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• Whole-genome sequencing of paired tumor and blood samples from 65 bladder cancer patients

  65 paired tumor and normal whole-genome sequencing samples from urothelial bladder carcinomas (UBC, the most common type of bladder cancer) are used to uncover the whole-genome mutational landscape of UBC. Recurrent mutations in noncoding regions affecting gene regulatory elements and structural variations leading to gene disruptions are prevalent in this type of cancer.

  Dataset EGAD00001004545

• Single-cell RNA sequencing of pediatric Hodgkin Lymphoma to study the inhibition of T cell subtypes

  Here, we applied single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) on isolated HRS cells and the immune cells from the same cHL tumors. This allowed us to identify genes of cell surface proteins that are consistently overexpressed in HRS cells and can potentially be used as targets for antibody-drug conjugates or CAR T cells. Finally, we identify potential interactions by which HRS cells inhibit T cells, among which the Galectin-1/CD69 and HLA-DRA/LAG3 interactions. However, high levels of inter-patient heterogeneity of the interaction strength were observed. In conclusion, this study identifies new potential therapeutic targets for cHL and highlights the importance of studying heterogeneity when identifying therapy targets.

  Study EGAS50000000432

• Biological insights from the whole genome sequences of human embryonic stem cell lines

  Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are a powerful tool for the study of human development and can form the basis of cellular disease models or therapies. However, the genetic make-up and stability of hESCs has not been systematically studied at a genome-wide level with single nucleotide resolution. We therefore sequenced the whole genome and whole exomes of widely available hESC. This online resource will enable investigators to access raw sequencing data in order to interrogate cell lines for different disease- and trait-associated genetic variants.

  Study EGAS00001002400

• Somatic Mutational Analysis by Exome Sequencing Late-Stage Endometrioid Endometrial Carcinoma

  The purpose of this study was to identify somatic (tumor-specific) mutations in advanced stage endometrioid endometrial carcinoma tumor exomes. The dataset was generated at the NIH Intramural Sequencing Center (NISC) and NHGRI by next generation sequencing the exomes of 19 de-identified primary tumor DNAs, from advanced stage tumors, and matched non-tumor DNAs.

  Study phs001153

• Single-cell RNA-sequencing of CSF cells and PBMCs from individuals with neurological disorders

  We undertook single-cell RNA sequencing to establish gene expression and lymphocyte receptor sequences of CSF and peripheral blood leukocytes derived from patients with a variety of inflammatory, infectious and non-inflammatory neurological disorders. The aim of the study was the investigation of functional changes of the cells involved in neuroinflammatory responses.

  Study EGAS00001007954

• GATCI whole genome sequence data

  Sequence data in fastq format was aligned to the GRCh38 reference genome with BWA-MEM. Aligned sequence was preprocessed with GATK for Indel Realignment and Base Quality Score Recalibration. Duplicates were marked with Picard Mark Duplicates. Aligned sequence is in bam format. Details of the alignment can be found in the bam header

  Dataset EGAD00001005914

• GIS-LUNGTCR1-2016_VAL-FASTQ

  This dataset contains FASTQ files of targeted Amplicon deep-sequencing data, for validation of the mutations found in WES. There are 16 patients and 95 samples in total, including 16 controls and 79 tumors. 140 fastq in total, multiple runs for some of the samples. Please refer to the sample-ID from filename for merging.

  Dataset EGAD00001001981

• Genome Sequencing of Familial Cholangiocarcinoma for the Identification of Germline Risk Alleles

  In this study, sequencing data (WES, WGS, linked-read WGS) was used to identify candidate causal germline variants in a family with inherited cholangiocarcinoma. Candidate causal SNVs and indels were identified from the germline WES data of eight siblings (four affected, four unaffected), then somatic second hits were identified from matched tumor/normal pairs. Second hits were verified using haplotype information derived from linked-read WGS of the tumor data.

  Study phs001593

• Assessing Individual Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patient Response to Therapy Through Integration of Functional and Genomic Data

  This study combines RNA sequencing (RNASeq), whole exome sequencing (WES), reverse phase protein array (RPPA) and copy number variation (CNV) data, along with a custom high throughput inhibitor assay to characterize tumor cells from patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), in order to identify potential therapy targets on an individual patient basis. The data that will be available through dbGaP include the RNASeq, WES, RPPA and array CNV data for the tumor and matched normal samples. This study represents a proof-of-concept. No treatments were administered to patients as part of this study.

  Study phs003456

• Genomic landscape and molecularly-informed therapy in thymic carcinoma and other advanced thymic epithelial tumors (H021, HIPO)

  The molecular landscape of malignant thymic epithelial tumors (TET) is largely unknown. To better understand and target these clinically challenging entities, we characterize 81 patients harboring 46 thymus carcinomas (TC), 8 neuroendocrine tumors of the thymus (NET) and 27 thymomas using WGS/WES, transcriptome and methylome analysis. TC harbor different molecular alterations compared to thymoma and NET and have higher tumor mutational burden than thymomas. 14/76 TET patients show (likely) pathogenic germline alterations. Composite biomarker analysis indicates homologous repair deficiency in a subset of patients. We identify immunologically hot and cold TC. Cold TC show significantly shorter overall survival. 71/81 patients receive molecularly-informed therapy recommendations, which are applied in 28/71 cases leading to a DCR of 60% and an ORR of 24% (both n=25). 8/23 patients reach PFS ratios > 1.3, seven of them having TC.

  Study EGAS00001006408

• Genetic Basis for Clinical Response to CTLA-4 Blockade in Melanoma

  Immune checkpoint inhibitors are effective cancer treatments, but molecular determinants of clinical benefit are unknown. Ipilimumab and tremelimumab are antibodies against cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4). Anti-CTLA-4 treatment prolongs overall survival in patients with melanoma. CTLA-4 blockade activates T cells and enables them to destroy tumor cells. We obtained tumor tissue from patients with melanoma who were treated with ipilimumab or tremelimumab. Whole-exome sequencing was performed on tumors and matched blood samples. Somatic mutations and candidate neoantigens generated from these mutations were characterized. Neoantigen peptides were tested for the ability to activate lymphocytes from ipilimumab-treated patients. Malignant melanoma exomes from 64 patients treated with CTLA-4 blockade were characterized with the use of massively parallel sequencing. A discovery set consisted of 11 patients who derived a long-term clinical benefit and 14 patients who derived a minimal benefit or no benefit. Mutational load was associated with the degree of clinical benefit (P = 0.01) but alone was not sufficient to predict benefit. Using genomewide somatic neoepitope analysis and patient-specific HLA typing, we identified candidate tumor neoantigens for each patient. We elucidated a neo-antigen landscape that is specifically present in tumors with a strong response to CTLA-4 blockade. We validated this signature in a second set of 39 patients with melanoma who were treated with anti-CTLA-4 antibodies. Predicted neoantigens activated T cells from the patients treated with ipilimumab.

  Study phs001041

• Size-tagged preferred ends in maternal plasma DNAshed light on the production mechanism and showutility in noninvasive prenatal testing

  Cell-free DNA molecules in the plasma of pregnant women exhibit nonrandom fragmentation with preferred end sites. We studied if such preferred end sites might bear any re- lationship with fragment lengths of plasma DNA. Short and long plasma DNA molecules were associated with different preferred DNA end sites. Analysis of size-tagged preferred ends could be used for measuring fetal DNA fraction and for facilitating fetal trisomy 21 detection. Fetal preferred end sites were generally located in the nucleosome cores, while the maternal ones were located in the linker regions. This con- ceptual framework provides an explanation of the relative shortness of fetal DNA in maternal plasma and brings us closer to understanding the biological mechanisms that influence plasma DNA fragmentation.

  Study EGAS00001002831

• A genetic compendium of human brains from the UK Medical Research Council brain tissue resource

  Common neurodegenerative diseases have a complex genetic architecture. Highly penetrant diseases alleles are found in a significant minority of cases, and common risk alleles are present in a large proportion. Given the central role of genetic factors in the pathogenesis of these disorders, it is critical that mechanistic studies in human subjects and tissue samples are interpreted in an genetically enlightened context. To address this we performed exome sequencing on 1461 human brains accessible through the Medical Research Council (UK) brain banks network. Our findings confirm the complex genetic landscape of neurodegenerative disease. Clinical, pathological and genetic data for the 1461 brains with corresponding exome sequencing data are available within this dataset, enabling the genetic stratification and selection of post-mortem tissue samples for researchers.

  Study EGAS00001001599

• Single-cell profiling of the leukemic and non-leukemic immune cell compartments in CD8+ T-cell Large Granular Lymphocytic Leukemia

  We performed a detailed and precise characterisation of the clonally expanded leukemic cells in CD8+ T cell Large Granular Lymphocytic Leukemia (T-LGLL). By combining scRNA+TCRαβ-seq with bulk RNA sequencing data we showed evidence of a strong antigen-driven immune response that shapes the entire immune cell repertoire in T-LGLL. Our study highlights how the whole immune cell repertoire including the hyperexpanded CD8+ T-LGLL cells, the non-leukemic CD8+ cells, CD4+ cells, and monocytes contribute to the CD8+ T-LGLL disease phenotype. Please note that this submission contains the fastq files while the processed count matrices can be found in ArrayExpress by the accession E-MTAB-11170.

  Study EGAS00001005297

• Whole-exome-sequencing in Frontotemporal dementia (FTD)

  To identify the genetic cause and modifiers of Frontotemporal dementia (FTD), we performed Whole-exome-sequencing of FTD patients.

  Study JGAS000374

• Atezolizumab Plus Chemotherapy With or Without Bevacizumab in Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer: Clinical and Biomarker Data From the Randomized Phase II IMbrave151 Trial

  PURPOSE Biliary tract cancers (BTCs) harbor an immunosuppressed tumor microenvironment (TME) and respond poorly to PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors. Bevacizumab (anti-VEGF) plus chemotherapy can promote anticancer immunity, augmenting response to PD-L1 inhibition. PATIENTS AND METHODS This randomized, double-blind, proof-of-concept Phase II study enrolled patients (n=162) with previously untreated advanced BTC (IMbrave151; NCT04677504). Patients were randomized 1:1 to receive 3-weekly cycles of atezolizumab (1200 mg) plus bevacizumab (15 mg/kg) or atezolizumab plus placebo until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. All patients received cisplatin (25 mg/m2) plus gemcitabine (1000 mg/m2; CisGem) on Days 1 and 8 every 3 weeks for up to 8 cycles. Stratification of patients was by disease status, geographic region, and primary tumor location. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS). No formal hypothesis testing was performed. Exploratory correlative biomarker analysis was undertaken using transcriptome analysis (n=95) and mutation profiling (n=102) on baseline tumor samples. RESULTS Between February and September 2021, 162 patients were enrolled. Median PFS was 8.3 months in the bevacizumab arm and 7.9 months in the placebo

  Study EGAS50000000387

• Transcriptomic profiling of circulating regulatory T cells from follicular lymphoma patients before and after Lenalidomide treatment

  Lenalidomide has demonstrated a favorable efficacy profile in follicular lymphoma (FL) in combination with anti-CD20 antibodies. However, in vivo administration of Lenalidomide in FL patients triggers a proliferation of functional regulatory T cells (Tregs), and a high percentage of Tregs before and along the course of treatment with Lenalidomide/anti-CD20 combination is of poor prognosis. In this study, we evaluated the impact of Lenalidomide on circulating Treg in 3 FL patients using single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq). For this purpose, we took advantage of the GALEN clinical trial (NCT01582776), where Lenalidomide was initiated one week before starting the anti-CD20 antibody Obinutuzumab, allowing us to compare the transcriptomic profile of immune cells before (D0) and at day 7 (D7) of treatment by Lenalidomide alone.

  Study EGAS50000001048

• Biallelic DICER1 mutations in sporadic pleuropulmonary blastoma

  Pleuropulmonary blastoma (PPB) is an extremely rare pediatric malignancy in the lung, whose pathogenesis is poorly understood, except for recent reports of frequent germline heterozygous DICER1 mutations. To investigate the genetic basis of PPB, we performed whole-exome sequencing in 7 representative PPB cases, followed by targeted deep sequencing in 12 cases with PPB. DICER1 mutations were found in 11/12 cases. Biallelic DICER1 mutations were common in PPB, in which RNase IIIb domain mutations were found in all cases with or without nonsense/frameshift mutations and were somatic in all evaluable cases. A majority of cases had mutated DICER1 alleles in germline with or without an additional somatic mutation in the remaining allele, while other cases had exclusively somatic mutations involving the RNase IIIb domain. TP53 deletions/mutations were detected in 8/12 cases. Our results highlight a unique role of the RNase IIIb domain mutations and TP53 inactivation in PPB pathogenesis.

  Study EGAS00001000662

• Nala TAS-LRS PGx Study

  Sequencing was performed on the PromethION Flow Cell R10 (M version) using the P2 Solo Sequencer (MinION release 24.02.16). The library was divided into three portions and loaded in a tapered manner across three time points. At the first time point, the initial portion of the library was loaded, and sequencing began in whole-genome mode (without adaptive sampling), to monitor QC (N50 within the expected range). After one hour, adaptive sampling was activated. A custom BED file was used to define the target regions (N=326). Each region was extended by 20 kb upstream and downstream, and overlapping regions were merged into non-redundant intervals using bedtools43, covering a total of 1.3% of the human genome. At the second time point (20–24 hours after sequencing began, or when fewer than 2000 pores remained active), the flow cell was washed following ONT’s Flow Cell Wash Kit protocol, and the second portion of the library was loaded. At the third time point (40–48 hours), the second portion of the library was retrieved, and merged with the third portion. The flow cell was washed and reloaded with the mixed library. POD5 files were basecalled using Dorado v0.8.1 in super-accuracy (SUP) mode with the dna_r10.4.1_e8.2_400bps_SUP@v5.0.0. Reads from the initial 1 h Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) and subsequent 72 h adaptive sampling were filtered for Q-scores >10. Passing reads were demultiplexed using Dorado’s demux function, then combined per sample and mapped to the GRCh38 reference genome using Minimap2 v2.22. Files were converted to CRAM using samtools.

  Dataset EGAD50000001609

• Interplay of somatic alterations and immune infiltration modulates response to PD-1 blockade in advanced clear cell renal cell carcinoma -- CA209-010

  Immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting the PD-1 pathway have transformed the management of many advanced malignancies, including clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), but the drivers and resistors of PD-1 response remain incompletely elucidated. Here, we analyzed 592 tumors collected from advanced ccRCC patients enrolled in prospective clinical trials of treatment with PD-1 blockade (or mTOR inhibition as control arm) by whole-exome and RNA-sequencing, integrated with immunofluorescence analysis, to define the somatic alteration landscape of late-stage ccRCC and to uncover the immunogenomic determinants of therapeutic response. While conventional genomic markers (tumor mutation burden, neoantigen load) and degree of CD8+ T cell infiltration were not associated with clinical response, we discovered numerous chromosomal alterations in advanced ccRCC associated with response or resistance to PD-1 blockade. These advanced tumors were highly CD8+ T cell infiltrated, with only 22% and 5% with an immune desert and immune excluded phenotype, respectively. Our analysis revealed that CD8+ infiltrated tumors are depleted of favorable PBRM1 mutations and are enriched for unfavorable chromosomal losses of 9p21.3 when compared to non-infiltrated tumors. These data demonstrate how the interplay of somatic alterations and immunophenotypes impacts therapeutic efficacy.

  Dataset EGAD00001006026

• Interplay of somatic alterations and immune infiltration modulates response to PD-1 blockade in advanced clear cell renal cell carcinoma -- CA209-025

  Immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting the PD-1 pathway have transformed the management of many advanced malignancies, including clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), but the drivers and resistors of PD-1 response remain incompletely elucidated. Here, we analyzed 592 tumors collected from advanced ccRCC patients enrolled in prospective clinical trials of treatment with PD-1 blockade (or mTOR inhibition as control arm) by whole-exome and RNA-sequencing, integrated with immunofluorescence analysis, to define the somatic alteration landscape of late-stage ccRCC and to uncover the immunogenomic determinants of therapeutic response. While conventional genomic markers (tumor mutation burden, neoantigen load) and degree of CD8+ T cell infiltration were not associated with clinical response, we discovered numerous chromosomal alterations in advanced ccRCC associated with response or resistance to PD-1 blockade. These advanced tumors were highly CD8+ T cell infiltrated, with only 22% and 5% with an immune desert and immune excluded phenotype, respectively. Our analysis revealed that CD8+ infiltrated tumors are depleted of favorable PBRM1 mutations and are enriched for unfavorable chromosomal losses of 9p21.3 when compared to non-infiltrated tumors. These data demonstrate how the interplay of somatic alterations and immunophenotypes impacts therapeutic efficacy.

  Dataset EGAD00001006029

• Interplay of somatic alterations and immune infiltration modulates response to PD-1 blockade in advanced clear cell renal cell carcinoma -- CA209-009

  Immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting the PD-1 pathway have transformed the management of many advanced malignancies, including clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), but the drivers and resistors of PD-1 response remain incompletely elucidated. Here, we analyzed 592 tumors collected from advanced ccRCC patients enrolled in prospective clinical trials of treatment with PD-1 blockade (or mTOR inhibition as control arm) by whole-exome and RNA-sequencing, integrated with immunofluorescence analysis, to define the somatic alteration landscape of late-stage ccRCC and to uncover the immunogenomic determinants of therapeutic response. While conventional genomic markers (tumor mutation burden, neoantigen load) and degree of CD8+ T cell infiltration were not associated with clinical response, we discovered numerous chromosomal alterations in advanced ccRCC associated with response or resistance to PD-1 blockade. These advanced tumors were highly CD8+ T cell infiltrated, with only 22% and 5% with an immune desert and immune excluded phenotype, respectively. Our analysis revealed that CD8+ infiltrated tumors are depleted of favorable PBRM1 mutations and are enriched for unfavorable chromosomal losses of 9p21.3 when compared to non-infiltrated tumors. These data demonstrate how the interplay of somatic alterations and immunophenotypes impacts therapeutic efficacy.

  Dataset EGAD00001006027

• De novo mutations in cell-free foetal DNA - Pulldown experiment

  A pulldown experiment with Agilent SureSelect probes designed on regions that were more likely to contain de novo mutations. 266 candidate sites were selected based on whole genome sequencing data. The probes also included the exons of genes that have been identified as neurodevelopmental disorder genes in DDD (the DDG2P genes) 1,336 targets. In addition, the design included the standard iPLEX sites.

  Dataset EGAD00001002265

• BipEx_Ophoff_Amsterdam

  "BipEx_EGAS00001005853_Ophoff_Amsterdam Bipolar Disorder Exomes. This research project was a collaboration between UCLA and the Stanley Center at the Broad Institute. In this project we sequenced and analyzed the whole exomes of 1,026 Bipolar case/control samples from collaborators in the Netherlands and UCLA. Genomic DNA from each sample was sequenced to a mean depth of 20x."

  Dac EGAC50000000137

• BipEx_Posthuma_Amsterdam

  "BipEx_EGAS00001005857_Posthuma_Amsterdam Bipolar Disorder Exomes. This research project was a collaboration between VU and the Stanley Center at the Broad Institute. In this project we sequenced and analyzed the whole exomes of 943 Bipolar case/control samples from collaborators in the Netherlands. Genomic DNA from each sample was sequenced to a mean depth of 20x."

  Dac EGAC50000000143

• Spontaneously differentiatiated iPSCs to EBs

  SUM-seq data (single-cell chromatin accessibility and gene expression) for spontaneously differentiatiated iPSCs. This data is the representative data in the Nature Protocols publication.

  Study EGAS50000001094

• ALPI deficiency and inflammatory bowel disease

  Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are complex and severe disorders ascribed to alterations in the dialogue between the microbiota and the host immune system (Bouma & Strober, 2003; Maloy & Powrie, 2011). By using whole‐exome sequencing (WES), we report the identification of compound heterozygous ALPI mutations in two unrelated patients displaying severe intestinal inflammation and autoimmunity. ALPI encodes the Intestinal alkaline phosphatase, a brush border metalloenzyme that catalyses phosphate hydrolysis of the lipid moiety of LPS and thereby drastically reduces LPS pro‐inflammatory activity (Schromm et al, 1998; Goldberg et al, 2008).

  Study EGAS00001002847

• CIDR: Genome Wide Association Study in Familial Parkinson Disease (PD)

  This proposal brings together the two largest NIH funded genetic studies focused on the identification of novel genes that influence the risk of PD. These two studies, PROGENI (PI: Tatiana Foroud; R01NS037167) and GenePD (PI: Richard Myers; R01NS036711) have been evaluating and recruiting families with two or more PD affected members for more than 8 years and represent the largest such cohorts world-wide. The combined sample has more than 1,000 PD families. Each study has used rigorous clinical criteria to assess their study participants. Unlike previous genome wide association studies (GWAS) in PD, all the PD cases in this proposal have a positive family history of disease. In the vast majority of these families, the index PD case has at least one sibling with the disease. Thus, the sample is unique for having substantial evidence for a genetic contribution to disease. The control group for this study consists of samples previously collected and maintained by the NINDS Repository. Genome-wide, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping services were provided by the Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR). Data analyses will focus on the identification of SNPs associated with PD susceptibility and the age of onset of disease.

  Study phs000126

• CPTAC: Molecular Dissection of Chemotherapy Response in Triple Negative Breast Cancer

  Sporadic Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) represents 10-15% of breast cancers (BC) worldwide. Non-specific chemotherapy remains the standard of care as there are no targeted agents. In 50% of cases, pathological complete response (pCR) is not achieved, and these individuals experience poor survival. Predictive markers for chemotherapy have proved elusive, and patients can receive up to five different chemotherapy agents to optimize outcomes. Microscaled proteogenomics (PMID: 31988290) is a discovery technique that integrates DNA and RNA sequencing with mass spectrometry based proteomics. This approach was applied to snap-frozen biopsies obtained before TNBC treatment on a clinical trial of carboplatin and docetaxel. Proteogenomic profiling included whole exome sequencing (WES), RNA-seq, and tandem mass tag based proteomics and phosphoproteomics.The study was approved by the IRB at both participating sites: Washington University in St. Louis and Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), and followed the Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practice guidelines. The protocol and informed consent documents were approved by Washington University School of Medicine (WUSM) and BCM.

  Study phs002505

• A novel transcriptional signature identifies T-cell infiltration in high-risk paediatric cancer

  Background Molecular profiling of the tumour immune microenvironment (TIME) has enabled the rational choice of immunotherapies in some adult cancers. In contrast, the TIME of paediatric cancers is relatively unexplored. We speculated that a more refined appreciation of the TIME in childhood cancers, rather than a reliance on commonly used biomarkers such as tumour mutation burden (TMB), neoantigen load and PD-L1 expression, is an essential prerequisite for improved immunotherapies in childhood solid cancers. Methods We combined immunohistochemistry (IHC) with RNA-sequencing and whole genome sequencing across a diverse spectrum of high-risk paediatric cancers to develop an alternative, expression-based signature associated with CD8+ T-cell infiltration of the TIME. Further, we explored transcriptional features of immune archetypes, T-cell receptor sequencing diversity, assessed the relationship between CD8+ and CD4+ abundance by IHC and deconvolution predictions, and assessed common adult biomarkers such as neoantigen load and TMB. Results A novel 15-gene immune signature, Immune Paediatric Signature Score (IPASS), was identified. Using this signature, we estimate up to 31% of high-risk cancers harbour infiltrating T-cells. In addition, we showed that PD-L1 protein expression is poorly correlated with PD-L1 RNA expression and TMB and neoantigen load are not predictive of T-cell infiltration in paediatrics. Furthermore, deconvolution algorithms are only weakly correlated with IHC measurements of T-cells. Conclusions Our data provides new insights into the variable immune-suppressive mechanisms dampening responses in paediatric solid cancers. Effective immune-based interventions in high-risk paediatric cancer will require individualised analysis of the TIME.

  Study EGAS00001007029

• Gut microbiome profiles according to sex, body mass index and dietary fiber intake

  Findings from recent studies suggest that the community of microbes residing in the human body is important in disease etiology; however, it remains unclear whether personal factors modulate human microbial composition. Studies based on animal models indicate that differences in composition might be attributed to sex-mediated effects. We analyzed the relationship of sex, adiposity, and dietary fiber intake with gut microbial composition using fecal samples from human subjects. We explored the associations of these factors with metrics of community composition and specific taxon abundances. We found that men and women had significantly different microbial community composition and that women had reduced abundance of a major phylum. Adiposity was associated with gut microbiome composition and specifically in women but not in men. Fiber from fruits and vegetables and fiber from beans were each associated with increased abundance of specific bacterial taxa. These findings provide initial indications that sex, adiposity, and dietary fiber might play important roles in influencing the human gut microbiome. Better understanding of these factors may have significant implications for gastrointestinal health and disease prevention.

  Study phs000884

• Lung Adenocarcinoma Promotion by Air Pollutants

  A complete understanding of how environmental carcinogenic exposures promote cancer formation is lacking. Over 70 years ago, tumour formation was proposed to occur in a two step process: an initiating step which induces mutations in normal tissue, followed by a promoter step which triggers cancer development. Recent evidence has revealed healthy human tissue contains a patchwork of clones harbouring oncogenic mutations.This led us to hypothesise that environmental particulate matter measuring PM2.5, known to be associated with lung cancer risk, might promote lung cancer by acting on pre-existing cells harbouring oncogenic mutations in normal lung tissue. Here we use a combination of WGS and RNA-seq of mouse tumours from pollution-exposed mice to examine the impact of particulate matter on mutagenesis and gene expression respectively.

  Study EGAS00001006951

• Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study DNA Methylation Studies

  This dataset contains raw Illumina 450K blood DNA methylation data from a subset of participants in the Melbourne Cohort Study (MCCS), a prospective study of 41,513 healthy adult volunteers (24,469 women) aged between 27 and 76 years when recruited between 1990 and 1994. Nested case-control studies: DNA methylation data were generated as part of cancer case-control studies nested in the MCCS. Participants were cancer-free at blood draw; blood samples were taken at baseline (1990-1994) for 97% of participants; and for 3% of participants at the second wave of follow-up (2003-2007). Eight separate studies were conducted of breast, prostate, colorectal, lung, kidney, urothelial and gastric cancer and B-cell lymphoma, for a total of > 3,500 cancer cases. Controls were individually matched to cases on age, sex, and country of birth using incidence density sampling. Additional matching on smoking history was made for the study of lung cancer. Longitudinal study: For a subset of 1,100 participants with baseline DNA methylation measures (from dried blood spots) who were selected as controls in the nested case-control studies, repeated methylation measures were made using wave 2 follow-up samples (also from dried blood spots) to study longitudinal DNA methylation changes. Project aims: 1. Nested case-control studies: To assess prospective associations between peripheral blood DNA methylation and risk of eight cancer types (breast, prostate, colorectal, lung, kidney, urothelial cell and gastric cancer, and mature B-cell neoplasms). 2. Longitudinal study: To assess associations between lifestyle changes and changes in peripheral blood DNA methylation.

  Study phs003213

• California Teachers Study (CTS): Whole Genome Sequences From Under-Represented Populations

  The California Teachers Study (CTS) is a prospective observational cohort of N=133,477 adult women who have been followed since 1995. Participants completed up to six surveys and have been linked with cancer, hospitalization, and mortality data. In 2013-2016, over 14,000 CTS participants donated blood samples for future research. For this project, DNA was extracted in 2023 from 1694 buffy coats and 56 blood clots from N=1750 CTS participants whose self-reported race/ethnicity was Asian (398), Asian or Pacific Islander (18), Black or African American (189), Native American (128), Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander (66), White Hispanic (719), or more than one race (232). Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was performed at CIDR in 2023-2024. WGS data and accompanying phenotype data are available through dbGaP. In addition, all CTS data are available to the research community via the CTS Researcher Platform (www.calteachersstudy.org), a secure cloud-based environment that includes data, software, documentation, and collaboration workspaces.

  Study phs002918

• Genomic Profiling of Melanoma

  This study reports on genomic profiling [whole-exome sequencing (WXS), bulk RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), and/or single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq)] of patient-derived melanoma samples and matched normal samples. The goal is to elucidate the genetic and cellular basis of sun-exposed and sun-shielded melanomas and to relate these findings to survival and regional metastasis. Specimens were collected by the Tissue Resource Core of the Yale SPORE in Skin Cancer with participants' informed signed consent according to Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) regulations with a Human Investigative Committee protocol. The melanomas used for sequencing were from fresh or snap-frozen tumors, or from short-term cell cultures. The cell cultures were routinely checked for mycoplasma contamination and were discarded when found positive. Matching normal DNA was from circulating lymphocytes or normal skin. We also include 77 WES-sequenced samples from the Yale Spitzoid neoplasm repository, which collects specimen and data according to a protocol approved by the Yale Human Investigative Committee.

  Study phs000933

• Whole exome sequencing in patients with ALS and concomitant FTD lacking the C9orf72 repeat expansion

  Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are part of a clinical, pathological and genetic continuum. The purpose of the present study was to assess the mutation burden that is present in ALS and/or FTD known disease-causing genes in 54 patients (16 with available postmortem neuropathological diagnosis) with concurrent ALS and FTD (ALS/FTD) not-carrying the C9orf72 hexanucleotide repeat expansion, the most important genetic cause in both diseases.

  Dataset EGAD00001003409

• WXS and RNA-seq for 22 patients treated with radiation + immunotherapy

  Over 500 active clinical trials are investigating combination radiation (RT) and immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) as a cancer treatment; however, the majority of trials have found no positive interaction. We performed a comprehensive molecular analysis of a randomized phase I clinical trial of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with concurrent or sequential ablative RT and ICB. Concurrent treatment was superior to sequential treatment in augmenting local and distant tumor responses and improving overall survival in a subset of patients with highly aneuploid tumors, but not in those with less aneuploid tumors. Our analysis suggested that concurrent treatment eliminated immunologically cold aneuploid tumors better than sequential treatment and improved patient outcomes. In addition, we report that RT alone decreased intratumoral cytotoxic effector T cell and adaptive immune gene expression signatures, in contrast to upregulation of key immune pathways after concurrent administration of RT and ICB. Our findings distinguish the differential genomic and transcriptomic effects of RT versus RT and ICB and challenge the prevailing paradigm that local ablative RT beneficially stimulates the immune response. We propose the use of tumor aneuploidy as a novel biomarker and therapeutic target in personalizing treatment approaches for patients with NSCLC treated with RT and ICB.

  Study EGAS00001006212

• Whole-exome sequencing and microRNA profiling predicted relapse risk of stage I lung adenocarcinomas

  Despite the advance in precision therapy, about 20% of stage I non-small cell lung cancer patients suffer a relapse after surgical resection. To develop molecular signatures for relapse prediction of stage I lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), we conduct comprehensive analyses of multiplatform molecular profiling from 113 treatment-naïve stage I Taiwanese LUAD patients. We identify 16 nonsynonymous non-sporadic point mutations (NSPOPMs) harbored at EGFR, KRAS, TP53, CTNNB1 and 6 other genes, and find that the Non-EGFR NSPOPMs were associated with early relapse in a dose-dependent manner via variant allele fraction (VAF). We define a score, maxVAF, to aggregate the VAFs of these NSPOPMs by the maximum value. MicroRNA expression analysis shows a strong correlation between miR-31 and maxVAF. Combining maxVAF with miR-31 led to a powerful risk prediction for surgically resected stage I patients (hazard ratio = 8.65, P = 0.001). Our study opens up more options for precision management of stage I LUAD patients.

  Study EGAS00001004461

• Pooled Genome-Wide Analysis of Kidney Cancer Risk (KIDRISK)

  Incidence rates of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) are rising and the latest estimates show that it accounts for over 300,000 cases and 120,000 deaths worldwide each year. Mechanisms underlying RCC occurrence are not fully understood and a large part of the disease heritability remains unexplained. The study aimed at augmenting the size of available RCC genome-wide association studies to increase the statistical power to detect genetic variants associated with the disease. The study includes genome-wide genotyping data from RCC cases (n=2,781) and controls (n=2,526) recruited in Western Europe, Central and Eastern Europe, and Australia.

  Study phs001271

• Japanese Reference Genome JG1

  The complete human genome sequence is used as a reference for next-generation sequencing analyses. However, some ethnic ancestries are under-represented in the reference genome (e.g., GRCh37) due to its bias toward European and African ancestries. Here, we perform de novo assembly of three Japanese male genomes using >100�� Pacific Biosciences long reads and Bionano Genomics optical maps per sample. We integrate the genomes using the major allele for consensus and anchor the scaffolds using genetic and radiation hybrid maps to reconstruct each chromosome. The resulting genome sequence, JG1, is contiguous, accurate, and carries the major allele for a Japanese population.

  Study JGAS000259

• Adjuvant nivolumab in resected esophageal or gastroesophageal junction cancer: exploratory biomarker analyses from CheckMate 577

  Adjuvant nivolumab demonstrated a significant improvement in disease-free survival (DFS; primary endpoint) versus placebo in patients with resected esophageal or gastroesophageal junction cancer and residual pathologic disease following neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT) in the phase III CheckMate 577 study, leading to global approval and widespread adoption. Exploratory biomarker analyses were performed using whole-exome sequencing, RNA sequencing, and immunohistochemistry. Hazard ratios for DFS favored nivolumab versus placebo in patients with higher inflammation and proliferation gene expression signature scores; lower M2 macrophage, endothelial, and stromal GES scores; and higher densities of CD3+/CD8- T cells and natural killer cells. Assessments of pre-CRT and post-CRT tumor tissue found post-CRT increases in programmed death ligand 1 combined positive score in 51% of patients, which appeared to be associated with greater DFS benefit. Through these analyses, we identified patient subpopulations that appear to derive improved DFS benefit from adjuvant nivolumab in this setting.

  Study EGAS50000001663

• Unraveling mutagenic processes influencing the tumor mutational patterns of individuals with Constitutional Mismatch Repair Deficiency

  Constitutional mismatch repair deficiency (CMMRD), caused by bi-allelic germline variants in one of the mismatch repair (MMR) genes, is a childhood cancer predisposition syndrome that often results in the development of multiple tumors early in life. A better understanding of mutational processes driving subsequent CMMRD tumors could advance optimal treatment. Therefore, we performed a genomic characterization of 41 tumors from 17 individuals with CMMRD. Mutational patterns in these tumors were found to be influenced by multiple factors, including the affected MMR genes, tumor types and somatic polymerase proofreading mutations. Temozolomide treatment left prominent mutational signatures in two second primary hematologic malignancies. Furthermore, a novel indel signature was found in 54% of the tumors, characterized by one base pair cytosine insertions in cytosine homopolymers. In conclusion, the analysis of sequential tumors in individuals with CMMRD reveals diverse mutational patterns influenced by the underlying mutated MMR gene, tumor type and treatment history.

  Study EGAS00001007660

• Engineering of a promoterless anti-viral RNAi hairpin into an endogenous miRNA locus

  Short hairpin RNA (shRNA) expression strategies that allow safe and persistent target mRNA knockdown are key to the success of many in vitro or in vivo RNAi applications. Here, we propose a novel solution which is expression of a promoterless miRNA-adapted shRNA (shmiRNA) from an engineered genomic miRNA locus. For proof-of-concept, we genetically “vaccinated” liver cells against a human pathogen, by using TALEns or CRISPR to integrate an anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) shmiRNA into the liver-specific miR-122/hcr gene. Reporter assays and qRT-PCR confirmed anti-HCV shmiRNA expression as well as miR-122 integrity and functionality. Specificity and safety of shmiRNA integration were validated via PCR, cDNA and miRNA profiling, and whole genome sequencing. A subgenomic HCV replicon and a full-length reporter virus, but not a Dengue virus control, were significantly impaired in the modified cells. Our original combination of DNA engineering and RNAi expression technologies should benefit numerous applications, from basic miRNA research, to human cell and gene therapy.

  Study EGAS00001001252

• AIDS Linked to the Intravenous Experience (ALIVE) Cohort

  The AIDS Linked to the Intravenous Experience (ALIVE) Study is a long-standing community based research effort that includes past and current injection drug users (IDUs). ALIVE has been ongoing since 1988 and is one of the longest-running community-based cohorts of IDUs in existence. The primary objectives when the study started were to characterize the incidence and natural history of HIV among injection drug users (IDUs). At each study visit, participants undergo a series of questionnaires that elicit information about substance use (including drugs used and route of administration) and a blood draw. A subsample of 1200 subjects was selected for genotyping for the NIDA Smokescreen effort who report heroin injection and have existing peripheral blood samples (isolated buffy coat). In addition to injected heroin, ALIVE subjects are assessed on lifetime and previous six months use of marijuana (76.3%), crack (55.5%), snorted cocaine (48.3%), injected cocaine (89.9%), injected speedball (87.0%), and smoking heroin (9.0%). The sample is 33.4% female, ~85% African-American and assessed through a mean maximum age of 49.9 years old. Importantly, subjects are not assessed to meet DSM criteria, but all subjects report having injected drugs. We provide demographic data (age at assessment, sex, self-reported race) and drug use data (lifetime "use" ever endorsed) for each drug class/route described above for each subject

  Study phs001494

• Cross-Sectional Characterization of Idiopathic Bronchiectasis

  This GDMCC protocol will study adult patients with non-CF, idiopathic bronchiectasis, whose genetic etiologies are not known. Idiopathic bronchiectasis is reportedly more common in females with certain tall, thin body types and associated with environmental organisms, such as nontuberculous mycobacterium (NTM). The other susceptibility factors predisposing to bronchiectasis or acquisition of NTM are unclear. The study will attempt to broaden the understanding of this disease by comparing gender-associated factors and NTM status. A relatively equal number of both females/males and NTM/non-NTM infected subjects will be enrolled. Approximately 300 people may be screened to find 260 eligible subjects, since a small number (e.g., 40 patients) may be diagnosed with PCD, vCF, or other known etiology as an explanation for the bronchiectasis. This single-visit protocol will use a systematic approach to characterize the physical features, radiographic patterns, and associated lower airway microbial flora. There is no natural history of disease course follow-up component to this protocol. Participants will have one outpatient clinic visit for evaluation with a physical examination including detailed body size measurements, medical history, collection of blood samples for routine lab tests and genetic analyses, and a chest X-ray if no recent one is available. Participants will also have tests of lung function, and measurement of a gas called nitric oxide in the nose. Participants whose initial tests show abnormal results may also be asked to have a nasal scrape to collect cell samples and/or a skin sweat test to measure salt concentrations. Participants will also have a sputum specimen collected during the visit and will be asked to collect two additional early morning sputum samples and a mouth rinse at home within 2 weeks of the clinic visit, and mail the sample collection materials to the research team. Careful evaluation and characterization of the physical and clinical characteristics will guide the genetic characterization of idiopathic bronchiectasis, and likely lead to an improved diagnostic approach. Identification of disease causing genes may provide new therapeutic targets.

  Study phs001279

• Bone marrow breakout lesions act as key sites for tumor-immune cell diversification and exhaustion in multiple myeloma

  Multiple myeloma is a disease characterized by the expansion of cancerous plasma cells in the bone marrow. The bone marrow microenvironment plays a pivotal role in supporting myeloma growth and modulating tumor immunity. As the disease progresses, myeloma cells may become independent of the bone marrow environment, leading to extramedullary disease associated with poor prognosis. However, the early processes associated with bone marrow independence and its implications for disease and immune control remain poorly understood. Here, we employed comprehensive single-cell and spatial mapping to identify the disruption of the cortical bone and subsequent expansion of myeloma cells in breakout lesions as a key event in multiple myeloma pathogenesis and tumor immunity. Breakout lesions harbor an adapted niche and a unique immune microenvironment conferred by sustained immune-tumor interactions. In particular, tumor-reactive T cells with a highly exhausted phenotype, alongside unique NK cell and macrophage subtypes, specifically expanded in breakout lesions. Spatially-resolved genomic, transcriptomic and cellular analyses uncovered extensive intra-lesion heterogeneity, suggesting a divergent co-evolution of genomic variation and locally confined T cell responses in distinct subregions. Ultra-high plex imaging revealed that tumor-reactive T cells, together with other immune-regulatory cells and dendritic cells, co-expand and exhaust upon sustained tumor interactions in locally confined immune islands. In contrast, immune-regulatory macrophage and NK cell subsets operate spatially separated within myeloma cell deserts. Jointly, our analyses uncover bone marrow breakout lesions as a hotspot for tumor-immune cell interactions, diversification and exhaustion, representing a key event in myeloma pathogenesis with significant therapeutic implications.

  Study EGAS50000000304

• Sequence Data from the phase 2 PrE0505 trial of Durvalumab with First Line Platinum-Pemetrexed for Unresectable Pleural Mesothelioma

  Mesothelioma is a rare and fatal cancer with limited therapeutic options until the recent approval of combination immune checkpoint blockade. We report the results of the phase 2 PrE0505 trial (NCT02899195) of the anti-PD-L1 antibody, durvalumab, plus platinum-based and pemetrexed chemotherapy for patients with previously untreated unresectable pleural mesothelioma. The primary endpoint was overall survival compared to historic control with cisplatin and pemetrexed chemotherapy. The combination of durvalumab with chemotherapy met the pre-specified primary endpoint reaching a median survival of 20.4 months vs. 12.1 months with historic control. Treatment emergent adverse events were consistent with known side effects of chemotherapy and all adverse events due to immunotherapy were grade ≤2. Integrated genomic and immune cell repertoire analyses revealed that a higher immunogenic mutation burden coupled with a more diverse T cell repertoire were linked with favorable clinical outcome. Structural genome-wide analyses demonstrated a higher degree of genomic instability in responding tumors of epithelioid histology. Patients with germline alterations in cancer predisposing genes, especially those involved in DNA repair, were more likely to attain long term survival. Our findings indicate that concurrent durvalumab with platinum-based chemotherapy has promising clinical activity and that responses are driven by the complex genomic background of malignant pleural mesothelioma.

  Study EGAS00001005426

• Cellular Origins and Genetic Landscape of Cutaneous GD T Cell Lymphoma

  Cutaneous gamma-delta T cell lymphomas are a rare and aggressive subtype of cutaneous lymphoma. In the present study, we analyzed these cancers by DNA and RNA sequencing in order to illuminate the genetic landscape for this rare disease. We obtained tumor samples from multiple institutions, including Northwestern University (Chicago, IL), University of Chicago (Chicago, IL), University of Virginia (Charlottesville, VA), and Massachusetts General Hospital (Boston, MA).

  Study phs001969

• Whole Exome Sequencing

  The objective of this study was to better understand the molecular changes occurring in tumors during development of ICB (immune checkpoint blockade) resistance. Here, we performed Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) on biopsies from a cohort of melanoma patients after progression on anti-CTLA4 or anti-PD1 monotherapy and matched normal samples. Genetic alterations of antigen presentation and interferon gamma signaling pathways were observed in approximately 25% of ICB resistant cases.

  Study EGAS50000000259

• RNA sequencing data from 10 patient derived colorectal cancer organoids

  This dataset comprises RNA-sequencing data from ten colorectal cancer (CRC) organoids, derived from histologically verified primary tumor tissues of patients undergoing surgical resection. Paired-end sequencing produced 20 FASTQ.gz files. The organoids were cultured in Geltrex-based droplets using PDO culture medium and harvested for RNA extraction. Total RNA was isolated and subjected to full-length mRNA sequencing, producing high-quality RNA-seq data. The dataset includes transcriptomic profiles of seven microsatellite stable (MSS) and three microsatellite instable (MSI) tumors, providing a valuable resource for the analysis of non-canonical tumor-specific antigens (ncTSAs) using the NovumRNA pipeline. This dataset aids in uncovering potential immunotherapy targets in CRC, particularly in hard-to-treat low-TMB MSS cases.

  Dataset EGAD50000000962