMM2-CDG and healthy individuais. Gene expression alterations and functional enrichment were further validated by several experimental assays by ELISA, Flow Cytometry and Western Blotting.

  Study phs003313

• Single-Cell Sequencing Reveals Distinct Microenvironment Cell Types Associated with Response to High Dose Melphalan and Autologous Stem Cell Transplant in Multiple Myeloma

  The aim of this study is to understand the transcriptome of microenvironment cells in pre- and post- autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) samples between patients with complete response and partial response to transplant. Here, we studied immune cells from 40 multiple myeloma patients who have undergone ASCT. Samples were collected from 40 multiple myeloma patients before and after ASCT. Samples were sorted using magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS) and the non-tumor CD138- fraction underwent 3' single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) or 5' scRNA-seq + 5' T cell receptor sequencing (TCRseq), to determine the scRNA transcriptome and TCR repertoire. This study includes 24 samples with 3' scRNA-seq, 56 samples with 5' scRNA-seq, and 56 samples with 5' TCRseq data.

  Study phs003219