5272 results for "*oma"

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• The immunological characterization of expanded tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in renal cell carcinoma patients

  In this study, we comprehensively characterized the non-expanded and expanded tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) from treatment-naïve RCC patients, as well as the corresponding “young” TILs (pre-REP TILs) and “rapidly expanded” TILs (REP TILs) following a clinical-grade TIL production protocol. From our scRNA+TCRαβ-seq and TCRβ-seq analyses, we show that the REP protocol preferentially favors the expansion CD4+ T-cells that originate from small T-cell clones in the tumor microenvironment (TME), indicating that the large, exhausted T-cell clones in the tumor do not expand during the protocol. We further identified RCC-associated TCR motifs that were validated in multiple TCRαβ-seq and scRNA+TCRαβ-seq datasets, as well as quantified the RCC-associated TCRs from the REP protocol. Overall, the T-cells carrying the RCC-associated TCRs remained high in the tumors and corresponding pre-REP TILs, but the frequency was reduced in the REP TILs. Furthermore, the overall anti-viral TCRs remained low throughout the REP protocol. Our results provide an in-depth understanding of the origin, phenotype, and specificity of the TCRs in RCC TILs.

  Study EGAS00001006952

• Genomics_of_acral_lentiginous_melanoma

  Melanoma is the most aggressive type of skin cancer, causing about 75% of dermatological cancer deaths. Acral lentiginous melanoma (ALM) is the most common subtype of melanoma in admixed Latin American populations, but very few tumour genomes and exomes, all from European-descent individuals, have been analysed across several studies. Because of this, the genomic landscape of ALM is mostly unknown. Our aim in this project is to define this landscape and identify driver somatic alterations by whole-exome sequencing a collection of ALM germline/tumour paired FFPE samples from the National Cancer Institute of Mexico.

  Study EGAS00001003740

• CASCADE metastatic melanoma study

  In this study we analyse the evolution of human melanoma from early to late disease in patients by sampling their tumours at multiple sites and times. Whole exome and genome sequencing data from tumour samples reveals only limited gain of point mutations generally, with net mutational loss in some metastases. In contrast, melanoma evolution is dominated by whole genome doubling and large-scale aneuploidy, in which widespread loss of heterozygosity sculpts the burden of point mutations, neoantigens and structural variants even in treatment-naïve and primary cutaneous melanomas in some patients. These results imply that dysregulation of genomic integrity is a key driver of selective clonal advantage during melanoma progression.

  Study EGAS00001004950

• Targeted_sequencing_of_cylindroma_patients

  Patients with cylindroma show multiple large tumours on the scalp and forehead. These large tumours will allow us to look at clonality within a tumour. We wish to asses the mutational load and diversity within and across tumours as well as compare with perilesional skin.

  Study EGAS00001002708

• whole-genome sequencing in 17 ESCC cases and whole-exome sequencing in 71 cases

  Esophageal cancer is one of the most aggressive cancers and the sixth leading cause of cancer death worldwide1. Approximately 70% of the global esophageal cancers occur in China and over 90% histopathological forms of this disease are esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC)2-3. Currently, there are limited clinical approaches for early diagnosis and treatment for ESCC, resulting in a 10% 5-year survival rate for the patients. Meanwhile, the full repertoire of genomic events leading to the pathogenesis of ESCC remains unclear. Here we show a comprehensive genomic analysis in 158 ESCC cases, as part of the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) Research Projects (http://icgc.org/icgc/cgp/72/371/1001734). We conducted whole-genome sequencing in 17 ESCC cases and whole-exome sequencing in 71 cases, of which 53 cases and additional 70 ESCC cases were subjected to array comparative genomic hybridization (a-CGH) analysis.

  Study EGAS00001000709

• Biomarker Screen for Efficacy of Oncolytic Virotherapy in Patient-derived Pancreatic Cancer Cultures

  Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a tumour entity with unmet medical need. To assess the therapeutic potential of oncolytic virotherapy (OVT) against PDAC, different oncolytic viruses (OVs) are currently investigated in clinical trials. However, systematic comparisons of these different OVs in terms of efficacy against PDAC and biomarkers predicting therapeutic response are lacking. We screened fourteen patient-derived PDAC cultures for their sensitivity to five clinically relevant OVs, namely serotype 5 adenovirus Ad5-hTERT, herpes virus T-VEC, measles vaccine strain MV-NIS, reovirus jin-3, and protoparvovirus H 1PV using live cell analysis, quantification of viral genome/gene expression, cell viability as well as cytotoxicity assays. Sensitivity was correlated with transcriptome profiles to identify potential predictive biomarkers for response to OVT. Patient-derived PDAC cultures showed individual response patterns to OV treatment. Twelve of fourteen cultures were responsive to at least one OV, with no single OV proving superior or inferior across all cultures. Known host factors for distinct viruses were retrieved as potential biomarkers. Compared to the basal-like molecular subtype, the quasi-mesenchymal subtype of PDAC was more sensitive to H-1PV, jin-3, and T-VEC. Expression of viral entry receptors did not correlate with sensitivity to OV treatment. Rather, cellular pathways controlling immunological, metabolic, and proliferative signalling appeared to determine outcome. For instance, high baseline expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) correlated with relative resistance to oncolytic measles virus, whereas cGAS expression was associated with exceptional response. Combination treatment of MV-NIS with a cGAS inhibitor improved tumour cell killing in several PDAC cultures.

  Study EGAS00001007001

• CAF-S3 subset in human breast and ovarian cancers

  Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAF) are key players in the tumor microenvironment. By combining 6 well-known stromal markers, we identify four CAF subsets (CAF-S1 to CAF-S4) in human breast and ovarian cancers.

  Study EGAS00001003344

• Gene expression profile of mesothelial-derived carcinoma-associated fibroblasts

  RNA-sequencing was carried out on ascetic fluid-isolated mesothelial cells from low-grade serous ovarian cancer patients, high-grade serous ovarian cancer patients, chemotherapy-treated high-grade serous ovarian cancer patients and control mesothelial cells obtained from non-oncologic patients to identify differentially expressed genes associated to mesothelial-to-mesenchymal transition process.

  Study EGAS00001003747

• Glioblastoma initiating cells are sensitive to histone demethylase inhibition due to epigenetic deregulation

  Tumor-initiating cells are a subpopulation of cells that have self-renewal capacity to regenerate a tumor. Here, we identify stem cell-like chromatin features in human glioblastoma initiating cells (GICs) and link them to a loss of the repressive histone H3 lysine 9 trimethylation (H3K9me3) mark. Increasing H3K9me3 levels by histone demethylase inhibition led to cell death in GICs but not in their differentiated counterparts. The induction of apoptosis was accompanied by a loss of the activating H3 lysine 9 acetylation (H3K9ac) modification and accumulation of DNA damage and downregulation of DDR genes. Upon knockdown of histone demethylases KDM4C and KDM7A both differentiation and DNA damage was induced. Thus, the H3K9me3-H3K9ac equilibrium is crucial for GIC viability and represents a chromatin feature that can be exploited to specifically target this tumor subpopulation.

  Study EGAS00001003750

• Identification of rare germline variants in familial multiple myeloma

  The risk of developing multiple myeloma (MM) in first-degree relatives of affected individuals is 2 to 4 fold higher than in the general population, implying the existence of inherited susceptibility. While over 20 common, low-penetrance variants have been associated with MM risk, less is known about rare, high-penetrance germline predisposition. We aimed to identify and characterize high/moderated penetrance germline variants in MM families using whole genome sequencing. For that purpose we identified families with at least two individuals diagnosed with MM or its precursors MGUS and smoldering MM. Also, patients with solitary plasmacytoma and AL amyloidosis were enrolled. We also recruited unaffected family members, and they were screened to exclude undetected MM or its precursor stages. After whole genome sequencing of blood DNA and filtering for rare variants (minor allele frequency <0.1%) and family segregation, variants are prioritized by a range of published in silico tools and literature search. The most promising variants are subjected to experimental validation to evaluate their functional relevance. Our data will provide guidance to worldwide efforts to unravel germline predisposition in MM and validation of the proposed variants and genes.

  Study EGAS00001004734

• NRG1 Fusions in KRAS Wild-type Pancreatic Cancer (H021)

  We used whole-genome and transcriptome sequencing to identify clinically actionable gene fusions in young adults with KRAS wild-type (KRASwt) pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). These alterations included recurrent NRG1 rearrangements predicted to drive PDAC development through aberrant ERBB receptor-mediated signaling, and pharmacologic ERBB inhibition resulted in clinical improvement and remission of liver metastases in two patients with NRG1-rearranged tumors that had proved resistant to standard treatment. Our findings demonstrate that systematic screening of KRASwt tumors for oncogenic fusion genes will substantially improve the therapeutic prospects for a sizeable fraction of PDAC patients.

  Study EGAS00001002759

• DIPG RNA and exome sequencing

  DIPG is a paediatric high-grade glioma that diffusely infiltrates the brainstem and is the leading cause of paediatric brain tumour death. Here we performed RNA and whole exome sequencing on DIPG and control samples to analyse transcriptomic and genetic alterations associated with this devastating disease, and to understand the relationship between them.

  Study EGAS00001004749

• Subtype specific progression from DCIS to invasive breast cancer

  Breast cancer consists of at least five main molecular “intrinsic” subtypes, which are reflected in both pre-invasive and invasive disease. Although previous studies have suggested that many of the molecular features of invasive breast cancer are established early, it is unclear what mechanisms drive progression, and whether the mechanisms of progression are dependent or independent of subtype. We have generated mRNA, miRNA and DNA copy number profiles from a total of 59 in situ lesions and 85 invasive tumors, in order to comprehensively identify those genes, signaling pathways, processes, and cell types that are involved in breast cancer progression. Our work provides evidence that there are molecular features associated with disease progression that are unique to the intrinsic subtypes. We additionally establish subtype-specific signatures that are able to identify a small proportion of pre-invasive tumors with expression profiles that resemble invasive carcinoma, indicating a higher likelihood of future disease progression.

  Study EGAS00001001866

• Growth Hormone (GH) -secreting Pituitary Adenoma

  We profiled the somatic landscape of 21 growth hormone (GH) -secreting pituitary adenomas using somatic copy-number alteration (SCNA), whole-genome sequencing (WGS), bisulfate sequencing, and transcriptome approaches. See details in Valimaki et al. Genetic and epigenetic characterization of growth hormone (GH) - secreting pituitary tumors. Manuscript in preparation, 2019.

  Study EGAS00001003488

• Dynamics of genome architecture and chromatin function during human B cell differentiation and neoplastic transformation

  Despite recent advances, the dynamics of genome architecture and chromatin function during human cell differentiation and its potential reorganization upon neoplastic transformation remains poorly characterized. Here, we integrate in situ Hi-C and nine additional omic layers to define and biologically characterize the dynamic changes in three-dimensional (3D) genome architecture across normal B cell differentiation and in neoplastic cells from different subtypes of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) patients. Beyond conventional active (A) and inactive (B) compartments, an integrative analysis of Hi-C data uncovers a highly-dynamic intermediate compartment enriched in poised and polycomb-repressed chromatin. During B cell development, we detect that 28% of the compartments change at defined maturation stages and mostly involve the intermediate compartment. The transition from naive to germinal center B cells is associated with widespread chromatin activation, which mostly reverts into the naive state upon further maturation of germinal center cells into memory B cells. The analysis of CLL and MCL neoplastic cells points both to entity and subtype-specific alterations in chromosome organization. Remarkably, we observe that large chromatin blocks containing key disease-specific genes alter their 3D genome organization. These include the inactivation of a 2Mb region containing the EBF1 gene in CLL and the activation of a 6.1Mb region containing the SOX11 gene in clinically aggressive MCL. This study indicates that 3D genome interactions are extensively modulated during normal B cell differentiation and that the genome of B cell neoplasias acquires a tumor-specific 3D genome architecture.

  Study EGAS00001004763

• Multiple Myeloma follow-up sequencing study

  A total of 40 Multiple Myeloma (MM) patients at clinical relapse who progressed during Proteasome Inhibitors (PIs) or Immunomodulating Drugs (IMiDs)-based therapies and who are assigned to antiCD38-based salvage treatments, will be enrolled. We will collect bone marrow (BM) and peripheral blood (PB) samples from patients at specific timepoints: baseline (BM, PB and buccal swab) every 3 month (PB) achievement of response (≥ Very Good Partial Response (VGPR)) (BM and PB) relapse or refractory status to antiCD38-based treatments (BM and PB) Samples will be processed and stored in the "Hematological Laboratory" located in the University of Turin (Italy) for various proposed analyses: at specific time-points CD138+ (Plasma Cells-PCs) awill be immunomagnetically enriched from the BM mononuclear cells and frozen as viable cells in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO); PB mononuclear cells (PBMCs) will be isolated from whole blood by density-gradient centrifugation, and frozen as above; plasma fraction from PB and BM will be obtained by centrifugation and stored frozen; Neutrophils will be obtained at the time of enrollment as a source of control germline DNA and stored frozen.

  Study EGAS00001007092

• BMP4 and temozolomide synergize in the majority of patient derived glioblastoma cultures

  The poor prognosis of patients with glioblastoma is partly due to resistance to standard treatment, which combines chemoradiation using temozolomide (TMZ). The concept of cancer stem cells provided new insight into tumor resistance and management, and isolated Glioblastoma stem-like cells (GSCs) which contribute to this therapy resistance. Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) is a differentiation factor that stimulates astroglial differentiation of such GSCs, thereby reducing their self-renewal. Exposing GSCs to BMP4 could therefore sensitize them to chemotherapy with TMZ, but previous studies with various treatment paradigms have produced contradictory results in this matter. Therefore, we re-defined the optimal treatment paradigm for the combination of TMZ and BMP4 and subsequently re-assessed the inter-tumoral variability in response to co-treatment with TMZ+BMP4 in vitro. First, the simultaneous treatment was found more effective than sequential therapy. Second, after application of our optimized treatment protocol, 70% of a total of 20 patient-derived glioblastoma cultures showed synergy when the treatments were combined. The synergistic effect was a result of increased cellular apoptosis and not of decreased proliferation. Comparative RNA-sequencing suggested that combination treatment results in decreased MAPK signaling. We conclude that addition of BMP4 to standard therapy with TMZ could enlarge the group of patients with good therapeutic response.

  Study EGAS00001007095

• Targeted panel data for newly diagnosed myeloma patients.

  Genomic abnormalities in MM are common and can affect a patients outcome. Here we have performed targeted sequencing on xx patient tumor samples and matched control DNA. The targeted panel consists of ~160 genes and copy number regions, as well as key regions of chromosomal translocation including IGH, IGK, IGL and MYC. Using mutation, copy number, and translocation information we have been able to identify abnormalities that affect prognosis including bi-allelic inactivation of TP53 and rearrangements involving MYC.

  Study EGAS00001002859

• Normal brain controls for ICGC PedBrain DNA methylation sequencing

  DNA methylation profiling of 8 control samples from adult (4) and fetal brain (4) used, for example, for the following studies: Mack, Witt, et al. Epigenomic alterations define lethal CIMP-positive ependymomas of infancy. Nature 506(7489):445-450, 2014 (see EGAS00001000443) Hovestadt, et al. Decoding the regulatory landscape of medulloblastoma using DNA methylation sequencing. 510(7506):537-541, 2014 (see EGAS00001000561)

  Study EGAS00001000909

• RNAseq of 76 samples from Uveal Melanoma tumors

  Hotspot mutations in the spliceosome gene SF3B1 are reported in 20% of uveal melanomas. SF3B1 is involved in 3'-splice site (3'ss) recognition during RNA splicing; however, the molecular mechanisms of its mutation have remained unclear. Here we show, using RNA-Seq analyses of uveal melanoma, that the SF3B1 R625/K666 mutation results in deregulated splicing at a subset of junctions, mostly by the use of alternative 3'ss

  Study EGAS00001002932

• Genomics_of_acral_lentiginous_melanoma___RNAseq

  Melanoma is the most aggressive type of skin cancer, causing about 75% of dermatological cancer deaths. Acral lentiginous melanoma (ALM) is the most common subtype of melanoma in admixed Latin American populations, but very few tumour genomes and exomes, all from European-descent individuals, have been analysed across several studies. Because of this, the genomic landscape of ALM is mostly unknown. Our aim in this project is to define this landscape and identify driver somatic alterations by whole-exome sequencing a collection of ALM germline/tumour paired FFPE samples from the National Cancer Institute of Mexico.

  Study EGAS00001003758

• Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma case report

  Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a mesenchymal malignancy phenocopying muscle and is among the leading causes of death from childhood cancer. Metastatic alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma is the most aggressive subtype with an 8% five-year disease-free survival rate when a chromosomal fusion is present, and 40% five-year disease-free survival rate when negative for a fusion event. The underlying biology of PAX-fusion negative alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma remains largely unexplored and is exceedingly rare in Li-Fraumeni syndrome patients. Here, we present the case of an 11-year old male with fusion-negative alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma studied at end of life with a comprehensive functional genomics characterization, resulting in identification of potential therapeutic targets for broader investigation.

  Study EGAS00001004828

• The_contribution_of_POT1_variants_to_sporadic_melanoma_development

  A case-control series of melanoma cases from Leeds, UK have been sequenced in the Fluidigm platform to identify genetic variants associated with sporadic melanoma development. Samples in which potentially contributing variants have been detected are being sequenced in an orthogonal platform for variant confirmation.

  Study EGAS00001001964

• Identification of recurrent mutations in Cushing’s disease

  The overall goal of the Identification of recurrent mutations in Cushing’s disease project is to study the impact of whole-exome sequencing (WES) on the clinical care of cancer patients and oncology provider practices. The aims of Project are to implement and establish the feasibility of WES in patients with USP8 wild-type corticotroph adenomas; to develop a framework for understanding of the molecular mechanism of the pathogenesis of corticotroph adenoma.

  Study EGAS00001003029

• Immune trajectory of response and adverse effect in immunotherapy-treated hepatocellular carcinoma

  Whilst anti-PD1 immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has revolutionised treatment for many cancers, its response rates in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain modest, coupled with common incidences of immune-related adverse events (irAEs). To identify biomarkers and decipher the mechanisms for response and irAEs, we performed multi-dimensional immunoprofiling on peripheral blood and tissue collected before and during anti-PD1 ICB treatment from HCC patients. Single-cell analyses enabled us to identify peripheral biomarkers, in particular, CD11c+ antigen-presenting cells with varying degrees of HLA-DR expression and CD8 effector memory (EM) T cells with CXCR3 tissue-homing capability that are associated with both response and irAEs. We also dissected the mechanisms behind how these immune subsets interface between response and toxicity, showing their intersecting yet diverging trajectories leading to these distinct clinical fates. This study offers new insights on the mechanisms and potentially novel strategies to enhance response and ameliorate irAEs in cancer immunotherapy.

  Study EGAS00001004843