3876 results for "*geneti*"

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• AfricanNeo aDNA Study

  With the largest genomic dataset to date of Bantu-speaking populations, including newly generated data of modern-day and ancient DNA from previously unsampled regions in Africa, we shed fresh light on the expansion of peoples speaking Bantu languages that started ~4000 years ago in western Africa. We have generated whole-genome sequences from 12 Late Iron Age individuals. Our comprehensive genetic analysis of the expansion of people speaking Bantu languages reveals a complex history of serial founder events, variable levels of contact with local groups, and spread-over-spread events.

  Study EGAS00001007519

• Microsatellite data show recent demographic expansions in sedentary but not in nomadic human populations in Africa and Eurasia.

  The transition from hunting and gathering to plant and animal domestication was one of the most important cultural and technological revolutions in human history. According to archeologists and paleoanthropologists, this transition triggered major demographic expansions. However, few genetic studies have found traces of Neolithic expansions in the current repartition of genetic polymorphism, pointing rather toward Paleolithic expansions. Here, we used microsatellite autosomal data to investigate the past demographic history of 87 African and Eurasian human populations with contrasted lifestyles (nomadic hunter-gatherers, semi-nomadic herders and sedentary farmers). Likely due to the combination of a higher mutation rate and the possibility to analyze several loci as independent replicates of the coalescent process, the analysis of microsatellite data allowed us to infer more recent expansions than previous genetic studies, potentially resulting from the Neolithic transition. Despite the variability in their location and environment, we found consistent expansions for all sedentary farmers, while we inferred constant population sizes for all hunter-gatherers and most herders, which could result from constraints linked to a nomadic or semi-nomadic lifestyle and/or competition for land between herders and farmers. As an exception, we inferred expansions for Central Asian herders. This might be linked with the arid environment of this area, which may have been more favorable to nomadic herders than to sedentary farmers. Alternatively, current Central Asian herders may descent from populations who have first experienced a transition from hunter-gathering to sedentary agropastoralism, and then a second transition to nomadic herding.

  Study EGAS00001000652

• The Druze analysis group

  To comprehensively characterize the genetic structure of the Druze population, we recruited and genotyped 40 parent-offspring trios from the Upper Galilee in Israel and the Golan Heights, attempting to capture different extended families (clans) across various geographical locations.

  Study EGAS00001000963

• Population Structure and Genetic Diversity in Argentinean populations

  Argentina was one of the last places peopled when humans entered the Americas. Its earliest archeological sites are dated from 13,000 years BP, and throughout its history the region has exhibited broad cultural diversity, involving both hunter-gatherer and agro-pastoral societies, different linguistic families, the Southern expansion of the Inca Empire, the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors and slave trade from Africa. More recently, Argentina has had the highest proportion of influx of transoceanic migration between 1850 and 1940 of any Latin American country. Furthermore, the geographical distribution of immigrants was oriented towards the Pampa region of central-eastern Argentina and the Northeast, so different patterns of mixed ancestry throughout the country are expected. In this present work we aim to describe the history and structure of the Argentinean population. Thus far, we have collected DNA samples from 2904 participants from 15 dispersed regions in Argentina, from the Andean populations in the Northwest to the river lands of the Northeast. Our preliminary data includes genome-scale Illumina Exome Array 250K genotypes, plus next-generation sequencing data from uniformly spaced genomic regions targeted with a genotype-by- sequencing strategy (which covers 1.5% of the genome), for 375 participants from 9 of the 15 populations. We will identify proportions and patterns of European, African and Indigenous American ancestry in the Argentinean cohort via local ancestry inference. The first series of analyses will focus on genomic tracts of Indigenous American ancestry for fine-scale examination of sub-continental structure by comparing to a panel of 493 samples from 52 Indigenous American populations from throughout the Americas. Furthermore, this work will serve as a test of different low-cost strategies (exome genotype array vs. genotype-by-sequencing) for accurate inference of population structure in extant populations.

  Study EGAS00001001663

• T2D-GENES: Exome sequencing

  The Type 2 Diabetes Genetic Exploration by Next-generation sequencing in multi-Ethnic Samples (T2D-GENES) is a large collaboration effort between the University of Michigan, Broad Institute, the Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Chicago, NIDDK, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, University of North Carolina, Blood Systems Research Institute, and University of Mississippi Medical Center. The goal of this study is to identify genetic variants for type 2 diabetes through multiethnic sequencing studies. In this study, we use next generation sequencing to assess the role of common, low frequency, and rare variants on type 2 diabetes risk. We preformed exome sequencing in 6,546 T2D cases and 6,457 control individuals of multiethnic origin, including individuals of African American, East Asian, South Asian, Hispanic, and European descent.

  Study EGAS00001001460

• FBSeq: RNA sequencing of human fetal brain.

  RNA sequencing of 120 human fetal brains (aged 12-19 post-conception weeks) was performed as part of a Medical Research Council (U.K.) funded project (MR/L010674/2) to investigate genetic effects on gene expression in the developing human brain and their role in neuropsychiatric disorders. Human fetal brain tissue from elective terminations of pregnancy was provided by the Human Developmental Biology Resource (HDBR) (http://www.hdbr.org), with ethical approval (#08/H0712/34), and with consent for use of fetal material for medical research provided by female donors. Total RNA was extracted from half of the available brain tissue from each fetus using Tri-Reagent and treated with TURBO DNase. RNA-Seq libraries were prepared using 1µg of purified total RNA and the Illumina TruSeq Stranded Total RNA Library Prep kit, following ribosomal RNA depletion. Libraries were sequenced on the Illumina HiSeq 2500 or HiSeq 4000 systems, generating at least 50 million read pairs per sample.

  Study EGAS00001003214

• COVID19 Host Genetic Initiative

  The COVID-19 host genetics initiative is a bottom-up collaborative effort that has three main goals: 1. Provide an environment to foster the sharing of resources to facilitate COVID-19 host genetics research (e.g. protocols, questionnaires). 2. Organize analytical activities across studies to identify genetic determinants of COVID-19 susceptibility and severity. 3. Provide a platform to share the results from such activities, as well as the individual-level data where possible, to benefit the broader scientific community. Here, we release the harmonized individual-level data for the subset of individuals who participated in COVID-19 HGI. Please refer to this data dictionary: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1whu_MjShXxbdoAJMCYxZ5C-vWOcRivwfWglTcBRNZgQ/edit#gid=470747846 Please cite both Nakanishi, T el al. J Clin Invest 2021 (PMID: 34597274) and COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative, Nature 2021 (PMID: 34237774) when you use these data for your publications.

  Study EGAS00001005304

• DERMATLAS__Leiomyosarcoma_WES

  irtually no other tumour type is associated with so many different forms as skin cancer. Histologically, tumours of the skin may arise from epithelium, including epidermis, hair follicle, sebaceous or sweat gland, melanocytes, dermal-associated mesenchymal structures or tissue resident immune cells, making for a diversity of clinical presentations. Importantly, many skin tumour types have an extremely poor prognosis. Many skin tumour subtypes have never undergone molecular profiling, or if they have, targeted sequencing has been used and the number of cases analyzed has been so limited that deriving firm conclusions about the profile of driver genes, DNA mutational signatures and germline alleles has not been possible For 70 key skin tumour subtypes defined by the World Health Organization, that have not undergone extensive genetic analysis previoulsy, we propose to perform whole exome and transcriptome sequencing, from a range of body sites, to build a genomic atlas of dermatological tumours, including detailed maps of SNVs, copy number alterations, genome-wide methylation and expression profiles. The cases in this cohort are leiomyosarcomas.

  Study EGAS00001007628

• Comprehensive Deep Sequencing Atlas in HCC tumors

  Establishment of a comprehensive deep sequencing atlas focused on Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) tumors, employing Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS), RNA Sequencing (RNAseq), and Whole Exome Sequencing (WES). The atlas aims to unravel the intricate genetic landscape of HCC, providing a detailed characterization of genomic alterations, transcriptomic profiles, and key mutations associated with this liver cancer. The integration of WGS, RNAseq, and WES data offers a holistic perspective, facilitating a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms driving HCC pathogenesis. The resulting atlas serves as a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, and the broader scientific community, contributing to advancements in HCC diagnostics, prognostics, and therapeutic interventions.

  Study EGAS00001007694

• HipSci_RNASEQ_Hypertrophic_Cardiomyopathy

  The HipSci project brings together diverse constituents in genomics, proteomics, cell biology and clinical genetics to create a UK national iPS cell resource and use it to carry out cellular genetic studies. In this sub-study we perform RNAseq on iPS lines from Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy patients.

  Study EGAS00001001994

• Natural genetic variation of the cardiac transcriptome in non-diseased donors and patients with dilated cardiomyopathy

  Background: Genetic variation is an important determinant of RNA transcription and splicing, which in turn contributes to variation in human traits including cardiovascular diseases.Results: Here we report the first in-depth survey of heart transcriptome variation using RNA-sequencing in 149 (97)* patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and 113 (108)* non-diseased controls. We reveal extensive differences of gene expression and splicing between dilated cardiomyopathy patients and controls, affecting known as well as novel dilated cardiomyopathy genes. Moreover, we show a widespread effect of genetic variation on the regulation of transcription, isoform usage and allele specific expression. Systematic annotation of genome wide association SNPs identifies 60 functional candidate genes for heart phenotypes, representing 20% of all published heart genome wide association loci. Focusing on the dilated cardiomyopathy phenotype we found that eQTL variants are also enriched for dilated cardiomyopathy genome wide association signals in two independent cohorts.Conclusions: RNA transcription, splicing and allele specific expression are each important determinants of the DCM phenotype and are controlled by genetic factors. Our results represent a powerful resource for the field of cardiovascular genetics. (*) numbers in parentheses represent samples that the publication is based on.

  Study EGAS00001002454

• Molecular phenotyping of MCA/ID patients to improve diagnosis

  De novo structural variants are frequently identified in individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders, but the genes driving their phenotypes are often unknown. In this study we performed Whole Genome Sequencing, RNA-sequencing and ATAC-sequencing on samples of 51 patients with intellectual disability and/or multiple congenital anomalies and their biological parents (when available). The goals of the study were to gain more insights in the molecular consequences of (complex) genomic rearrangements and to improve the genetic diagnosis of patients carrying such rearrangements. Data is divided in four separate datasets based on type of source material and data access restrictions due to consent.

  Study EGAS00001003489

• HipSci_RNASEQ_BPD

  The HipSci project brings together diverse constituents in genomics, proteomics, cell biology and clinical genetics to create a UK national iPS cell resource and use it to carry out cellular genetic studies. In this sub-study we perform RNAseq on iPS lines from Blood platelet disorders patients.

  Study EGAS00001001993

• Evolutionary origin and methylation status of human intronic CpG islands that are not present in mouse

  Imprinting of the human RB1 gene is due to the presence of a differentially methylated CpG island (CGI) in intron 2, which is part of a retrogene derived from the PPP1R26 gene on chromosome 9. The murine Rb1 gene does not have this retrogene and is not imprinted. We have investigated whether the RB1/Rb1 locus is unique with respect to these differences. For this we have compared the CGIs from human and mouse by in silico analyses and found out that there are at least 2033 human intronic CGIs that are not present in the mouse. Among these CGIs, 104 show sequences similarities elsewhere in the human genome, which suggests that they arose by retrotransposition. We could narrow down the time points when most of these CGIs appeared during evolution. Their methylation status was analysed in two monocyte methylome datasets from whole genome bisulfite sequencing and in 18 published methylomes. Five CGIs appear to be differentially methylated, which suggests that they are subject of genomic imprinting. They are located in introns of the following genes: RB1, ASRGL1, PARP11, PDXDC1 and MYO1D. Four of these CGIs are parts of retrogenes. Our study supports the notion that imprinting builds on host defence mechanisms by which the genome protects itself against retrotransposed and foreign DNA and that the epigenetic fate of the retrotransposed DNA depends on selective forces at the integration site.

  Study EGAS00001000719

• Nala GSI GSAv3 PGx Study

  Background: Microarrays are a well-established and widely adopted technology capable of interrogating hundreds of thousands of loci across the human genome. Combined with imputation to cover common variants not included in the chip design, they offer a cost-effective solution for large-scale genetic studies. Beyond research applications, this technology can be applied for testing pharmacogenomics, nutrigenetics, and complex disease risk prediction. However, establishing clinical reporting workflows requires a thorough evaluation of the assay's performance, which is achieved through validation studies. In this study, we performed pre-clinical validation of a genetic testing workflow based on the Illumina Global Screening Array for 25 pharmacogenomic-related genes. Methods: To evaluate the accuracy of our workflow, we conducted multiple pre-clinical validation studies. Here, we present the results of accuracy and precision assessments, involving a total of 73 cell lines. These assessments encompass reference materials from the Genome-In-A-Bottle (GIAB), the Genetic Testing Reference Material Coordination Program (GeT-RM) projects, as well as additional samples from the 1000 Genomes project (1KGP). We conducted an accuracy assessment of genotype calls for target loci in each indication against established truth sets. Results: In our per-sample analysis, we observed a mean analytical sensitivity of 99.39% and specificity 99.98%. We further assessed the accuracy of star-allele calls by relying on established diplotypes in the GeT-RM catalogue or calls made based on 1KGP genotyping. On average, we detected a diplotype concordance rate of 96.47% across 14 pharmacogenomic-related genes with star allele-calls. Lastly, we evaluated the reproducibility of our findings across replicates and observed 99.48% diplotype and 100 % phenotype inter-run concordance. Conclusion: Our comprehensive validation study demonstrates the robustness and reliability of the developed workflow, supporting its readiness for further development for applied testing.

  Study EGAS00001007710

• SG Peranakan Project: Genetic admixture in the culturally unique Peranakan Chinese population in Southeast Asia

  The Peranakan Chinese are culturally unique descendants of immigrants from China who settled in the Malay Archipelago ~300-500 years ago. Today, among large communities in Southeast Asia, the Peranakans have preserved Chinese traditions with strong influence from the local indigenous Malays. Yet, whether or to what extent genetic admixture co-occurred with the cultural mixture has been a topic of ongoing debate. We performed whole-genome sequencing (WGS) on 177 Singapore (SG) Peranakans and analyzed the data jointly with WGS data of Asian and European populations. We estimated that Peranakan Chinese inherited ~5.62% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.75-6.46%) Malay ancestry, much higher than that in SG Chinese (1.08%, 0.69-1.53%), southern Chinese (0.86%, 0.57-1.31%), and northern Chinese (0.25%, 0.18-0.33%). A sex-biased admixture history, in which the Malay ancestry was contributed primarily by females, was supported by X chromosomal variants, and mitochondrial (MT) and Y haplogroups. Finally, we identified an ancient admixture event shared by Peranakan Chinese and SG Chinese ~1,612 (95% CI: 1,345-1,923) years ago, coinciding with the settlement history of Han Chinese in southern China, apart from the recent admixture event with Malays unique to Peranakan Chinese ~190 (159-213) years ago. These findings greatly advance our understanding of the dispersal history of Chinese and their interaction with indigenous populations in Southeast Asia.

  Study EGAS00001005379

• DERMATLAS__SG_basal_cell_adenoma_and_adenocarcinoma_WES

  Virtually no other tumour type is associated with so many different forms as skin cancer. Histologically, tumours of the skin may arise from epithelium, including epidermis, hair follicle, sebaceous or sweat gland, melanocytes, dermal-associated mesenchymal structures or tissue resident immune cells, making for a diversity of clinical presentations. Importantly, many skin tumour types have an extremely poor prognosis. Many skin tumour subtypes have never undergone molecular profiling, or if they have, targeted sequencing has been used and the number of cases analyzed has been so limited that deriving firm conclusions about the profile of driver genes, DNA mutational signatures and germline alleles has not been possible For 70 key skin tumour subtypes defined by the World Health Organization, that have not undergone extensive genetic analysis previoulsy, we propose to perform whole exome and transcriptome sequencing, from a range of body sites, to build a genomic atlas of dermatological tumours, including detailed maps of SNVs, copy number alterations, genome-wide methylation and expression profiles. The cases in this cohort are SG basal cell adenomas and adenocarcinomas.

  Study EGAS00001007745

• DERMATLAS__SG_basal_cell_adenoma_and_adenocarcinoma_RNAseq

  Virtually no other tumour type is associated with so many different forms as skin cancer. Histologically, tumours of the skin may arise from epithelium, including epidermis, hair follicle, sebaceous or sweat gland, melanocytes, dermal-associated mesenchymal structures or tissue resident immune cells, making for a diversity of clinical presentations. Importantly, many skin tumour types have an extremely poor prognosis. Many skin tumour subtypes have never undergone molecular profiling, or if they have, targeted sequencing has been used and the number of cases analyzed has been so limited that deriving firm conclusions about the profile of driver genes, DNA mutational signatures and germline alleles has not been possible For 70 key skin tumour subtypes defined by the World Health Organization, that have not undergone extensive genetic analysis previoulsy, we propose to perform whole exome and transcriptome sequencing, from a range of body sites, to build a genomic atlas of dermatological tumours, including detailed maps of SNVs, copy number alterations, genome-wide methylation and expression profiles. The cases in this cohort are SG basal cell adenomas and adenocarcinomas.

  Study EGAS00001007746

• Genomewide detection of cytosine methylation by single molecule real-time sequencing

  5-methylcytosine (5mC) is an important type of epigenetic modification. In this study, we enhanced 5mC detection using SMRT sequencing by holistically analyzing kinetic signals of a DNA polymerase and sequence context for every base within a measurement window. We employed a convolutional neural network to train a methylation classification model. This methodology has provided a system for simultaneous genome-wide genetic and epigenetic analyses. 

  Study EGAS00001004642

• MutWP5__CRUK_Mutographs_of_Cancer__Lung__PD43291_Novaseq__WG_

  Cancer is a genetic disease caused by an accumulation of mutations, however many of these mutations have been identified in pathologically normal tissue. We aim to use laser-capture microscopy (LCM) to sample individual clones from lung tissue to identify whether cancer-associated mutations appear in this normal tissue, assess the mutational burden present, and identify the mutational processes causing these mutations. We will deeply sample from individuals with smoking-related lung diseases (COPD, pulmonary fibrosis, lung cancer) and those without smoking history. This will allow us to determine how these processes are different between these groups of individuals, and gain insight into the earliest stages of tumor development.

  Study EGAS00001003502

• Transcriptomics-driven classification of ALAL

  Acute leukemia of ambiguous lineage (ALAL) is a rare, poor-prognosis subtype of acute leukemia that cannot be assigned to a single hematopoietic lineage. Although ALAL patients are typically treated with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) regimens, optimal treatment choice is hindered by their lineage ambiguity. Therefore, we investigated the added value of transcriptomics for improving lineage assignment, currently based mainly on surface markers. First, we used an in-house pipeline to comprehensively detect genetic lesions in RNA-sequencing data (n=23) with a sensitivity >90%, as confirmed by targeted DNA sequencing. Second, we compared ALAL gene expression profiles (GEPs) with representative AML (n=145), B-ALL (n=223) and T-ALL (n=85) cases. In a principal component analysis, ALALs did not form a separate group, but clustered with AML, B-ALL or T-ALL. Accordingly, a machine learning classifier trained with GEPs of acute leukemias segregated 20/23 ALALs into myeloid-, B- or T-lymphoid leukemia. These 20 cases harbored genetic abnormalities consistent with the classifier-assigned leukemia. Furthermore, ALAL GEPs were deconvoluted with single-cell transcriptional profiles of normal hematopoietic cells using CIBERSORTx, revealing enrichment for signatures of lineages corresponding to the leukemic type predicted by our algorithm. The classifier was validated on an external ALAL cohort (n=24), assigning 75% of the patients to a lineage matching their immunophenotypic and methylation profiles. In conclusion, integrative analysis of RNA-sequencing data can accurately classify most ALAL cases. The pipeline and classifier developed in our study are valuable tools to improve ALAL diagnosis and guide therapeutic decisions.

  Study EGAS00001007967

• Interferon lambda 4 impairs viral antigen presentation and attenuates T cell responses

  Genetic variants of the interferon lambda (IFNL) gene locus are strongly associated with spontaneous and IFN treatment induced clearance of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections. Individuals with the ancestral IFNL4-dG allele are not able to clear HCV in the acute phase and develop chronic hepatitis C (CHC) with more than 90% probability. Paradoxically, the IFNL4-dG allele encodes a fully functional IFNλ4 protein with antiviral activity against HCV and coronavirus. Here we describe a hitherto unknown effect of IFNλ4 on HCV antigen presentation. Only minor amounts of IFNλ4 are secreted, because the protein is largely retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) where it induces ER stress. Stressed cells were significantly weaker activators of HCV specific CD8+ T cells. This was not due to reduced MHC I surface presentation or extracellular IFNλ4 effects, since T cell responses could be restored by exogenous loading of MHC with HCV antigens. Rather, IFNλ4 induced ER stress impaired HCV antigen processing and/or loading onto the MHC I complex. Our results provide a potential explanation for the IFNλ4 – HCV paradox.

  Study EGAS00001005396

• Assessment_of_epigenetic_variation_in_human_iPS_cells_Medip

  n order to progress human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) towards the clinic, several outstanding questions must be addressed. It is possible to reprogram different somatic cell types into hiPSCs and from studies in the mouse, it appears that an epigenetic memory of the starting cell type is carried over to hiPSCs. However a comprehensive comparative study of the characteristics of these hiPSCs has been missing from the literature. Importantly studies which aimed to address these aspects of hiPSCs have used cells from different patients. In order to avoid this important confounding variable and to keep the genetic background constant, tissue samples were procured from the patients and reprogrammed to iPS cells. The methylation status of these iPS cells will be compared.Protocol:Primary cell cultures were generated and reprogrammed to iPS cells. DNA was extracted and immunoprecipitated using anti-methyl cytosine and anti-hydroxymethyl cytosine antibodies.This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

  Study EGAS00001000741

• DIPG RNA and exome sequencing

  DIPG is a paediatric high-grade glioma that diffusely infiltrates the brainstem and is the leading cause of paediatric brain tumour death. Here we performed RNA and whole exome sequencing on DIPG and control samples to analyse transcriptomic and genetic alterations associated with this devastating disease, and to understand the relationship between them.

  Study EGAS00001004749

• Whole exome sequencing (bam files) of 55 samples of myxofibrosarcoma and 44 matched pairs

  Myxofibrosarcoma (MFS) is a rare subtype of sarcomas in the elderly, whose genetic basis is poorly understood. To elucidate it, the whole exome sequence was performed.

  Study EGAS00001005442