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• Genomic characterisation of SDH deficient renal cell carcinoma - RNA

  SDH deficient renal cell carcinomas are a rare and recently defined subtype of kidney cancer, often associated with an inherited mutation in one of the SDH gene subunits. This dataset sought to understand the genomic events that underpin tumour formation, from putative cell of origin, characterisation of the tumour microenvironment, to the genomic evolution of these rare tumours. We performed whole genome and RNA sequencing of 4 patients with SDH deficient renal cell carcinomas, including one patient who had an additional paraganglioma. An addition patient in this cohort had the initial diagnosis revised to a clear cell renal cell carcinoma.

  Dataset EGAD00001008470

• Whole exome sequencing of sequential samples from a CLL patient over the course of venetoclax treatment, BCR inhibitor treatment, and venetoclax re-treatment

  The dataset contains whole exome sequencing data (libraries prepared using the Agilent SureSelect Human All Exon V6 kit, and paired-end sequenced on Illumina HiSeq4000 (2 x 150bp)) of 6 samples taken from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) (Samples 1-5) and bone marrow (BM). Data are provided as fastq files. Sample 1 was taken prior to initial venetoclax treatment. Sample 2 was taken as disease progression on venetoclax. Sample 3 was taken during response to BTK and PI3K inhibitor therapy. Sample 4 and the BM sample were taken at disease progression/prior to venetoclax re-treatment. And Sample 5 was taken during venetoclax re-treatment response.

  Dataset EGAD00001008685

• Berlin Neuroblastoma Patient Genomic Data from Targeted Sequencing for Detection of TERT rearrangement breakpoints to monitor neuroblastoma

  Our objective was to establish a liquid biopsy-based monitoring strategy for pediatric high-risk neuroblastomas that are harboring genomic TERT rearrangements at diagnosis. TERT rearrangement breakpoints are detected by a hybrid capture-based neuroblastoma DNA panel sequencing (published in PMID: 34442335) in tumor material and are reflected in cell-free tumor DNA and can serve as robust biomarkers for disease activity. Within the dataset, 5 tumors of 4 pediatric patients with a neuroblastoma were DNA sequenced. Provided are FASTQ data files, bam and bambai files, as well as breakpoint spanning and encompassing read (enspan) bam and bambai files. Sequencing bam data files are aligned to GRCh37.p13 reference genome (processed).

  Dataset EGAD00001011088

• Single-cell RNA-seq of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in classic Hodgkin lymphoma

  Abstract: Classic Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) is a largely MHC class I-negative tumor with recurrent 9p24.1/ PD-L1/ PD-L2 copy gains and the highest reported response rates to PD-1 blockade. We utilized scRNA sequencing to characterize the peripheral immune response to PD-1 blockade and more broadly define non-CD8+ dependent mechanisms of immune evasion in cHL. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were obtained from 20 patients with relapsed/refractory (R/R) cHL treated with PD-1 blockade (nivolumab) on the CheckMate 205 clinical trial (paired samples from cycle 1 day 1 [C1D1] and cycle 4 day 1 [C4D1]), 11 patients with newly diagnosed, previously untreated cHL and 13 healthy donors.

  Dataset EGAD00001011360

• The Causes of Clonal Blood Cell Disorders Study - SCOR_Custom (2018-04-19)

  We took a bone marrow aspirate and peripheral blood samples from a healthy patient aged around 60, and use flow cytometry to isolate 100 HSCs, 50 MEPs, and 50 GMPs. We grew these up into colonies, then whole genome sequenced each colony. Somatic mutations act as a unique barcode for each clone. We have designed a panel for targeted resequencing of the mutations that we find. We are now looking for these mutations in the peripheral blood, to see the dynamics of how HSCs contribute to the peripheral blood in health. This dataset contains all the data available for this study on 2018-04-19.

  Dataset EGAD00001004087

• Identifying autosomal recessive mutations causing neurological disorders

  The objective of this study is to resequence of targeted intervals containing autosomal recessive variants causing neurological disorders in consanguineous pedigrees. Using homozygosity mapping, three intervals of very different sizes have previously been unambiguously mapped for three different neurological diseases: 2.4Mb, 8Mb and 14.3Mb in size, for Microlissencephaly, Severe Mental Retardation and Complicated hereditary spastic paraplegia respectively. This study is a pilot to assess how well custom targeted resequencing performs across a broad size range of intervals. The study design is to use a different custom capture probe set for each interval, pulldown from a single patient from each family, and sequence 1 lane using Illumina paired-reads for each sample. Candidate variants will be followed up in the families themselves, and in patients with similar phenotypes from outbred populations

  Dataset EGAD00001000340

• Single-cell RNA sequencing on 11,138 single T cells from 12 colon and rectal cancer (CRC) patients

  Deep single-cell RNA sequencing data for 11,138 T cells from tumour, adjacent normal tissue and peripheral blood of treatment-naive CRC patients. The DATA ACCESS AGREEMENT is provided at https://github.com/zhangyybio/single-T-cell-data-access. Applicants can request access to the data by directly downloading it or by sending an email to cancerpku@pku.edu.cn. The process that is used to approve an application includes verifying the institution, participants and research purposes of the application. In general this process will take about two weeks. In principal, any academic research institutions complying with the laws and bioethic regulation policies of China will be approved.

  Dataset EGAD00001003910

• Mechanism and targeted therapy of Vemurafenib-Resistant Hairy-Cell Leukemia

  The discovery of the BRAF V600E mutation in almost all cases of hairy-cell leukemia has led to the widespread adoption of the BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib for treatment of chemotherapy-resistant cases. Impressive responses are reported; however, acquired resistance is common. Whilst diverse mechanisms of vemurafenib resistance have been elucidated in melanoma, the basis of resistance in HCL is unclear. Here we apply whole genome and deep targeted sequencing to investigate resistance mechanisms and potential therapeutic strategies in a patient with aquired resistance to vemurafenib.

  Dataset EGAD00001003923

• Mechanism and targeted therapy of Vemurafenib-Resistant Hairy-Cell Leukemia

  The discovery of the BRAF V600E mutation in almost all cases of hairy-cell leukemia has led to the widespread adoption of the BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib for treatment of chemotherapy-resistant cases. Impressive responses are reported; however, acquired resistance is common. Whilst diverse mechanisms of vemurafenib resistance have been elucidated in melanoma, the basis of resistance in HCL is unclear. Here we apply whole genome and deep targeted sequencing to investigate resistance mechanisms and potential therapeutic strategies in a patient with aquired resistance to vemurafenib.

  Dataset EGAD00001003924

• Pilot experiment on functional genomics in osteoarthritis_RNA

  The aim of this work is to apply an integrated systems approach to understand the biological underpinnings of large joint (hip and knee) osteoarthritis which culminates in the need for total joint replacement (TJR). In this pilot we will assess the feasibility of the approach in the relevant tissue. We will obtain diseased and non-diseased tissue (cartilage and endochondral bone) following TJR, coupled with a blood sample, from 12 patients. We will characterise the 12 pairs of diseased and non-diseased tissue samples in terms of transcription (RNASeq) The pilot will help assess the feasibility of isolating sufficient levels of starting material for the different approaches, and will instigate the development of analytical approaches to synthesising the resulting data.

  Dataset EGAD00001001331

• ENU-NCI-H508-Cetuximab-SecondRound

  Cetuximab is a targeted monoclonal antibody against the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) which is used therapeutically for the treatment of KRAS wild-type colorectal cancer (CRC). The Cetuximab sensitive KRAS wild-type CRC cell line NCI-H508 has been treated with a fixed concentration of ENU for 24 hours and then selected with Cetuximab until drug resistant clones were ready to be picked and grown up as sub-clones of the parental cell line. These will have genes causally implicated in cancer sequenced to identify common point mutations in multiple independently derived drug resistant clones as a forward genetic screen for mechanisms of resistance to Cetuximab in CRC

  Dataset EGAD00001002065

• Relationship between low LDL cholesterol concentrations not due to statin therapy and risk of type 2 diabetes: a US-based cross-sectional observational study using electronic medical records

  Lipid lowering therapy using HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) is associated with an approximately 9-12% increase in the risk of new-onset type 2 diabetes (T2DM). The risk of diabetes could be increased by statins directly; however, genetic approaches have also implicated low LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations as a risk factor for T2DM. Mendelian randomization studies using functional variants in both HMGCR (GeneID:3156) and PCSK9 (GeneID:255738) genes found a higher risk of T2DM in individuals with variants associated with lower LDL-C concentrations. Since PCSK9 and HMGCR are involved in lipid metabolism through distinct molecular pathways, the altered glycemic effect associated with variants in both genes is likely to be the result of their common effect on LDL-C concentrations. Despite the findings from statin clinical trials and genetic studies, there is little direct evidence implicating low LDL-C concentrations with increased risk of T2DM. Individuals who have very low LDL-C concentrations not due to lipid lowering therapy can provide insights into the relationship between low LDL-C concentrations and T2DM. Here, we used de-identified electronic health records (EHRs) to test the hypothesis that low LDL-C concentrations are associated with T2DM.

  Study phs001588

• MutWP1: CRUK Grand Challenge Mutographs of Cancer: Oesophageal adenocarcinoma

  The Mutographs project aims to advance our understanding of the causes of cancer through studies of mutational signatures. Led by Mike Stratton, together with Paul Brennan, Ludmil Alexandrov, Allan Balmain, David Phillips and Peter Campbell, this large-scale international research endeavour was awarded a Cancer Research UK Grand Challenge. Different patterns of somatic mutation are generated by the different environmental, lifestyle and genetic factors that cause cancer, many of them are still unknown. Within Mutographs, the International Agency for Research on Cancer is coordinating the recruitment of 5000 individuals with cancer (colorectal, renal, pancreatic, oesophageal adenocarcinoma or oesophageal squamous cancers) across 5 continents to explore whether different mutational signatures explain marked variation in incidence. In brief, through an international network of collaborators around the world, biological materials are collected, along with demographic, histological, clinical and questionnaire data. Whole genome sequences of tumour-germline DNA pairs are generated at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (40X and 20X depth respectively). Somatic mutational signatures are subsequently extracted by non-negative matrix factorisation methods and correlated with risk factors data. Through an enhanced understanding of cancer aetiology, Mutographs unprecedented effort is anticipated to outline modifiable risk factors, lead to new approaches to prevent cancer, and provide opportunities to empower early detection, refine high-risk groups and contribute to further therapeutic development. This dataset contains all the data available for this study on 2021-09-27.

  Dataset EGAD00001006083

• Stereotyped B-cell responses are linked to IgG constant region polymorphisms in multiple sclerosis

  Clonally related B cells infiltrate the brain, meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, but the mechanisms driving the B-cell response and shaping the immunoglobulin repertoires remain unclear. Here, we used single-cell full-length RNA-seq and B-cell receptor reconstruction to simultaneously assess the phenotypes, isotypes, constant region polymorphisms, and the paired heavy- and light-chain repertoires in intrathecal B cells. We detected extensive clonal connections between the memory B cell and antibody-secreting cell compartments and observed clonally related cells of different isotypes, including IgM/IgG1, IgG1/IgA1, IgG1/IgG2, and IgM/IgA1. There was a strong dominance of the G1m1 allotype constant region polymorphisms in antibody-secreting cells, but not in memory B cells. Tightly linked to the G1m1 allotype, we found a preferential pairing of the immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable (IGHV)4 gene family with the κ variable (IGKV)1 gene family. The IGHV4-39 gene was most used and showed the highest frequency of pairing with IGKV1-5 and IGKV1(D)-33. These results link IgG constant region polymorphisms to stereotyped B-cell responses in MS and indicate that the intrathecal B-cell response in these patients could be directed against structurally similar epitopes.

  Study EGAS00001005745

• Sex chromosome aneuploidies give rise to changes in the circular RNA profile

  Purpose The landscape of circular RNAs (circRNAs), an important class of non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression, has never been described in human disorders of sex chromosome aneuploidies. We profiled circRNAs in Turner syndrome females (45,X;TS) and Klinefelter syndrome males (47,XXY; KS) to investigate how circRNAs respond to a missing or an extra X chromosome. Methods Samples of blood, muscle and fat were collected from individuals with TS (n = 33) and KS (n = 22) and from male (n = 16) and female (n = 44) controls. CircRNAs were identified using a combination of circRNA identification pipelines (CIRI2, CIRCexplorer2 and circRNA_finder). Results Differential expression of circRNAs was observed throughout the genome in TS and KS, in all tissues. The host-genes from which several of these circRNAs were derived, were associated with known phenotypic traits. Furthermore, several differentially expressed circRNAs had the potential to capture micro RNAs that targeted protein-coding genes with altered expression in TS and KS. Conclusion Sex chromosome aneuploidies introduce pervasive changes in the circRNA transcriptome, demonstrating that the genomic changes in these syndromes are more complex than hitherto thought. CircRNAs may help explain some of the genomic and phenotypic traits observed in these syndromes.

  Study EGAS00001006404

• Clonal dynamics after allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation using genome-wide somatic mutations - TGS

  Allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) replaces the stem cells responsible for blood production with those harvested from a donor, and is received by 40,000 patients worldwide each year. To quantify dynamics of long-term stem cell engraftment, we sequenced whole genomes of 2,824 single-cell-derived haematopoietic colonies from blood samples of 10 donor-recipient pairs taken 9-31 years after HLA-matched sibling HCT. With younger donors, 10,000-50,000 stem cells had engrafted and were still contributing to haematopoiesis at time of sampling, but estimates were 10-fold lower with older donors. Engrafted stem cells made multilineage contributions to myeloid, B-lymphoid and T-lymphoid populations, although individual clones often showed biases towards one or other mature cell type. Recipients had lower clonal diversity than matched donors, equivalent to ~10-15 years of additional ageing, arising from up to 25-fold greater expansion of stem cell clones. An HCT-related population bottleneck alone could not explain these differences: instead, phylogenetic trees evinced two distinct modes of HCT-specific selection. In 'pruning selection', cell divisions underpinning recipient-enriched clonal expansions had occurred in the donor, preceding transplant - their selective advantage derived from preferential mobilisation, harvest, survival ex vivo or initial homing. In 'growth selection', cell divisions underpinning clonal expansion occurred through proliferative advantage in the recipient's marrow after homing - clones with multiple driver mutations especially demonstrated this pattern. Uprooting stem cells from their native environment and transplanting them to foreign soil exaggerates selective pressures, distorting and accelerating the loss of clonal diversity compared to the unperturbed haematopoiesis of donors.

  Dataset EGAD00001010874

• Neutrophils and emergency granulopoiesis drive immune suppression and an extreme response endotype during sepsis

  This dataset contains raw sequencing files associated with the paper "Neutrophils and emergency granulopoiesis drive immune suppression and an extreme response endotype during sepsis" (https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-023-01490-5). It is composed of two experiments, which are as follows: 1. Single-cell profiling of whole blood leukocytes: This experiment comprises sequencing files generated using the BD Rhapsody single-cell multi-omics profiling (RNA + protein) platform. This platform was used to profile the whole blood leukocyte population in a cohort of sepsis patients, cardiac surgery controls and healthy controls. There are 48 samples and four files per sample: two paired-end FASTQ files (R1 and R2) corresponding to the RNA-seq library, and two paired-end FASTQ files (R1 and R2) corresponding to the protein profiling (ADT-based AbSeq) library. 2. Single-cell profiling of circulating HSPCs: This experiment comprises sequencing files generated using the 10X single-cell multi-omics (RNA-seq + ATAC-seq) profiling platform. This platform was used to profile circulating HSPCs in a cohort of sepsis patients and healthy controls. There are 5 samples (or plexes), each of which consists of a pool of individuals for whom cells were multiplexed and sequenced as a single sample. There are four files per sample: two paired-end FASTQ files (R1 and R2) corresponding to the RNA-seq library, and two paired-end FASTQ files (R1 and R2) corresponding to the ATAC-seq library. Because these samples consists of multiplexed pools, index files are also provided. These can be used for sample deconvolution using the Cell Ranger pipeline. NOTE: Due to EGA's constrains in the number of files permitted per sample, index files (I1 and I2) for the HSPC data set are provided as a separate experiment named "FASTQ index files (I1 and I2) for deconvolution of 10X single-cell multiomics libraries".

  Dataset EGAD00001010927

• PSCP_bisulphite analysis in hESCs (2018-08-13)

  Many studies over the past 10 years, culminating in the recent report of the International Stem Cell Initiative (ISCI, 2011) have shown that hPSC acquire genetic and epigenetic changes during their time in culture. Many of the genetic changes are non-random and recurrent, probably because they provide a selective growth advantage to the undifferentiated cells. Some are shared by embryonal carcinoma cells, the malignant counterparts of ES cells. The origins of these growth advantages are poorly understood, but may come from altered cell cycle dynamics, resistance to apoptosis or altered patterns of differentiation. Less is known about the nature and consequences of epigenetic changes, but it is likely that these similarly affect hPSC behaviour; e.g., enhanced expression of DLK1, an imprinted gene, is associated with altered hPSC growth (Enver et al 2005). Inevitably, these genetic and epigenetic changes will impact on our ability to use hPSC for regenerative medicine, either because malignant transformation of the undifferentiated cells or their differentiated derivatives to be used for transplantation compromises safety, or because they impede the function of those differentiated derivatives, or because they affect the efficiency with which the undifferentiated cells can be expanded and differentiated into desired cell types. Focusing initially upon the existing clinical grade hESC lines, later moving to iPSC, we will Consolidate and extend knowledge of the rate, type and functional impact of the genetic variations that occur during hPSC culture. We will use whole genome and exome sequencing as well as SNP arrays, together with clonal analysis and other cytogenetics techniques. Common changes will be compared with those found in the normal human population, at low frequency in the original cell population or observed during iPSC generation in the HIPSCI project currently based at the WTSI. These studies will provide a better understanding of the range of genetic changes that occur in hPSC beyond the CNVs already identified. In conjunction with cancer genome resources and expertise at WTSI, bioinformatic analyses of these hPSC data will allow us to assess potential impact on hPSC behaviour pertinent to applications in regenerative medicine, notably the likelihood that specific changes arising in undifferentiated PSC cultures may be associated with potential malignant transformation of differentiated progeny. This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/ . This dataset contains all the data available for this study on 2018-08-13.

  Dataset EGAD00001004295

• RNA-seq analysis of transcriptome variation with human ESC subclones

  Many studies over the past 10 years, culminating in the recent report of the International Stem Cell Initiative (ISCI, 2011) have shown that hPSC acquire genetic and epigenetic changes during their time in culture. Many of the genetic changes are non-random and recurrent, probably because they provide a selective growth advantage to the undifferentiated cells. Some are shared by embryonal carcinoma cells, the malignant counterparts of ES cells. The origins of these growth advantages are poorly understood, but may come from altered cell cycle dynamics, resistance to apoptosis or altered patterns of differentiation. Less is known about the nature and consequences of epigenetic changes, but it is likely that these similarly affect hPSC behaviour; e.g., enhanced expression of DLK1, an imprinted gene, is associated with altered hPSC growth (Enver et al 2005). Inevitably, these genetic and epigenetic changes will impact on our ability to use hPSC for regenerative medicine, either because malignant transformation of the undifferentiated cells or their differentiated derivatives to be used for transplantation compromises safety, or because they impede the function of those differentiated derivatives, or because they affect the efficiency with which the undifferentiated cells can be expanded and differentiated into desired cell types. Focusing initially upon the existing clinical grade hESC lines, later moving to iPSC, we will Consolidate and extend knowledge of the rate, type and functional impact of the genetic variations that occur during hPSC culture. We will use whole genome and exome sequencing as well as SNP arrays, together with clonal analysis and other cytogenetics techniques. Common changes will be compared with those found in the normal human population, at low frequency in the original cell population or observed during iPSC generation in the HIPSCI project currently based at the WTSI. These studies will provide a better understanding of the range of genetic changes that occur in hPSC beyond the CNVs already identified. In conjunction with cancer genome resources and expertise at WTSI, bioinformatic analyses of these hPSC data will allow us to assess potential impact on hPSC behaviour pertinent to applications in regenerative medicine, notably the likelihood that specific changes arising in undifferentiated PSC cultures may be associated with potential malignant transformation of differentiated progeny This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/ .

  Dataset EGAD00001004266

• PSCP_mutation analysis in hESCs

  Many studies over the past 10 years, culminating in the recent report of the International Stem Cell Initiative (ISCI, 2011) have shown that hPSC acquire genetic and epigenetic changes during their time in culture. Many of the genetic changes are non-random and recurrent, probably because they provide a selective growth advantage to the undifferentiated cells. Some are shared by embryonal carcinoma cells, the malignant counterparts of ES cells. The origins of these growth advantages are poorly understood, but may come from altered cell cycle dynamics, resistance to apoptosis or altered patterns of differentiation. Less is known about the nature and consequences of epigenetic changes, but it is likely that these similarly affect hPSC behaviour; e.g., enhanced expression of DLK1, an imprinted gene, is associated with altered hPSC growth (Enver et al 2005). Inevitably, these genetic and epigenetic changes will impact on our ability to use hPSC for regenerative medicine, either because malignant transformation of the undifferentiated cells or their differentiated derivatives to be used for transplantation compromises safety, or because they impede the function of those differentiated derivatives, or because they affect the efficiency with which the undifferentiated cells can be expanded and differentiated into desired cell types. Focusing initially upon the existing clinical grade hESC lines, later moving to iPSC, we will Consolidate and extend knowledge of the rate, type and functional impact of the genetic variations that occur during hPSC culture. We will use whole genome and exome sequencing as well as SNP arrays, together with clonal analysis and other cytogenetics techniques. Common changes will be compared with those found in the normal human population, at low frequency in the original cell population or observed during iPSC generation in the HIPSCI project currently based at the WTSI. These studies will provide a better understanding of the range of genetic changes that occur in hPSC beyond the CNVs already identified. In conjunction with cancer genome resources and expertise at WTSI, bioinformatic analyses of these hPSC data will allow us to assess potential impact on hPSC behaviour pertinent to applications in regenerative medicine, notably the likelihood that specific changes arising in undifferentiated PSC cultures may be associated with potential malignant transformation of differentiated progeny. This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shred by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

  Dataset EGAD00001002231

• PSCP_bisulphite analysis in hESCs

  Many studies over the past 10 years, culminating in the recent report of the International Stem Cell Initiative (ISCI, 2011) have shown that hPSC acquire genetic and epigenetic changes during their time in culture. Many of the genetic changes are non-random and recurrent, probably because they provide a selective growth advantage to the undifferentiated cells. Some are shared by embryonal carcinoma cells, the malignant counterparts of ES cells. The origins of these growth advantages are poorly understood, but may come from altered cell cycle dynamics, resistance to apoptosis or altered patterns of differentiation. Less is known about the nature and consequences of epigenetic changes, but it is likely that these similarly affect hPSC behaviour; e.g., enhanced expression of DLK1, an imprinted gene, is associated with altered hPSC growth (Enver et al 2005). Inevitably, these genetic and epigenetic changes will impact on our ability to use hPSC for regenerative medicine, either because malignant transformation of the undifferentiated cells or their differentiated derivatives to be used for transplantation compromises safety, or because they impede the function of those differentiated derivatives, or because they affect the efficiency with which the undifferentiated cells can be expanded and differentiated into desired cell types. Focusing initially upon the existing clinical grade hESC lines, later moving to iPSC, we will Consolidate and extend knowledge of the rate, type and functional impact of the genetic variations that occur during hPSC culture. We will use whole genome and exome sequencing as well as SNP arrays, together with clonal analysis and other cytogenetics techniques. Common changes will be compared with those found in the normal human population, at low frequency in the original cell population or observed during iPSC generation in the HIPSCI project currently based at the WTSI. These studies will provide a better understanding of the range of genetic changes that occur in hPSC beyond the CNVs already identified. In conjunction with cancer genome resources and expertise at WTSI, bioinformatic analyses of these hPSC data will allow us to assess potential impact on hPSC behaviour pertinent to applications in regenerative medicine, notably the likelihood that specific changes arising in undifferentiated PSC cultures may be associated with potential malignant transformation of differentiated progeny. This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

  Dataset EGAD00001002235

• Framingham Cohort

  Startup of Framingham Heart Study. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death and serious illness in the United States. In 1948, the Framingham Heart Study (FHS) -- under the direction of the National Heart Institute (now known as the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NHLBI) -- embarked on a novel and ambitious project in health research. At the time, little was known about the general causes of heart disease and stroke, but the death rates for CVD had been increasing steadily since the beginning of the century and had become an American epidemic. The objective of the FHS was to identify the common factors or characteristics that contribute to CVD by following its development over a long period of time in a large group of participants who had not yet developed overt symptoms of CVD or suffered a heart attack or stroke. Design of Framingham Heart Study. In 1948, the researchers recruited 5,209 men and women between the ages of 30 and 62 from the town of Framingham, Massachusetts, and began the first round of extensive physical examinations and lifestyle interviews that they would later analyze for common patterns related to CVD development. Since 1948, the subjects have returned to the study every two years for an examination consisting of a detailed medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests, and in 1971, the study enrolled a second-generation cohort -- 5,124 of the original participants' adult children and their spouses -- to participate in similar examinations. The second examination of the Offspring cohort occurred eight years after the first examination, and subsequent examinations have occurred approximately every four years thereafter. In April 2002 the Study entered a new phase: the enrollment of a third generation of participants, the grandchildren of the original cohort. The first examination of the Third Generation Study was completed in July 2005 and involved 4,095 participants. Thus, the FHS has evolved into a prospective, community-based, three generation family study. The FHS is a joint project of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute and Boston University. Research Areas in the Framingham Heart Study. Over the years, careful monitoring of the FHS population has led to the identification of the major CVD risk factors -- high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, smoking, obesity, diabetes, and physical inactivity -- as well as a great deal of valuable information on the effects of related factors such as blood triglyceride and HDL cholesterol levels, age, gender, and psychosocial issues. Risk factors have been identified for the major components of CVD, including coronary heart disease, stroke, intermittent claudication, and heart failure. It is also clear from research in the FHS and other studies that substantial subclinical vascular disease occurs in the blood vessels, heart and brain that precedes clinical CVD. With recent advances in technology, the FHS has enhanced its research capabilities and capitalized on its inherent resources by the conduct of high resolution imaging to detect and quantify subclinical vascular disease in the major blood vessels, heart and brain. These studies have included ultrasound studies of the heart (echocardiography) and carotid arteries, computed tomography studies of the heart and aorta, and magnetic resonance imaging studies of the brain, heart, and aorta. Although the Framingham cohort is primarily white, the importance of the major CVD risk factors identified in this group have been shown in other studies to apply almost universally among racial and ethnic groups, even though the patterns of distribution may vary from group to group. In the past half century, the Study has produced approximately 1,200 articles in leading medical journals. The concept of CVD risk factors has become an integral part of the modern medical curriculum and has led to the development of effective treatment and preventive strategies in clinical practice. In addition to research studies focused on risk factors, subclinical CVD and clinically apparent CVD, Framingham investigators have also collaborated with leading researchers from around the country and throughout the world on projects involving some of the major chronic illnesses in men and women, including dementia, osteoporosis and arthritis, nutritional deficiencies, eye diseases, hearing disorders, and chronic obstructive lung diseases. Genetic Research in the Framingham Heart Study. While pursuing the Study's established research goals, the NHLBI and the Framingham investigators has expanded its research mission into the study of genetic factors underlying CVD and other disorders. Over the past two decades, DNA has been collected from blood samples and from immortalized cell lines obtained from Original Cohort participants, members of the Offspring Cohort and the Third Generation Cohort. Several large-scale genotyping projects have been conducted in the past decade. Genome-wide linkage analysis has been conducted using genotypes of approximately 400 microsatellite markers that have been completed in over 9,300 subjects in all three generations. Analyses using microsatellite markers completed in the original cohort and offspring cohorts have resulted in over 100 publications, including many publications from the Genetics Analysis Workshop 13. Several other recent collaborative projects have completed thousands of SNP genotypes for candidate gene regions in subsets of FHS subjects with available DNA. These projects include the Cardiogenomics Program of the NHLBI's Programs for Genomics Applications, the genotyping of ~3000 SNPs in inflammation genes, and the completion of a genome-wide scan of 100,000 SNPs using the Affymetrix 100K Genechip. Framingham Cohort Phenotype Data. The phenotype database contains a vast array of phenotype information available in all three generations. These will include the quantitative measures of the major risk factors such as systolic blood pressure, total and HDL cholesterol, fasting glucose, and cigarette use, as well as anthropomorphic measures such as body mass index, biomarkers such as fibrinogen and CRP, and electrocardiography measures such as the QT interval. Many of these measures have been collected repeatedly in the original and offspring cohorts. Also included in the SHARe database will be an array of recently collected biomarkers, subclinical disease imaging measures, clinical CVD outcomes as well as an array of ancillary studies. The phenotype data is located here in the top-level study phs000007 Framingham Cohort. To view the phenotype variables collected from the Framingham Cohort, please click on the "Variables" tab above. The Framingham Cohort is utilized in the following dbGaP substudies. To view genotypes, analysis, expression data, other molecular data, and derived variables collected in these substudies, please click on the following substudies below or in the "Substudies" section of this top-level study page phs000007 Framingham Cohort. phs000342 Framingham SHARe phs000282 Framingham CARe phs000363 Framingham SABRe phs000307 Framingham Medical Resequencing phs000401 Framingham ESP Heart-GO phs000651 Framingham CHARGE-S phs000724 Framingham DNA Methylation phs001610 Framingham T2D-GENES phs002558 Framingham ADSP phs002559 Framingham BRIDGET phs002560 Framingham Cholesterol phs002611 Framingham Post-Mortem Brain Tissue phs002938 Framingham Molecular QTL The unflagging commitment of the research participants in the NHLBI FHS has made more than a half century of research success possible. For decades, the FHS has made its data and DNA widely available to qualified investigators throughout the world through the Limited Access Datasets and the FHS DNA Committee, and the SHARe database will continue that tradition by allowing access to qualified investigators who agree to the requirements of data access. With the SHARe database, we continue with an ambitious research agenda and look forward to new discoveries in the decades to come.

  Study phs000007

• Inherited Predisposition to Cancer Projects Data Access Committee

  Dac EGAC00001001565

• Board considering access to BELOB RNA-seq data

  Dac EGAC00001001686

• DAC related to monozygotic twins discordant for ALS

  Dac EGAC00001003524

• Whole Exome Sequencing of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors at The Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine (HGSC-BCM)

  Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs), often referred to as "islet cell tumors", are neuroendocrine neoplasms that arise from cells of the endocrine and nervous system within the pancreas. These rare tumors which originate from the pancreatic islet are divided into many categories and are often classified by the hormone most strongly secreted. With the collaboration of the Elkins Pancreatic Center, the Human Genome Sequencing Center (HGSC) at Baylor College of Medicine had access to approximately 30 untreated tumor specimens and matched normal blood samples. Since the onset and progression of cancer is driven by extensive mutation of the genome, we are combining enrichment of exonic DNA with next generation sequencing to detect and characterize the somatic mutation profile of patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine cancer. This work was done at the Human Genome Sequencing Center (HGSC) in collaboration with the Elkins Pancreatic Center at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, TX and was supported by grant number 5U54HG003273 from National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI).

  Study phs000871

• International Cancer Proteogenomics Consortium (ICPC): Proteogenomics of East-Asian Breast Cancer

  The incidence of invasive breast cancer is rapidly increasing in East Asia, enriching in younger patients and luminal disease. We presented a deep proteogenomic landscape of a prospectively enrolled early-stage cohort in Taiwan to uncover the etiology, age-related subtype and oncogenic vulnerabilities underlying the heterogeneous disease. Multilayer proteogenomic architecture revealed distinct endogenous and environmental carcinogen-associated mutagenesis, linking APOBEC (apolipoprotein-B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like) cytidine deaminase and DBAC (dibenz[a,j] acridine) signatures to significantly elevated hormone biosynthesis and chemical carcinogenesis in younger patients, and identifying a novel subset of high mutation burden and immune escape potentially beneficial from combined epigenetic therapy and immunotherapy. A proteomics-informed classification resolves luminal heterogeneity, defines high-risk recurrent luminal disease and nominates biomarkers and actionable druggable pathways. Furthermore, proteogenomics profile distinguished a young luminal population susceptible to exogenous carcinogen and having DNA repair deficiency. This study illuminates the age-related molecular subtypes and oncogenic vulnerabilities, providing a proteogenomics-transformative guide for patient stratification and precision therapeutics beyond clinical staging.

  Study phs003150

• Role of the Cervico-Vaginal Microbiome in Spontaneous Preterm Birth

  Preterm birth is the leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. A failure to predict and understand the causes of preterm birth have limited effective interventions and therapeutics. From a cohort of 2,000 pregnant women, we performed a nested case control study on 107 well-phenotyped cases of spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB) and 432 women delivering at term. Modern and innovative Bayesian modeling of vaginal microbiota identified features of these communities associated with PTB. Seven bacterial taxa were shown to have relative abundances significantly associated with an increased risk of sPTB, with a stronger effect in African American women. However, higher vaginal levels of β-defensins significantly decreased the risk of sPTB associated with the vaginal microbiota in an ethnicity-dependent manner. These findings hold promise for the development of novel diagnostics that could more accurately identify women at risk for sPTB early in pregnancy and offer new therapeutic strategies that would include immune modulators and microbiome-based therapeutics to reduce this significant health burden.

  Study phs001739

• A Multi-Gene Mutation Classification of 468 Colorectal Cancers Reveals a Prognostic Role for APC

  Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a highly heterogeneous disease, for which prognosis has been relegated to clinic-pathologic staging for decades. There is a need to molecularly stratify subpopulations of CRC to better predict outcome and assign therapies. Here we report targeted exome sequencing of 1,321 cancer-related genes on 468 tumor specimens, which identified a subset of 17 genes that best classify CRC, with APC (Gene ID: 324) playing a central role in predicting overall survival. APC may assume 0, 1, or 2 truncating mutations, each with a striking differential impact on survival. Tumors lacking any APC mutation carry a worse prognosis than single APC mutation tumors, but tumors with two APC mutations and KRAS (Gene ID: 3845) and TP53 (Gene ID: 7157) mutations confer the poorest survival among all the subgroups examined. Our study demonstrates a substantial prognostic role for APC and suggests that sequencing of APC may have clinical utility in the routine staging and potential therapeutic assignment for CRC.

  Study phs001111

• Genome-Wide Discovery of Novel Colon Cancer Predisposing Mutations

  Cancer risk shows clear heritability, but the inherited genetic factors remain largely unknown. This project will seek to identify new genes in which mutations confer hereditary risk for early onset colorectal cancer, with important implications for both biological understanding and clinical prediction and prevention. Identifying cancer predisposing mutations can provide new biological insights and significantly impact important clinical decision making regarding treatment, surveillance and preventive approaches. Hereditary colon cancer patients commonly present to Cancer Genetics clinics, but the majority of these patients do not have identifiable mutations in known candidate genes. We have performed whole exome sequencing to discover novel colorectal cancer susceptibility genes. The patients have been recruited from the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (PIs Kenneth Offit, Nathan Ellis, and Zsofia Stadler), and Case Western University and University Hospitals of Cleveland (PIs Joseph Willis and Sanford Markowitz). All exome sequencing was performed at the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT; samples sequence capture was performed using Agilent SureSelect Human All Exon Kit v2 and sequencing was performed on an Illumina HiSeq 2000 or 2500.

  Study phs000824

• BrainSpan Atlas of the Human Brain

  The NIH-funded BrainSpan (www.brainspan.org) and PsychENCODE (www.psychencode.org). Consortia sought to generate and analyze multi-dimensional genomics data from the developing and adult human brain in healthy and disease states. One of the main goals has been to perform large-scale and integrated analysis of the genome, transcriptome, and epigenome of the human brain to broaden our understanding of human neurodevelopment. This dataset consists of sixteen regions, including eleven neocortical areas, of human donors of both sexes and various ethnic groups. In the first stage of this project, we provide the genome-wide exon-level transcriptome data generated using the Affymetrix GeneChip Human Exon 1.0 ST Arrays, and the genome-wide genotyping data for 2.5 million markers using the Illumina Human Omni 2.5-Quad Bead Chips. In the second stage of this project, we provide whole-genome sequencing data, transcriptome data by mRNA-Seq, small RNA data by smRNA-seq, DNA cytosine methylation by Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip, and epigenomic/epigenetic data by ChIP-Seq for H3K4me3, H3K27me3, H3K27ac and CTCF.

  Study phs000755

• CHDWB Rare Regulatory Alleles and Gene Expression Study

  In order to evaluate whether rare regulatory variants in the vicinity of promoters are likely to impact gene expression, we conducted a novel burden test for rare variants at the extreme of expression. After targeted sequencing of 2kb promoter regions of 472 genes in 410 healthy adults, burden tests were performed by calculating the summed rare allele counts in ranked expression level bins using Illumina whole blood microarray gene expression data. The results clearly show an enrichment of rare variants at both extremes of gene expression. The rare regulatory variant effects were also partitioned into subsets of genes based on their regulatory functions, positions relative to transcription start sites, disease relatedness, with some intriguing biases. The enrichment of rare regulatory variants in extremely expressed genes was replicated in an independent sample of 75 individuals with RNASeq and whole genome sequence information. Participants were from the Emory-Georgia Tech Center for Health Discovery and Well Being (CHDWB) longitudinal cohort study, but only baseline gene expression data was used.

  Study phs001021

• Tissue and Fluid Analysis in Ocular Inflammatory Disease

  Granulomas are found in multiple infectious and non-infectious human diseases, yet the pathogenic drivers of granulomatous disease are still poorly understood. To enrich for pathologic inflammatory cells, we leveraged the intrinsic immunologic isolation of the eye by examining granulomatous uveitis, a form of ocular inflammation. We performed single-cell RNA-sequencing to obtain an unbiased gene expression survey of ocular immune cells in the anterior chamber of four live human donors with granulomatous uveitis. We paired this with antigen-receptor sequence analysis to identify clonally expanded lymphocytes. Each individual had robust clonal expansion arising from a single T or B cell lineage, suggesting distinct pathogenic processes in each patient. This variability in clonal expansion was mirrored by individualized combinations of TH1, TH1/TH17, and Tregs in ocular CD4 T cells. In contrast, ocular CD8 T cells were more transcriptionally similar across donors. Finally, clonally expanded, activated B cells displayed evidence of plasmablast differentiation and class-switching within the ocular microenvironment. Collectively, our study identified conserved and individualized features of granulomatous inflammation, illuminating parallel pathophysiologic mechanisms.

  Study phs002449

• Transcriptional Profiling of Macrophages In Situ in Metastatic Melanoma Reveals Localization-Dependent Phenotypes and Function

  Therapeutic interventions modulating immune function at the tumor site could improve outcomes in cancer. Here we analyzed metastatic melanoma, a tumor type highly responsive to T-cell based therapies, and found that the tumor-infiltrating T cells are localized closely to CD14+ monocytes/macrophages rather than to melanoma cells. Using novel immunofluorescence-guided laser capture micro-dissection, we analyzed transcriptomes of CD3+ T cells, CD14+ monocytes/macrophages and melanoma cells in non-dissociated tissue. CD14+ cells localized in tumors beds displayed specific transcriptional signatures distinct from CD14+ cells that were localized in tumor stroma.The 8 distinct metastatic melanoma samples are from the Cooperative Human Tissue Network (CHTN). 64 RNA-seq files are available from 16 intraCD14+, 16 stromaCD14+, 16 cancer cells, 8 intraCD3+ and 8 stromaCD3+ cells. 2 LCM harvests were completed for the CD14+ and cancer cells on two sections of the samples. One harvest was done for the CD3+ samples.The processed data (TPM/raw counts tables) are available on GEO under GSE180124. 

  Study phs002564

• POISED (Peanut Oral Immunotherapy: Safety, Efficacy, and Discovery)

  Phase 2 POISED (Peanut Oral Immunotherapy: Safety, Efficacy, Discovery) Study In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled (DBPC) clinical trial, blinded placebo group received oat flour, whereas in active participants, dosage was built-up for over ~ 52 weeks and subsequently maintained on 4000 mg peanut protein, daily for next 52 weeks. 80 (98.77%) per-protocol active participants passed the food challenge at week 104. Subsequently, for 12 weeks, peanut ingestion was avoided in a randomized group of 51 blinded active participants (i.e., peanut avoidance group). 21 (41.2%) participants in the peanut avoidance group passed the 4000 mg double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge (DBPCFC) without any allergic reaction at week 117, thus demonstrating sustained unresponsiveness. These 21 participants continued oral immunotherapy (OIT) for every three months and afterwards were allowed to continue peanut OIT discontinuation if they passed. 8 participants passed the DBPCFCs, 12 months after peanut discontinuation (week 156), i.e. they achieved long-term sustained unresponsiveness with no allergic reaction in response to food challenge. For detailed description, please refer to Chinthrajah et al., PMID: 31522849.

  Study phs003071

• PETAL Repository of Electronic Data COVID-19 Observational Study (RED CORAL)

  To describe characteristics, treatment, and outcomes among patients hospitalized with COVID-19 early in the pandemic, 1480 consecutive adult inpatients with laboratory-confirmed, symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection admitted to 57 US hospitals from March 1 to April 1, 2020 were studied.It was found that in a geographically diverse early-pandemic COVID-19 cohort with complete hospital folllow-up, hospital mortality was associated with older age, comorbidity burden, and male sex. Intensive care unit admissions occurred early and were associated with protracted hospital stays. Survivors often required new health care services or respiratory support at discharge.The PETAL Network central institutional review board at Vanderbilt University and the institutional review boards at each participating hospital approved the study or determined that the study was exempt from review. Instructions for requesting individual-level data are available on BioData Catalyst at https://biodatacatalyst.nhlbi.nih.gov/resources/data/. Apply for data access in dbGaP. Upon approval, users may begin accessing requested data in BioData Catalyst. For questions about availability, you may contact the BioData Catalyst team at https://biodatacatalyst.nhlbi.nih.gov/contact.

  Study phs002363

• CPTAC: Microscaled Proteogenomic Methods for Precision Oncology

  Cancer proteogenomics combines genomics, transcriptomics and mass spectrometry-based proteomics to gain insights into cancer biology and treatment outcomes. To promote clinical investigation, we developed a "microscaled" proteogenomics approach for tumor-rich frozen core needle biopsies. Tissue-sparing specimen processing ("Biopsy Trifecta EXTraction", BioTExt) and microscaled proteomics (MiProt) generated deep-scale proteogenomics datasets. As a proofof- concept, biopsies were accrued from ERBB2 positive (ERBB2+) breast cancers before and 48 to 72 hours after the first dose of neoadjuvant trastuzumab-based chemotherapy. Multi-omics comparisons were conducted between samples associated with residual disease versus complete pathological response (pCR). Integrated analyses diagnosed diverse molecular causes of treatmentresistance including: 1) absence of ERBB2 amplification (false-ERBB2&#43); 2) insufficient ERBB2 activity for therapeutic sensitivity despite ERBB2 amplification (pseudo-ERBB2&#43); 3) resistance features in true-ERBB2+ cases including androgen receptor signaling, mucin expression and an inactive immune microenvironment; 4) lack of acute phospho-ERBB2 down-regulation in nonpCR cases. We conclude microscaled cancer proteogenomics could improve diagnostic precision.

  Study phs001907

• Neoadjuvant Trastuzumab Response in Breast Cancer

  HER2 (ERBB2) gene amplification and overexpression are present in 15-30% of invasive breast cancers. While HER2-targeted agents such as trastuzumab are effective treatments, therapeutic resistance remains a concern in HER2-positive breast cancer with 40-50% of patients having residual disease after neoadjuvant treatment with chemotherapy and trastuzumab. To investigate features that may make it possible to predict at diagnosis which cancers will be responsive to trastuzumab and chemotherapy, 48 tumor/normal DNA pairs extracted from pretreatment tumor biopsies and blood of HER2-positive breast cancer cases treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy and trastuzumab were sequenced. Whole genome and exome sequence from tumor (average depth 49x and 71x) and normal (average depth 33x and 69x) DNA are included here as well as RNAseq data for 42 of the tumors. The study cohort was equally divided between patients who experienced pathological complete response and those with residual disease. Samples were obtained from the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group Z1041 trial (NCT00513292) and a local single-institution study (NCT00353483).

  Study phs001291

• Genome-wide Association Study of Adiposity in Samoans

  The research goal of this study is to identify genetic variation that increases susceptibility to obesity and cardiometabolic phenotypes among adult Samoans using genome-wide association (GWAS) methods. DNA from peripheral blood and phenotypic information were collected from 3,119 adult Samoans, 23 to 70 years of age. The participants reside throughout the independent nation of Samoa, which is experiencing economic development and the nutrition transition. Genotyping was performed with the Affymetrix Genome-Wide Human SNP 6.0 Array using a panel of approximately 900,000 SNPs. Anthropometric, fasting blood biomarkers and detailed dietary, physical activity, health and socio-demographic variables were collected. We are replicating the GWAS findings in an independent sample of 2,500 Samoans from earlier studies. After replication of genomic regions and informative SNPs in those regions, we will determine sequences of the important genes, and determine the specific genetic variants in the sequenced genes that are associated with adiposity and related cardiometabolic conditions. We will also identify gene by environment interactions, focusing on dietary intake patterns and nutrients.

  Study phs000914

• CPTAC: Molecular Dissection of Chemotherapy Response in Triple Negative Breast Cancer

  Sporadic Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) represents 10-15% of breast cancers (BC) worldwide. Non-specific chemotherapy remains the standard of care as there are no targeted agents. In 50% of cases, pathological complete response (pCR) is not achieved, and these individuals experience poor survival. Predictive markers for chemotherapy have proved elusive, and patients can receive up to five different chemotherapy agents to optimize outcomes. Microscaled proteogenomics (PMID: 31988290) is a discovery technique that integrates DNA and RNA sequencing with mass spectrometry based proteomics. This approach was applied to snap-frozen biopsies obtained before TNBC treatment on a clinical trial of carboplatin and docetaxel. Proteogenomic profiling included whole exome sequencing (WES), RNA-seq, and tandem mass tag based proteomics and phosphoproteomics.The study was approved by the IRB at both participating sites: Washington University in St. Louis and Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), and followed the Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practice guidelines. The protocol and informed consent documents were approved by Washington University School of Medicine (WUSM) and BCM.

  Study phs002505

• Characterization of Immune Evasion in Merkel Cell Carcinoma

  Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare, neuroendocrine skin carcinoma that is caused by the Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) in 80% of cases and by ultraviolet (UV) damage in 20% of cases. MCC should theoretically elicit a strong cytotoxic T cell response due to the high neoantigen and viral antigen burden in MCPyV- and MCPyV+ MCC, respectively. However, MCC often escapes immune recognition and is associated with very poor prognosis at advanced stages. To systemically identify mechanisms of immune evasion in MCC, we established 11 robust MCC lines from either primary tumors or patient-derived xenografts (7 MCPyV+ and 4 MCPyV-). We then characterized these tumors and cell lines by whole exome sequencing (WES), RNA-sequencing, scRNA-sequencing, ATAC-seq, and whole genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS). We also studied MCC transcriptional subtypes, utilizing bulk and scRNA-sequencing datasets of patient-derived tumors and cell lines to investigate profiles of neuroendocrine gene expression. The genes linked below define either a neuroendocrine or a non-neuroendocrine phenotype presence within MCC tumors.

  Study phs002260

• Genetics of Glucose Regulation in Gestation and Growth (Gen3G) Cohort - Placenta Transcriptomics RNA Sequencing

  The overarching goals of Genetics of Glucose regulation in Gestation and Growth (Gen3G) are to increase our understanding of biological, environmental, and genetic determinants of glucose regulation during pregnancy and their impact on fetal/child development. Gen3G is a prospective cohort study: we initially recruited 1,024 pregnant women between 2010-2013 at Blood Sampling in Pregnancy Clinic during the first trimester of pregnancy (median 9 weeks of gestation) in Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada. We assessed 898 pregnant women at second trimester (median 26 weeks of gestation), when participants completed a 75g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) as clinically indicated for screening of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). We collected data for 854 mother-child dyads at delivery (from medical records), in addition to placenta and/or cord blood samples in majority of newborns.The overall goal of the grant that supported data that is included in this dbGaP submission was to discover novel placental factors that regulate glucose metabolism in pregnancy and predict GDM by conducting genome-wide transcriptomics (RNA and miRNA) in carefully collected placenta samples from Gen3G.

  Study phs003151

• Altered Interactions between Circulating and Tissue-Resident CD8 T Cells with the Colonic Mucosa Define Checkpoint Inhibitor Colitis

  Therapeutic immune checkpoint blockade has revolutionized oncology, but treatments are limited by immune-related adverse events, including checkpoint inhibitor colitis (irColitis). To define molecular drivers of irColitis, we profiled ~300,000 cells from the colonic mucosa and blood of 29 patients and controls. Patients with irColitis showed expanded mucosal Tregs (regulatory T cells), CD8 tissue-resident memory T cells expressing CXCL13 and Th17 gene programs, and recirculating ITGB2 CD8 T cells. Cytotoxic CD4 T cells, recirculating CD8 T cells, and endothelial cells expressing hypoxia gene programs were further expanded in colitis associated with anti-PD-1/CTLA-4 compared to in the presence of anti-PD-1 therapy. Luminal epithelial cells in irColitis patients expressed PCSK9, PD-L1, and interferon-induced signatures associated with apoptosis, increased cell turnover, and malabsorption.Raw data files from both colon and PBMCs from irColitis patients and controls have been provided to dbGaP. Count matrices derived from raw RNA-Seq data will be available through GEO accession GSE206301.

  Study phs003418

• Analysis of Epigenomes and Genome Topology in Colorectal Cancer

  When diagnosing cancer, pathologists use nuclear morphology as a hallmark of tumor cells, but the topological changes linked to alterations in the shape of the nucleus were poorly understood. To uncover the molecular changes that occur in the 3D structure of cancer genomes, we integrated topological maps for colon tumors and normal colon tissues with epigenetic, transcriptional, and imaging data. We characterized tumor-associated changes in chromatin loops, topologically associated domains (TADs), and large-scale compartments. We found that chromatin loop rewiring contributes to oncogenic gene expression programs. Whereas TAD structures are largely stable, the spatial partitioning of the open and closed genome compartments is compromised in tumors and is accompanied by hypomethylation and histone mark rearrangements. We also identified a compartment that is reorganized in tumors and is at the interface between the canonical A and B compartments. Similar changes were evident in non-malignant cells that had accumulated excessive cellular divisions. Our analyses suggest that these compartment changes repress stemness and invasion programs while inducing immunity genes, and they may therefore restrain malignant progression.

  Study phs002288

• Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus

  Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is a neurological disorder of aging that is characterized by enlarged cerebral ventricles, gait difficulty, incontinence and dementia. It is a common disorder that occurs almost exclusively after the age of 60. About 1.3% of patients over the age of 65 and 9-14% of nursing home residents are thought to have iNPH. Unfortunately, more than 90% of these patients remain misdiagnosed or undiagnosed, in part because the symptoms of iNPH resemble the symptoms of other neurodegenerative diseases, and in part because many health care practitioners are unfamiliar with this disorder. The etiology of iNPH is not known. Scattered reports of familial cases of iNPH suggest a genetic origin, but the genes involved are unknown. To investigate this matter, we have used exome sequencing to look for genetic factors associated with iNPH. We find recurrent heterozygous mutations in 10 genes, nearly all of which show increased expression in the ciliated ventricular epithelium and/or choroid plexus. Many have previously been associated with the function of cilia. 

  Study phs002296

• The Innate Immune Response as a Therapeutic Target for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

  The overall goal of the proposed project is to identify innate host functions that contribute to cure or failure during antileishmanial drug therapy, and their related biomarkers. Results from this project enabled the identification of host-specific predictive and prognostic signatures of therapeutic responsiveness, and the bases for rational selection of host-targeted therapeutics that redirect inflammation and revert pathogenicity. Through sequential transcriptomic profiling of blood monocytes (Mo), neutrophils (Nφ), and eosinophils (Eφ) over the course of systemic treatment with meglumine antimoniate, we discovered that a heightened and sustained Type I interferon (IFN) response signature is a hallmark of treatment failure (TF) in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) patients. The transcriptomes of pre-treatment, mid-treatment and end-of-treatment samples were interrogated to identify predictive and prognostic biomarkers of TF. Results from this study instigate the evaluation of Type-I IFN responses as new immunological targets for host-directed therapies for treatment of CL, and highlight the feasibility of using transcriptional signatures as predictive biomarkers of outcome for therapeutic decision making.

  Study phs003545

• Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacogenomics of Ribociclib in Race-Based Cohorts (LEANORA)

  Underrepresented populations' participation in clinical trials remains limited, and the potential impact of genomic variants on drug metabolism remains elusive. This study aimed to assess the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacogenomics (PGx) of ribociclib in self-identified Black women with hormone receptor positive (HR+)/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HER2) advanced breast cancer. LEANORA (NCT04657679) was a prospective, observational, multicenter cohort study involving 14 Black women. PK and PGx were evaluated using tandem mass spectrometry and PharmacoScan microarray. CYP3A5*3, CYP3A5*6, and CYP3A5*7 variants were genotyped and CYP3A5 phenotypes were constructed from these data. We observed 7 poor metabolizers (PM), 6 intermediate metabolizers (IM), and one normal metabolizer (NM). The area under the curve of plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC) of ribociclib did not differ between PMs (39,230 hr*ng/mL) and IM/NMs (43,546 hr*ng/mL; P=0.38). The incidence of adverse events (AEs) was also similar. We found no association between CYP3A5 genotype and ribociclib exposure. Continued efforts are needed to include diverse populations in clinical trials to ensure equitable treatment outcomes.

  Study phs003770

• Proteogenomic Analysis of CALGB40601 (ALLIANCE) a Neoadjuvant Phase III HER2-Positive Breast Cancer Trial

  80 frozen core needle biopsies from 54 HER2+ breast cancer patients from the CALGB 40601 trial (NCT00770809) were processed for proteogenomic analysis to identify genes, proteins, and phosphosites associated with pathological complete response to neodjuvant anti-HER2 therapies. The final set included 22 patients treated with trastuzumab plus lapatinib in combination with pacletaxel (THL arm), 24 patients treated with trastuzumab in combination with pacletaxel (TH arm), and 8 patients treated lapatinib in combination with pacletaxel (TL arm). Principal findings of this study included identifying negative cases misdiagnosed as HER2+ that did not respond to targeted therapy and observing higher levels of two biomarker candidates in non-pCR tumors. Mass spec-based proteomics and phosphoproteomics data generated from 75 biopsies (all 54 patients) will be made available via the Proteomic Data Commons. Whole exome- (67 biopsies from 49 patients) and RNA-sequencing (52 biopsies from 39 patients) data for the subset profiled with proteogenomics will be made available through dbGaP, but genomic and transcriptomic profiling data for the whole cohort has previously been deposited (phs001570).

  Study phs003576

• Fetal Genomics Consortium (FGC)

  Many of the congenital anomalies and associated genomic variants identified during prenatal care are rare, requiring aggregation and harmonization to assure their appropriate clinical interpretation and to support the expanding utility of genomics in perinatal medicine. The primary step in accomplishing this is the creation of interoperability allowing collection, collaborative storage, dissemination and use of harmonized and vetted genomic and phenotypic data. The overall goal of this project is to generate a prenatal repository for both clinical care and research ensuring data are Findable; Accessible; Interoperable; and Reusable. The specific goals are: (1) collect and organize data contributions from multiple sites using the cloud-based Terra platform; (2) establish a governance structure for data contributions across sites; (3) develop and implement a pipeline for phenotype driven analysis and implementation of fetal specific Phenopackets on Terra; (4) generate a searchable callset of genomic variants and phenotype features on Terra; and (5) explore methods for facilitating broad access and sharing of longitudinal phenotype and genomic data facilitating genomic analysis in the prenatal space.

  Study phs003193

• Aberrant Oligoclonal Hematopoiesis in Remission AML and Relapse from Rare Cells Genomically Resembling Leukemic Blasts

  Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) is a hematological malignancy that often responds well to initial treatment in which patients achieve a complete remission (CR). Nevertheless, most patients will relapse after achieving a CR, which is often fatal. This minimal residual disease (MRD) that remains after CR is likely the source of relapse and so improved measurement and characterization of these residual cells is critical. Employing droplet digital PCR (ddPCR), we were able to measure mutated alleles of many recurrently mutated genes in bone marrow samples acquired during CR from AML patients at levels as low as 0.002% variant allele frequency. Most of these gene mutations persisted in CR but at very variable and gene-dependent levels. Most AML cases involved residual aberrant oligoclonal hematopoiesis, and rare cell populations (as few as 1 in 15,000) were detected that were genomically similar to the AML blast populations at that dominated at diagnosis and were fully clonally represented at relapse. From a clinical perspective, the mutant allele frequency correlated closely with relapse-free and overall survival.

  Study phs001408